Evaluation of Best Management Practices for Highway Runoff Control

143 Pages·3.181 MB·English

NCHRP
NATIONAL
COOPERATIVE
HIGHWAY
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
REPORT 565
Evaluation of Best Management
Practices for Highway
Runoff Control
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2006 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*
OFFICERS
CHAIR:Michael D. Meyer,Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
VICECHAIR:Linda S. Watson,Executive Director, LYNX—Central Florida Regional Transportation Authority, Orlando
EXECUTIVEDIRECTOR:Robert E. Skinner, Jr.,Transportation Research Board
MEMBERS
Michael W. Behrens,Executive Director, Texas DOT, Austin
Allen D. Biehler,Secretary, Pennsylvania DOT, Harrisburg
John D. Bowe, Regional President, APL Americas, Oakland, CA
Larry L. Brown, Sr.,Executive Director, Mississippi DOT, Jackson
Deborah H. Butler,Vice President, Customer Service, Norfolk Southern Corporation and Subsidiaries, Atlanta, GA
Anne P. Canby,President, Surface Transportation Policy Project, Washington, DC
Douglas G. Duncan,President and CEO, FedEx Freight, Memphis, TN
Nicholas J. Garber,Henry L. Kinnier Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
Angela Gittens,Vice President, Airport Business Services, HNTB Corporation, Miami, FL
Genevieve Giuliano,Professor and Senior Associate Dean of Research and Technology, School of Policy, Planning, and Development,
and Director, METRANS National Center for Metropolitan Transportation Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
Susan Hanson,Landry University Professor of Geography, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, MA
James R. Hertwig,President, CSX Intermodal, Jacksonville, FL
Gloria J. Jeff,General Manager, City of Los Angeles DOT, Los Angeles, CA
Adib K. Kanafani,Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
Harold E. Linnenkohl,Commissioner, Georgia DOT, Atlanta
Sue McNeil,Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark
Debra L. Miller,Secretary, Kansas DOT, Topeka
Michael R. Morris,Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of Governments, Arlington
Carol A. Murray,Commissioner, New Hampshire DOT, Concord
John R. Njord,Executive Director, Utah DOT, Salt Lake City
Pete K. Rahn, Director,Missouri DOT, Jefferson City
Sandra Rosenbloom,Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson
Henry Gerard Schwartz, Jr., Senior Professor,Washington University, St. Louis, MO
Michael S. Townes,President and CEO, Hampton Roads Transit, Hampton, VA
C. Michael Walton,Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS
Thad Allen(Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, Washington, DC
Thomas J. Barrett(Vice Adm., U.S. Coast Guard, ret.), Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT
Marion C. Blakey,Federal Aviation Administrator, U.S.DOT
Joseph H. Boardman,Federal Railroad Administrator, U.S.DOT
John Bobo,Deputy Administrator, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, U.S.DOT
Rebecca M. Brewster,President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, GA
George Bugliarello,Chancellor, Polytechnic University of New York, Brooklyn, and Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering,
Washington, DC
J. Richard Capka,Federal Highway Administrator, U.S.DOT
Sean T. Connaughton,Maritime Administrator, U.S.DOT
Edward R. Hamberger,President and CEO, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC
John H. Hill, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT
John C. Horsley,Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC
J. Edward Johnson,Director, Applied Science Directorate, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, John C. Stennis Space Center, MS
William W. Millar,President, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC
Nicole R. Nason,National Highway Traffic Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT
Jeffrey N. Shane,Under Secretary for Policy, U.S.DOT
James S. Simpson, Federal Transit Administrator, U.S.DOT
Carl A. Strock(Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC
*Membership as of November 2006.
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
NCHRP
REPORT 565
Evaluation of Best Management
Practices for Highway
Runoff Control
OREGONSTATEUNIVERSITY
Corvallis, OR
GEOSYNTECCONSULTANTS
Portland, OR
Boston,MA
UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA
Gainesville, FL
THELOWIMPACTDEVELOPMENTCENTER, INC.
Beltsville, MD
Subject Areas
Planning and Administration • Energy and Environment • Bridges, Other Structures, and Hydraulics and Hydrology
Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2006
www.TRB.org
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY NCHRP REPORT 565
RESEARCH PROGRAM
Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective Price $49.00
approach to the solution of many problems facing highway
Project 25-20(1)
administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local
ISSN 0077-5614
interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually ISBN-13: 978-0-309-09869-4
or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the ISBN-10: 0-309-09869-6
accelerating growth of highway transportation develops increasingly Library of Congress Control Number 2006937803
complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These
© 2006 Transportation Research Board
problems are best studied through a coordinated program of
cooperative research.
In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the
COPYRIGHT PERMISSION
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research program Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining
written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously
employing modern scientific techniques. This program is supported on
published or copyrighted material used herein.
a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of the
Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this
Association and it receives the full cooperation and support of the
publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the
Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA,
Transportation. FMCSA, FTA, or Transit Development Corporation endorsement of a particular product,
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modern research practices. The Board is uniquely suited for this
purpose as it maintains an extensive committee structure from which
authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; it NOTICE
possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal, The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative Highway
state and local governmental agencies, universities, and industry; its Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of
the Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such approval reflects the
relationship to the National Research Council is an insurance of
Governing Board’s judgment that the program concerned is of national importance and
objectivity; it maintains a full-time research correlation staff of appropriate with respect to both the purposes and resources of the National Research
specialists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of Council.
research directly to those who are in a position to use them. The members of the technical committee selected to monitor this project and to review this
The program is developed on the basis of research needs identified report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration for the
balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions expressed
by chief administrators of the highway and transportation departments
or implied are those of the research agency that performed the research, and, while they have
and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific areas of research been accepted as appropriate by the technical committee, they are not necessarily those of
needs to be included in the program are proposed to the National the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, the American
Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, or the Federal Highway
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Highway and Transportation Officials. Research projects to fulfill these
Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical committee according
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Research Council and the Transportation Research Board. Council, the Federal Highway Administration, the American Association of State Highway
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The needs for highway research are many, and the National
Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade
Cooperative Highway Research Program can make significant or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the
contributions to the solution of highway transportation problems of object of this report.
mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is
intended to complement rather than to substitute for or duplicate other
highway research programs.
Published reports of the
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C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S
CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP REPORT 565
Robert J. Reilly,Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Crawford F. Jencks,Manager, NCHRP
Christopher J. Hedges, Senior Program Officer
Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications
Ellen M. Chafee, Assistant Editor
NCHRP PROJECT 25-20(1) PANEL
Field of Transportation Planning—Area of Impact Analysis
Harold G. Hunt, California DOT (Chair)
Edwin F. Drabkowski, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (retired)
Rod Frederick,U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Edwin E. Herricks, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Edward Molash, Washington State DOT
Vincent J. Palumbo, Rhode Island DOT
Richard E. Price, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Shari M. Schaftlein, FHWA
Mark E. Sengenberger, Adirondack Park Agency, Ray Brook, NY
William J. Snodgrass, City of Toronto
Carlos H. Swonke, Turner Collie & Braden, Inc., Austin, TX
Rajababu Veeramachaneni, Maryland State Highway Administration
Fred G. Bank, FHWA Liaison
Kimberly Fisher, TRB Liaison
Howard Jongedyk, Interested Observer
F O R E W O R D
By Christopher J. Hedges
Staff Officer
Transportation Research Board
This report presents guidance for the selection of best management practices (BMPs) for
highway runoff control. These practices provide means of avoiding or mitigating the nega-
tive impacts of various pollutants that can be carried by rainfall into the groundwater and
receiving waters. These pollutants include materials discharged by vehicles using the high-
way system, pesticides and fertilizers from adjacent landscapes, and particulates from break-
down of the pavements themselves. BMPs include the traditional treatments applied at or
near the sources of the pollutants and a more distributed approach known as low-impact
development (LID). This report should be a valuable resource for all highway agencies that
must evaluate and select the most effective and efficient means of managing pollution
related to stormwater from highways.
In 1999, NCHRP launched Project 25-20, “Management of Runoff from Surface Trans-
portation Facilities—Synthesis and Research Plan.” The objectives of this study were to syn-
thesize existing knowledge and practice of runoff management and develop a strategic
research plan to address gaps in existing knowledge. One of the most pressing needs iden-
tified by highway practitioners was guidance on the selection of best management practices
(BMPs). There are numerous guidance documents that provide information on the design
and effectiveness of stormwater runoff-management controls to minimize negative effects
on water quality. These documents can provide useful information on what management
practices are available, but these documents are usually lacking information on when and
where to use specific practices and on their expected performance. Limited information has
been compiled on the economics and effective implementation of BMPs for treating run-
off, especially in the highway environment.
The range of treatment options includes the commonly used site-specific practices, but a
changing regulatory environment and new management priorities may also require planning
at the watershed and sub-basin scales. BMP selection is no longer driven by water-quality
criteria only. Issues such as life-cycle requirements of endangered species and the cumula-
tive impacts of road density are now influencing the permitting process. LID involves a
range of both natural and constructed treatments near the runoff sources to reduce water
pollution and increase evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge.
To maximize the use of limited resources in transportation agencies and to help agencies
comply with regulatory requirements, an improved decision-making process was needed to
guide state DOT practitioners on the most economical and effective use of runoff control
measures. The focus of this project is on improving the scientific and technical knowledge
base for the selection of BMPs through a better understanding of BMP performance and
application.
Under NCHRP Project 25-20(1), a research team led by Oregon State University devel-
oped guidelines for the evaluation of BMPs for highway runoff control. This final report
documents an extensive program of research on the characterization of BMPs (including
LID) and stormwater, and the influence of factors such as land use practice, hydraulic char-
acteristics, regional factors, and performance evaluation. The theoretical material docu-
mented in the final report is accompanied by a CD-ROM (CRP-CD-63,affixed to the back
cover of this report) containing three additional volumes and a spreadsheet model. The
additional volumes are the following: (1) User’s Guide for BMP/LID Selection (Guidelines
Manual), (2) Appendices to the User’s Guide for BMP/LID Selection (Appendices),and (3) Low
Impact Development Design Manual for Highway Runoff Control (LID Design Manual). The
spreadsheet model, which simulates regional hydrologic impacts on BMP performance, was
developed at the University of Florida, primarily for this project.
AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
NCHRP Project 25-20(1) was completed through the collegial cooperation of four project team orga-
nizations: Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; GeoSyntec Consultants, Portland, Oregon, and
Boston, Massachusetts; University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and the Low Impact Development
(LID) Center, Beltsville, Maryland.
Writing of all reports has been a team effort. Key personnel in the project include Wayne C. Huber,
P.E., Ph.D., Oregon State University, Principal Investigator; James P. Heaney, P.E., Ph.D., University of
Florida, Co-Principal Investigator; Eric W. Strecker, P.E., GeoSyntec Consultants, Co-Principal Investi-
gator; and Neil Weinstein, P.E., LID Center, Co-Investigator.
Other principal authors on the project team, listed alphabetically, are Angela Brown, Oregon State Uni-
versity; Philip Jones, LID Center; Christopher Kloss, LID Center; Joong Gwang Lee, Ph.D., University of
Florida; Marc A. Leisenring, GeoSyntec Consultants; Chelisa A. Pack, University of Colorado; Dan Pankani,
GeoSyntec Consultants; Marcus M. Quigley, P.E., GeoSyntec Consultants; Derek N. Rapp, University of
Colorado; Andi Thayumanavan, GeoSyntec Consultants; and William J. Wells, Oregon State University.
Others contributing to the project include Ian K. Besaw, Oregon State University; Donna Bodine,
Aquatus Environmental; Steven George, GeoSyntec Consultants; E. Todd Hesse, GeoSyntec Consultants;
James R. Lundy, P.E., Ph.D., Oregon State University; Peter O. Nelson, Ph.D., Oregon State University;
Gary Palhegyi, GeoSyntec Consultants; Aaron Poresky, GeoSyntec Consultants; Matt Rea, GeoSyntec
Consultants; and John J. Sansalone, P.E., Ph.D., University of Florida.
This project has been conducted in parallel with a similar effort sponsored by the Water Environment
Research Foundation (WERF), namely WERF 02-SW-1, “Critical Assessment of Stormwater Treatment
and Control Selection Issues.” By mutual agreement of the two agencies, NCHRP and WERF, portions
of the content of the three NCHRP reports and of the WERF report (Strecker et al. 2005) are presented
in duplicate, with similar or identical text. However, the emphasis of the NCHRP project is upon man-
agement of stormwater in the highway environment, with additional focus on LID design in the highway
setting. The focus of the WERF project is management of stormwater in the broader urban environment
and without the additional LID design focus.
The project team is especially grateful to Dr. Michael Barrett of the University of Texas at Austin, who
unselfishly provided extensive additional information about his monitoring sites in Austin. Dr. Donald
Stanley of East Carolina University was very helpful in providing additional information about the Moye-
wood Pond site in Greenville, North Carolina.
Five Master of Science theses resulted directly or indirectly from the support of this project: Ian K.
Besaw, Oregon State University; Angela Brown, Oregon State University; Chelisa A. Pack, University of
Colorado; Derek N. Rapp, University of Colorado; and William J. Wells, Oregon State University.
C O N T E N T S
1 Chapter 1 Introduction and Objectives
1 1.1 Motivation and Objectives
1 1.2 Background
2 1.3 What’s in a Name (Typology of Wet-Weather Control)?
2 1.4 Environmental Engineering Principles
3 1.5 Taxonomy of Road and Drainage Systems
5 1.6 This Document
6 Chapter 2 BMP/LID Characterization
6 2.1 Introduction
6 2.2 Characterization by Hydrologic Control
8 2.3 Characterization by Unit Processes
19 2.4 Characterization by BMP Type
22 Chapter 3 LID in the Highway Environment
22 3.1 Introduction
22 3.2 General LID Definitions
22 3.3 LID Expands Stormwater Responsibilities
23 3.4 Microstorm Management
23 3.5 LID Stormwater Management Framework
25 Chapter 4 Stormwater Characterization
25 4.1 Overview
25 4.2 General Characteristics and Pollutant Sources
26 4.3 Sources of Stormwater-Quality Data
28 4.4 Influence of Roadway Constituents
34 4.5 Stormwater Treatability
37 Chapter 5 Influence of Roadway Land Management
and Land Use Practices
37 5.1 Introduction
37 5.2 Directly Connected Impervious Area (DCIA)
38 5.3 Land Use
38 5.4 Traffic Volume
41 Chapter 6 Influence of Hydrologic Characteristics
41 6.1 Introduction
41 6.2 Urban Water Balance
41 6.3 Hydrologic Site Characterization
42 6.4 First-Flush Phenomenon
42 6.5 Pavement Residence Time
43 6.6 Flow Rate
44 Chapter 7 Regional Drivers of BMP/LID Selection
44 7.1 Introduction
44 7.2 Physical Drivers
46 7.3 Regulatory Drivers
51 7.4 Political, Economic, and Jurisdictional Drivers
55 7.5 A Typical Summary Checklist
56 Chapter 8 Performance Evaluation
56 8.1 Methodology Options
56 8.2 Use of EMC
57 8.3 Use of the International BMP Database Web Site for Data Acquisition
57 8.4 Search for Intra-Event Data
62 8.5 Evaluation of Quality Performance for Individual BMPs
72 8.6 Overall Hydrologic and Water-Quality Performance Estimation
76 8.7 Methodology Options Using Process Simulation Models
78 Chapter 9 BMP Selection Guidance Methodology
78 9.1 Introduction
78 9.2 Problem Definition
78 9.3 Site Characterization
79 9.4 Identification of FPCs
80 9.5 Selection of BMPs, LID Elements, and Other Treatment Options
81 9.6 Practicability Assessment of Candidate Treatment Systems
82 9.7 Sizing the Conceptual BMP Design
82 9.8 Development of a Performance Monitoring and Evaluation Plan
84 Chapter 10 Hydrologic Evaluation for BMP/LID Selection
84 10.1 Design Guidance
84 10.2 Sizing Hydrologic/Hydraulic Controls
89 10.3 Sizing Flow-Based Treatment Systems
96 10.4 Sizing Volume-Based Treatment Systems
100 10.5 Performance Verification and Design Optimization
104 10.6 Flexible Design/Adaptive Management
106 Chapter 11 Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations
106 11.1 Objectives
106 11.2 Summary of BMP Evaluation Methodology
107 11.3 Conclusions and Recommendations
112 References
A-1 Appendix A Acronyms and Abbreviations
B-1 Appendix B ODOT Environmental Checklist and Guidelines