Eukaryotic Gene Expression PDF
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Eukaryotic Gene Expression GWUMC Department of Biochemistry Annual Spring Symposia Series Editors: Allan L. Goldstein, Ajit Kumar, and George V. Vahouny The George Washington University Medical Center DIETARY FIBER IN HEALTH AND DISEASE Edited by George V. Vahouny and David Kritchevsky EUKARYOTIC GENE EXPRESSION Edited by Ajit Kumar Eukaryotic Gene Expression Edited by Ajit Kumar The George Washington University Medical Center Washington, D.C. Plenum Press New York and London Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Eukaryotic gene expression. (GWUMC Department of Biochemistry annual spring symposia) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Gene expression. I. Kumar, Ajit. II. George Washington University. Medical Center. Dept. of Biochemistry. III. Series. [DNLM: 1. Cytology-Congresses. 2. Genes-Congresses. 3. Gene expression regulation-Congresses. QH 450 E856 1982] QH450.E93 1984 574.87'322 83-24721 ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-7461-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-7459-6 001: 10.1007/978-1-4684-7459-6 © 1 984 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1 984 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher Contributors W. F. ANDERSON lAIN L. CARTWRIGHT Laboratory of Molecular Hematology Department of Biology National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Washington University National Institutes of Health St. Louis, Missouri 63130 Bethesda, Maryland 20205 BARBARA CHRISTY A.BAUR Department of Biology Clinical Hematology Branch The Johns Hopkins University National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Baltimore, Maryland 21218 National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland 20205 VAL CIZEWSKI P.BERG The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Laboratory of Molecular Hematology Baltimore, Maryland 21205 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Institutes of Health JOHN F. CONNAUGHTON Bethesda, Maryland 20205 Department of Biochemistry S. BERNSTEIN The George Washington University School Laboratory of Molecular Hematology of Medicine National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Washington, D.C. 20037 National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland 20205 NANCY E. COOKE Endocrine Section, Department of Medicine PAUL A. BIRO and Department of Human Genetics Department of Human Genetics University of Pennsylvania Yale University School of Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 New Haven, Connecticut 06510 Present address: HRIDAY K. DAS Biological Laboratories Department of Human Genetics Harvard University Yale University School of Medicine Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 New Haven, Connecticut 06510 WILLIAM M. BONNER Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology BENOIT DE CROMBRUGGHE Division of Cancer Treatment Laboratory of Molecular Biology National Cancer Institute National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland 20205 Bethesda, Maryland 20205 v vi CONTRIBUTORS HENRI DE GREVE LUIS HERRERA-ESTRELLA Laboratorium voor Genetische Virologie Laboratorium voor Genetica Vrije Universiteit Brussel Rijksuniversiteit Gent B-I640 Sint-Genesius-Rode, Belgium B-9000 Gent, Belgium ANN DEPICKER MARCELLE HOLSTERS Laboratorium voor Genetica Laboratorium voor Genetica Rijksuniversiteit Gent Rijksuniversiteit Gent B-9000 Gent, Belgium B-9000 Gent, Belgium J, DIPIETRO BRUCE HOWARD Laboratory of Molecular Hematology Laboratory of Molecular Biology National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland 20205 Bethesda, Maryland 20205 SARAH C. R. ELGIN R. K. HUMPHRIES Department of Biology Clinical Hematology Branch Washington University National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute St. Louis, Missouri 63130 National Institutes of Health GERHARD FLEISCHMANN Bethesda, Maryland 20205 Department of Biology Washington University HENKJOOS St. Louis, Missouri 63130 Laboratorium voor Genetica Rijksuniversiteit Gent JON W. GORDON B-9000 Gent, Belgium Department of Biology Yale University MICHAEL A. KEENE New Haven, Connecticut 06511 Department of Biology Present address: Washington University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology St. Louis, Missouri 63130 Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York, New York 10029 GEORGE KHOURY Laboratory of Molecular Virology CORNELIA GORMAN National Cancer Institute Laboratory of Molecular Biology National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute Bethesda, Maryland 20205 National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland 20205 AJIT KUMAR Department of Biochemistry PETER GRUSS The George Washington University School Laboratory of Molecular Virology of Medicine National Cancer Institute Washington, D.C. 20037 National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland 20205 LAIMOMIS LAIMONS JEAN-PIERRE HERNALSTEENS Laboratory of Molecular Virology Laboratorium voor Genetische Virologie National Cancer Institute Vrije Universiteit Brussel National Institutes of Health B-I640 Sint -Genesius-Rode, Belgium Bethesda, Maryland 20205 CONTRIBUTORS vII RAYMOND E. LOCKARD DENNIS PEREIRA Department of Biochemistry Department of Human Genetics The George Washington University School Yale University School of Medicine of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut 06510 Washington, D.C. 20037 Present address: Microbiological Genetics Pfizer Central Research KY LOWEN HAUPT Groton, Connecticut 06340 Department of Biology Washington University VEMURI B. REDDY St. Louis, Missouri 63130 Department of Human Genetics Yale University School of Medicine GLENN T. MERLINO New Haven, Connecticut 06510 Present address: Laboratory of Molecular Biology Integrated Genetics National Cancer Institute Framingham, Massachusetts 01701 National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland 20205 RONALD REEDER Hutchinson Cancer Research Center KATHRYN G. MILLER Seattle, Washington 98104 The Johns Hopkins University JUDITH ROAN School of Medicine Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Seattle, Washington 98104 MARC VAN MONTAGU FRANK H. RUDDLE Laboratorium voor Genetica Department of Biology Rijksuniversiteit Gent Yale University B-9000 Gent, Belgium New Haven, Connecticut 06511 and Laboratorium voor Genetische Virologie GEORGE SCANGOS Vrije Universiteit Brussel Department of Biology B-I640 Sint-Genesius-Rode, Belgium The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218 A. NIENHUIS JEFF SCHELL Clinical Hematology Branch Laboratorium voor Genetica National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Rijksuniversiteit Gent National Institutes of Health B-9000 Gent, Belgium Bethesda, Maryland 20205 and Max-Planck-Institut fiir Ziichtungsforschung D-5000 Cologne 30, Federal Republic of JULIAN PAN Germany Department of Human Genetics JO SCHRODER Yale University School of Medicine Max-Planck-Institut fiir Ziichtungsforschung New Haven, Connecticut 06510 D-5000 Cologne 30, Federal Republic of Germany IRA PASTAN Laboratory of Molecular Biology BARBARA SOLLNER-WEBB National Cancer Institute The Johns Hopkins University National Institutes of Health School of Medicine Bethesda, Maryland 20205 Baltimore, Maryland 21205 vIII CONTRIBUTORS ASHWANI K. SOOD JoANNE KAYE WILKINSON Department of Human Genetics The Johns Hopkins University Yale University School of Medicine School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut 06510 Baltimore, Maryland 21205 ELIZABETH STEINER LOTHAR WILLMITZER Department of Biology Max-Planck-Institut fUr ZUchtungsforschung Washington University 0-5000 Cologne 30, Federal Republic of St. Louis, Missouri 63130 Germany JAYA SIVASWAMI TYAGI Laboratory of Molecular Biology ROY S. WU National Cancer Institute Biotech Research Laboratories, Inc. National Institutes of Health Rockville, Maryland 20850 Bethesda, Maryland 20205 and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology Division of Cancer Treatment SHERMAN M. WEISSMAN National Cancer Institute Department of Human Genetics National Institutes of Health Yale University School of Medicine Bethesda, Maryland 20205 New Haven, Connecticut 06510 RON WIDES PATRICIA ZAMBRYSKI The Johns Hopkins University Laboratorium voor Genetica School of Medicine Rijksuniversiteit Gent Baltimore, Maryland 21205 B-9000 Gent, Belgium Preface The recent surge of interest in recombinant DNA research is understandable considering that biologists from all disciplines, using recently developed mo lecular techniques, can now study with great precision the structure and regulation of specific genes. As a discipline, molecular biology is no longer a mere subspeciality of biology or biochemistry: it is the new biology. Current approaches to the outstanding problems in virtually all the traditional disci plines in biology are now being explored using the recombinant DNA tech nology. In this atmosphere of rapid progress, the role of information exchange and swift publication becomes quite crucial. Consequently, there has been an equally rapid proliferation of symposia volumes and review articles, apart from the explosion in popular science magazines and news media, which are always ready to simplify and sensationalize the implications of recent dis coveries, often before the scientific community has had the opportunity to fully scrutinize the developments. Since many of the recent findings in this field have practical implications, quite often the symposia in molecular biology are sponsored by private industry and are of specialized interest and in any case quite expensive for students to participate in. Given that George Wash ington University is a teaching institution, our aim in sponsoring these Annual Spring Symposia is to provide, at cost, a forum for students and experts to discuss the latest developments in selected areas of great significance in biology. Additionally, since the University is located in Washington, D.C., there is ample opportunity to draw on the input of policy makers and political leadership, which significantly influences the support of biological research. Eukaryotic gene expression was a logical choice as a topic, since much ofthe scientific progress in this field directly or indirectly influences the course of development in other areas of biomedical research. In selecting the topics to be included in this volume, my primary concern was to avoid a narrowly specialized set of articles that are quite often overreviewed and instead include Ix x PREFACE topics that are currently of interest, including promising new technical ap proaches. The chapters in this volume represent three main areas of interest. In the first group, the emphasis is on selected approaches to the organization of genetic material that have proved to be most promising-for example, studying the organization of active sites using the nuclease sensitivity of specific genes in chromatin (Chapter 1), the role of methylated regions in DNA in controlling gene expression such as that of the thymidine kinase gene (Chapter 2), and the significance of histone types synthesized in the regulation of gene expression during the cell cycle (Chapter 3). The structure and ev olutionary divergence of an inducible gene, the prolactin gene, is emphasized in Chapter 4. A second series of chapters concentrates on the expression of specific genes, in each case emphasizing an important technical approach. In Chapter 5, the structural analysis of histocompatibility class I and class II genes cloned by a sensitive method utilizing synthetic oligonucleotides is described by Sood and colleagues. The next two chapters describe gene-transfer experi ments in which the primary aim is to study the regulation of their expression during the development of the intact organism. Chapter 6, by Gordon and Ruddle, discusses the general rationale for producing transgenic mice with specific reference to the expression of the herpes thymidine kinase gene and the human leukocyte interferon gene. Chapter 7 focuses on the expression of globin genes in the transgenic mouse. The final series of chapters is concerned primarily with in vivo and in vitro transcriptional studies of specific genes. In Chapter 8, Gorman and colleagues describe a most sensitive and unique assay system in which the expression of the gene for chloromphenicol acetyltransferase is utilized to study the eukaryotic transcriptional enhancer elements. Chapter 9, by Schell and colleagues, discusses a very promising approach utilizing the Ti plasmid vector system for the regulation of plant genes. The remaining chapters focus on the organization and the transcriptional control elements of chicken col lagen gene (Chapter 10) and the ribosomal genes of mouse and frog (Chapter 11) and rabbit (Chapter 12). In all, these articles represent important fields of current research in molecular biology, and it is hoped that Eukaryotic Gene Expression will be a useful reference volume for students and experts alike. Ajit Kumar Washington, D.C.
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