Ethics, Security, & the War-machine: The True Cost of the Military PDF
Preview Ethics, Security, & the War-machine: The True Cost of the Military
OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,11/4/2020,SPi Ethics, Security, and The War-Machine OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,11/4/2020,SPi OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,11/4/2020,SPi Ethics, Security, and The War-Machine The True Cost of the Military NED DOBOS 1 OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,11/4/2020,SPi 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries ©NedDobos2020 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2020 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2019954008 ISBN 978–0–19–886051–8 PrintedandboundinGreatBritainby ClaysLtd,ElcografS.p.A. LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,11/4/2020,SPi Contents Acknowledgements vii Introduction 1 JusAnteBellum:JustifyingtheWar-Machine 1 Non-PacifisticAnti-Militarism 3 TheTrueCostoftheMilitary:OutlineoftheBook 9 1. Military Conditioning and Moral Damage 14 Introduction 14 MakingKillers 17 MoralInjury 22 DehumanizationDoneRight? 27 Self-ForgetfulnessandObedienceUntoDeath 32 Conclusion 39 2. The Coup Risk 40 Introduction 40 ForeignOccupation,Self-Definition,andHumanRights 42 TheCivil–MilitaryGap 46 Warrior-ClassConsciousness 51 Co-nationalityandtheHumanResponses 55 Nowhereis‘Coup-Proof’ 56 Conclusion 61 3. On Fear-Induced Aggression 62 Introduction 62 ReciprocalFearofSurpriseAttack 64 PreventiveWars 68 ANewNormativeOrder? 72 Conclusion 78 4. Cognitive Bias and the Misuse of Military Power 80 Introduction 80 OverconfidenceandReasonableProspectsofSuccess 81 TheLawoftheHammerandLastResort 86 IllusionsofControlandAccidentalCivilianCasualties 90 AttributionErrorandProportionality 96 Conclusion 101 OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,11/4/2020,SPi vi 5. Martial Values in Civilian Life 104 Militarization 106 OfLawEnforcement 109 OfBusiness 114 OfEducation 119 Necessaryvs.SurplusMilitarization 124 Conclusion 129 Conclusion 131 Epilogue: Towards ‘Post-Military Defence’? 137 Introduction 137 CivilianDefenceSystems 139 Post-MilitaryPathologiesandAdvantages 148 Conclusion 156 Select Bibliography 157 Index 169 OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,11/4/2020,SPi Acknowledgements Chapters of this book have been presented to academic audiences in Australia,Japan,theUS,andEurope,andIhavehadtheopportunityto discussthematerialinformallywithmanythoughtfulpeopleoverthelast fewyears.Iamgratefultoeverybodythatlistenedandofferedcomments andcriticismsalongtheway,including:AndrewAlexandra,PeterBalint, EdBarrett,TonyCoady,ToniErskine,ChristopherFinlay,TomFrame, LukeGlanville,MarcusHedahl,AdamHenschke,RogerHerbert,Joshua Kassner, Brent Kyle, Judith Lichtenberg, David Luban, Joseph MacKay, Josiah Ober, Umut Ozguc, Igor Primoratz, Neil Ramsey, David Stahel, and Scott Sagan. Most of all I am indebted to Cheyney Ryan for his detailedanderuditewrittenfeedbackonanearlierdraft.Alloftheusual disclaimersapply. I owe thanks also to the McCoy Center for Ethics in Society at Stanford University, for hosting me as a visiting fellow while I finalised themanuscriptin2019,andtoPeterMomtchiloffofOxfordUniversity Press for his continued support and patience. Parts of Chapter1 appeared previously in a special issue of Philosophical Forum (vol. 46, 2015), under the title “Punishing Non-Conscientious Disobedience: Is theMilitaryaRogueEmployer?”.Ithankthepublisherofthejournalfor grantingpermissiontoreusethismaterial. Thanks,finally,tomywifeKelly,forhercareandendurance. OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,11/4/2020,SPi OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,11/4/2020,SPi Introduction Jus Ante Bellum: Justifying the War-Machine Ethicistsdealingwithwarandarmedconflicthaveinvestedmostoftheir energies in two questions. First, under what circumstances is it morally permissibleforastatetoresorttomilitaryforce?Thisisthequestionof jusadbellum—thejusticeofwar.Second,oncehostilitiesareunderway, howshouldcombatantsconductthemselves?Thisisthequestionof jus inbello—justiceinwar.Inrecentyearstheinquiryhasbeenextendedto cover justice after war (jus post bellum). Here the emphasis is on post- warrelations,reconstruction,reparations,andsoon.¹ Thisiscertainlyapositivedevelopment,butweoughttobeextending the inquiryin the opposite direction as well,to address questions of jus ante bellum, or justice before war. In particular this one: Under what circumstances is it justifiable for a polity to prepare for war by militar- izing?When(ifever)andwhy(ifatall)isitmorallypermissibletocreate andmaintainthepotentialtowagewar?Thisisnotaboutwhetherwar- makingisjustified,butaboutwhetherwar-buildingisjustified.²Itisnot about how we should use the military resources we amass; it is about whetherweshouldbeamassingthoseresourcesinthefirstplace.Justas theadbellumquestionasksofparticularwarswhethertheyare(orwere) ¹ SeeforinstanceBrianOrend,‘JusticeAfterWar’,EthicsandInternationalAffairs,vol.16,no. 1,March2002,pp.43–56.Thedecisiontobringanongoingwartoanend—thetransitionfrom wartopost-war—hasalsoreceivedsomephilosophicalattentionoflate.DavidRodindiscussesit undertheheadingjusterminatio.DarrelMoellendorfprefersjusexbello.DavidRodin,‘TheWar Trap:DilemmasofJusTerminatio’,Ethics,vol.125,no.3,2015,pp.674–95;DarrelMollendorf, ‘JusExBello’,TheJournalofPoliticalPhilosophy,vol.16,no.2,June2008,pp.123–36. ² IowethisdistinctiontoCheyneyRyan.Seehisessay‘Pacifism’,inSethLazarandHelen Frowe(eds.),TheOxfordHandbookofEthicsofWar,Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,2016, and his article ‘Pacifism, Just War, and Self-Defense’, Philosophia, vol. 41, no. 4, 2013, pp.977–1005. Ethics,Security,andTheWar-Machine:TheTrueCostoftheMilitary.NedDobos,OxfordUniversityPress(2020). ©NedDobos. DOI:10.1093/oso/9780198860518.001.0001
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