etc. Guide to the Butterflies of Russia and Adjacent Territories (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera). Volume 1: Hesperiidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Satyridae

412 Pages·22.366 MB·English

by  Tuzov V.K.

PENSOFT Series Faunistica No. 7
GUIDE TO THE
BUTTERFLIES
OF RUSSIA
AND ADJACENT TERRITORIES
(LEPIDOPTERA, RHOPALOCERA)
VOLUME 1
Hesperiidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Satyridae
by
V. K. Tuzov, P. V. Bogdanov, A. L. Devyatkin,
L. V. Kaabak, V. A. Korolev, V. S. Murzin,
G. D. Samodurov, E. A. Tarasov
FETiSOTT
Sofia - Moscow
1997
PEWSOFT
ДХ INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING HOUSE IN ALL FIELDS OF LIFE & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Address for correspondence: Distributed in Germany by: Distributed in Japan by:
Dr. Lyubomir Penev Mr. Erich Bauer Bauer & Sato Japan
Acad. G. Bonchev Str.. Bl. 6 Antiquariat Goecke & Evers 1-24-1-22 Sengawa
1113 Sofia. BULGARIA Sportplatzweg 5 Chofu, Tokyo 182, JAPAN
Tel. [phone] D-75210 Keltern-Weiler, GERMANY Tel. [phone]
Tel/Fax: [phone] Tel. [phone], Fax: [phone] Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [e-mail] E-mail: [e-mail] E-mail: [e-mail]
The authors’ addresses:
Dr. Vasily K. Tuzov Novocheremushkinskaya Str. 51, Building 2, Apt. 45
Moscow 117418, RUSSIA
Mr. Pavel V. Bogdanov State Darwin Museum
Vavilova Str. 57, Moscow 117292, RUSSIA
Mr. Alexey L. Devyatkin Moscow State University
Department of Entomology, Faculty of Biology
Moscow 119899, RUSSIA
Dr. Leonid V. Kaabak Moldagulovoi Str. 10, Building 4, Apt. 5
Moscow 111395, RUSSIA
Dr. Vladimir A. Korolev Akademika Bakuleva Str. 10, Building 1, Apt. 36
Moscow 117513, RUSSIA
Dr. I'ladimir S. Murzin Leninsky prospekt 88, Building 3, Apt. 1
Moscow 117313, RUSSIA
Mr. Genrilch D. Sarnodurov Kalinin Str. 2, Apt. 21, Korolev
Moscow Region 141070, RUSSIA
Mr. Evgeny A. Tarasov Shosseinaya Str. 58, Building 2, Apt. 116
Moscow 109388, RUSSIA
Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Vasily K. Tuzou
Scientific editor: Dr. Oleg G. Gorbunov
Linguistic editors: Dr. Sergei!. Golovatch & Dr. Helen J. Read
Colour plates, portraits and general book design: Andrei V. Sotchivko
Technical editor: Stanislav P. Abadjieu
Colour reproduction: Indigo Ltd., Sofia, Bulgaria
Production manager: Dr. Lyubomir D. Penev
© PENSOFT Publishers
All rights reserved
First edition 1997
ISBN 954-642-018-2
Printed and bound in Sofia, Bulgaria, October 1997
INTRODUCTION
This book has come into existence due to the efforts of several generations of
professional entomologists, amateur collectors and intellectually curious
naturalists. All of them, being once amazed at the beauty of butterflies, the
marvellous creations of Nature, have contributed to the exploration of this domain
of wildlife, so diverse and unknown that this book is also just a humble step in
native lepidopterology. Hence our strong inclination to call it a guide. As the
majority of the authors of this book are non-professional entomologists, their true
love and devotion to their subject as well as hard work have enabled many of them
to build their knowledge to such an extent that most have published several
scientific articles and popular books about butterflies. Each of us remembers his
own way in entomology and all the difficulties faced by a beginner so we have tried
to combine in our work the strictness of a scientific layout with both the
intelligibility and simplicity of practical usage by a wider circle of naturalists and
specialists. Hence the English language chosen and the inevitable two volumes.
The present volume embodies the butterfly families Hesperiidae, Papilionidae,
Pieridae and Satyridae while volume 2 will cover the remaining Danaidae,
Nymphalidae, Libytheidae, Nemeobiidae and Lycaenidae populating Russia and the
adjacent parts of the former Soviet Union.
Indeed, the amount of data underlying this book alone is enormous, in certain
cases contradictory and often really difficult to understand by an unprepared
reader. This is the reason why we have finally decided not to include all information
known to us, mostly omitting the most controversial questions for future serious
scientific papers.
On purpose, we have decided to start our book with a comprehensive
historical review of the study of the butterfly fauna of Russia and, later, of the
USSR, paying due respect to all our colleagues, both predecessors and
contemporaries, without whose titanic work this compilation would never have
appeared. Such a book makes it clear that, whatever happens, revolutions or wars,
flourishing or crushing states and empires, support or the complete indifference of
society, there is always a group of enthusiasts, for whom the search for a grain of
knowledge and staying in contact with Nature are more precious than all other
treasures of the world. The aesthetic pleasure and inspiration the butterflies give
us cannot be compared! Perhaps amongst these irrepressible adventurers with
butterfly nets, one can find both comical and tragic figures who might totally
decline along with further "progress" in civilisation. The caste of collectors, in a
broad sense of the word, also deserves a special study, not made so far, as they are
the ones who oppose the original Chaos by virtue of their mentality, who work
permanently, often completely on their own, to accumulate and put order to
information. Perhaps the day is not so far off when their efforts will bring us to a
new level of development.
We have decided to omit here the main guidelines for butterfly collecting and
preservation, this being also in line with the increasing concern for nature
conservation. Nor will the reader find here a special introduction to butterfly
morphology and ecology as these topics are covered by numerous textbooks and
guides. For the same reason, we avoid the usage of too many special scientific
terms, for they, too, can easily be found in special editions; some of which will be
given in bibliography completing volume 2.
Instead, the main emphasis has been put here on subjects hardly available
even to the Russian, let alone Western, reader. This concerns not only a fully
reassessed, complete and updated coverage of the butterfly fauna of the former
Russian/Soviet Empire, something unprecedented since the last century, not only
publication of this book in English which, for political reasons alone, could have
been almost impossible just a decade ago, but also brief curricula vitae of a
number of Russia's most prominent lepidopterists, both amateur and professional.
It has happened that the beginning of our work on this book coincided with
the collapse of one of the world's greatest empires, the Soviet Union, which covered
both one-sixth of the globe's territory and the bulk of the Palaearctic Region.
Apparently, no-one will ever be able to arrange and carry out field excursions/
explorations over such vast distances as easily and readily as many Russian/Soviet
entomologists used to enjoy. The Soviet Union was almost closed to foreigners,
while Soviet citizens were exotic in the West. For historical, political, cultural and
linguistic reasons, Russian lepidopterology has long been seriously isolated, the
main national collections and publications being available mostly only to Russians
or Russian-speaking people.
This series summarises all the basic information concerning the butterflies of
the Russian/Soviet Empire. From this point of view, it comprises a "historical"
stage. This concerns not only a brief historical review of lepidopterological research
in Russia, but also our choice of a title. A title like "The Butterflies of the Russian
Empire", consonant to the first atlases by Hoffmann and Lampert, seems the most
reasonable from a standpoint of the book's coverage, but does not correspond to
the present-day political realities. Mentioning a no longer existing USSR, with a sad
prefix "ex", would sound either pretentious or out of date, or both. Hence we have
chosen a title in which the territories under study are outlined only geographically,
with no political connotations whatsoever. For the same reason, in presenting
individual species, we have tried to use geographical terms, mentioning political-
administrative units only to facilitate the reader's efforts in spotting the locality
name(s) on the existing geographical maps. A very brief description of the
geographical distribution of each species or subspecies is given to help one find a
connection between the former or current political-administrative division and
physiographical regions. The geographical and, to some extent, faunal regions
accepted here are based on the landscape-zonal division of the USSR territory, with
consideration of the particulars of the butterfly fauna as it is currently known, but
of course the exploration.
In order to make a search for information easier, each species paragraph is
strictly structured, containing a brief reference to the original description, type
locality, overall range, the distribution in the territory under study, synonyms and
subspecific taxa if any, the biology and ecology, and similar/sibling species.
Taxonomic remarks are given when necessary.
In the names of some taxa, the gender of species is given according to the
original description and without coordination with the current genus, mainly
because the generic nomenclature is not yet fully settled. Also, Latinized spellings
of some authors’ names have been kept uniform throughout. For instance, the
name of Grum-Grshimailo could be written at least in three different ways: Grum-
Grshimailo, Groum-Grshimailo or Grumm-Grshimailo. In order to make it clear
that this is one and the same person, we have stuck to the more widely used first
option.
References to the original descriptions are given following vridely used
abbreviations. In case the factual dates of the original description do not coincide
with the dates listed in the original/subsequent works, they are given in square
brackets.
The original spelling of the type locality name, as quoted according to the
original work, is put here in inverted commas. As a rule, a verified present-day
locality name follows it, so as to be easily spotted on any reasonably modem map.
As soon as too often there are neither detailed taxonomic nor regional faunal
revisions, we quote here only the main or the most frequently used synonyms and
subspecific taxa.
Data on the flight period and habitat have mainly been gained as a result of
our own field experience, yet with certain recourses to the literature. If we do not
specify the number of generations in the text, then there is only one generation. In
contrast, information about the host plants and preimaginal stages has mainly
been extracted from the literature, with relatively minor additions from our own
experience. The host plants when given mean only those which serve for larval
development.
In the section referring to similar species, we give the main differences of all
species similar in appearance. When such sibling forms occur sympatrically, that
is, inhabit the same general territory, it is often important to know the exact
provenance of specimens. In many cases, identification is rather difficult, so this
section may assist the reader's use of the colour plates. Detailed information about
each specimen represented in the colour plates is given in plate captions. When
choosing material for photography, we have always given preference both to type
specimens and nominate subspecies/forms. The format has been chosen so as to
get 1:1 size reproduction of the butterflies on the colour plates. The photographs in
the identification plates and the design of the book are by Andrei V. Sotchivko.
The translation into English was done by Alexei L. Devyatkin (systematic part)
and Viktor V. Titov (historical part).
In the process of the work on the book, we have consulted the vast majority of
the original descriptions and faunistic surveys concerning the territories under
study. This has enabled us to provide what we claim a real picture of the distri­
bution of species and also to discard some taxonomic muddles concerning wrong
names, dates of issue and/or type localities.
The names of host plants for larval development have been verified according
to the monograph of S.K. Cherepanov (1995) entitled “The Vascular Plants of
Russia and Adjacent States (former USSR)”.
A list of references will be published in the second volume. This list will
include all main faunistic surveys and taxonomic revisions, some popular guides
quoted in the text as well as all papers containing original descriptions and referred
to in the species synopses below.
Besides our own abundant collections, we have looked through/consulted
main state and private collections. We would like to express our profound gratitude
to their curators/owners: E.M. Antonova, P.I. Beda, L.L. Chernyshov, S.V. Churkin,
A.V. Danchenko, V.A. Ganson, V.I. Kipnis, Y.M. Matveev, M.Y. Markhasev,
L.N. Mazin, L.A. Nikolaevsky, A.N. Zamesov, S.K. Sazonov, V.V. Sinyaev,
A.V. Sotchivko, Y.V. Sveshnikov, A.V. Sviridov (all from Moscow); A.I. Ivanov,
A.L. Lvovsky, V.A. Lukhtanov, B.M. Sokolov (St. Petersburg); I.Y. Kostiuk,
I.G. Plyushch, V.V. Tshikolovets (Kiev); A.G. Aniskovich, I.V. Silchenko (Bryansk);
A. Belik (Saratov); P.Y. Gorbunov (Ekaterinburg), V.V. Dubatolov (Novosibirsk);
A.B. Zhdanko (Alma-Ata); A.V. Kreuzberg (Tashkent); Y.V. Shcherbina (Kharkov);
L. Biber, V. Major (Brno); A. Horak, S. Kotsman (Ostrava); P. Ackery (London);
A. Hausmann (Munich); U. Eitschberger (Marktleuthen, Germany).
Compilation of the historical review was greatly assisted due to the efforts of
Dr. I.M. Kerzhner and Dr. A.L. Lvovsky (St. Petersburg), Dr. V.S. Shishkin and
Dr. A.V. Sviridov (Moscow), and Dr. I.G. Plyushch (Kiev).
Special thanks are due to Pen soft Publishers which has arranged financial
support, editorial work and publication of this series. Dr. O.G. Gorbunov (Moscow)
kindly edited the text scientifically, while Dr. S.I. Golovatch (Moscow) and
Dr. H. Read (Farnham Common) checked the English of the final draft.
ABBREVIATIONS
FW - forewing pers. comm. - personal communication
HW - hindwing ssp. - subspecies
UPS - upperside f. - form
UNS - underside ab. - aberration
UPF - forewing upperside nom. praeoccup. - nomen
UNF - fore wing underside praeoccupatum
UPH - hindwing upperside nom. nudum - nomen nudum
UNH - hindwing underside
O' - male
loc. - locality
Mts. - mountains 9 - female
N. - north ZMMSU - Zoological Museum of
S. - south the Moscow State
W. - west University
E. - east SDM - State Darwin Museum
Reg. - region ZISP - Zoological Institute of
Distr. - district the Russian Academy of
Is. - island(s) Sciences, St. Petersburg
ZMKU - Zoological Museum of
the Kiev University
GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISION
For the purpose of outlining the distribution of particular taxa, the territory of
the former USSR has been divided into regions more or less well characterized by
the originality of landscapes and their butterfly inhabitants (fig. 53). The
boundaries between these regions are naturally marked by river valleys, mountain
ranges, deserts, or they correspond to those of such major landscape belts/biomes
as tundra, taiga etc., as a rule. Mountain areas are usually divided into smaller
regions due to both a higher species density and a greater degree of endemism of
the butterfly complexes they support as compared to plains. The proposed
regionalization is specially aimed to show the distribution of butterflies, therefore it
may differ to some extent from other similar schemes of division existing for other
natural objects (soils, vegetation, vertebrates, etc.). The monographs of
N.A. Gvozdetsky (1968, 1978, 1987), L.S. Berg (1955) and O.E. Agakhanyants
(1965, 1966, 1981), devoted chiefly to physiographical and phytogeographical
regionalizations of the former Soviet Union, have been taken as basic for the
present division, as they seem best to fit our aims.
1 - Polar (Arctic) tundras. The southernmost limits of this region coincide
with those of tundra vegetation all over the Eurasian continent, except for
intrazonal penetrations across the Kolyma Plateau to the Okhotskian coast.
la - Polar tundras of the European part. They include Bolshezemelskaya
tundra, the tundras of the northern Kola Peninsula, the Kanin, Pai-Khoi, Yamal
peninsulas, the islands of Kolguev, Vaigach, Belyi and Novaya Zemlya. Mostly flat
areas with slight elevations (to 1,200-1,300 m a.s.l.) only in the east, viz., in the
northern part of the southern island of Novaya Zemlya and in the Polar Urals.
Tundra and, in the south, forest-tundra vegetation types (the latter with a
significant prevalence of shrubs) are predominating. Considerable areas are taken
up by moorland.
BUTTERFLIES OF RUSSIA
Fig. 1. Tundras of the European part. Kola Peninsula, Pechenga Distr., Fig. 2. Siberian tundras. Yamal Peninsula, Shchuchie Lake. June 1994 Habitat
Nikel. August 1994. Habitat of Pyrgus andromedae, Oeneis bore, Botoria napaea. Photo V. of Co/iashec/a, Oeneisnoma, 0. oene, C/ossiana po/aris. Photo D. Obydov.
Shchegolikhin,
lb - Polar tundras of Siberia. They include the tundras of the North Siberian
Lowland up to the mouth of Lena River in the east, the Ghydan and Taimyr
peninsulas, and also the islands of Severnaya Zemlya. This is also a largely flat
area, with the maximum elevations of 1,000 m a.s.l. in the Byrranga Mts., eastern
Taimyr Peninsula. Tundra and forest-tundra types of vegetation are likewise
predominating, the latter type displaying a considerable expansion to the north
along river valleys. Sphagnum bogs are widely distributed, as is shrubby vegetation.
lc - Polar tundras of the Far East. They include the tundras of the Yana-
Indighirskaya and Kolymskaya lowlands up to the Chaunskaya Inlet, the
Lyakhovskie and Novosibirskie islands in the east.
This region is characterized by great relief variation. Considerable elevations
in the western (Kular Mts., up to 1,290 m a.s.l.) and eastern (Ilirievsky Mt. Range,
1,775 m a.s.l.) parts alternate with vast lowland areas. Owing to the presence of
larger rivers, such as the Lena, Yana, Indighirka, Kolyma with their numerous
tributaries, the lowlands are typically very humid to swampy, this being favoured
also by a shallow underlying permafrost. Hummock tundras are widely distributed,
with the vegetation dominated by Eriophorum and Carex. The forest-tundra
subzone is virtually absent, the southern tundra directly bordering the belt of light
taiga forest (Berg, 1955).
Id - Chukot tundras. They include the tundras of the Chukot Upland,
Pekulnei Mts. and Anadyr Plateau, as well as the Wrangel Island. The region is
Fig.3. Chukot tundras. W. Chukotka, vicinity of Bilibino, Koperveem River, 800 m. Fig. 4. Chukot tundras. W. Chukotka, vicinity of Bilibino, 800 m. June 1991.
June 1990. Habitat of Euchloe creusa, Colias chippewa, Erebia pawtowskii, Oeneis Habitatof Co/iaslyche, Erebiadisa, Oeneisme/issa, Euphydryas/bi/лз. Photo E. Tarasov.
magna, 0. aipina, Ciossiana freja, C. frigga. Photo V. Sinyaev.
10
Geographical division
'ii:
Fig. 5. Northern European part. Fig. 6. Central European part.
Murmansk Reg., Kandalaksha Distr., July 1977. Photo A. Devyatkin. Moscow Reg., vicinity of Kolomna. June 1994. Home country of PapHio machaon, Inachis
io, Coliashyale, Oossiana se/ene, Potyommatus icarus, etc. Photo A. Sotchivko,
characterized by pronounced relief variation,
where considerable elevations (up to 1,810 m
a.s.l in the Pegtymelsky Mts.) alternate with
numerous tectonic fractures (horsts and
grabens). As regards the vegetation, herbaceous
and fruticose tundras are predominating. In the
western part of the area (the upper flow of
Anadyr River), larch taiga forests are widely
distributed. In river valleys, light forests can be
found, consisting of Populus suaveolens, Betula
alba and Chosenia macrolepis.
2 - The European part extends from the
western boundaries of the former USSR to the
Ural Mts. and Ural River in the east, being
bordered from the south by the foothills of the
North Caucasus.
2a - Northern European part. It supports
taiga landscapes with the southern limit lying
along the line Narva - Pskov - Novgorod -
Borovichi - Rybinsk - Kineshma - Yoshkar-Ola -
Perm - Nizhny Taghil.
Mostly plain or hilly areas with the
maximum elevations up to 1,190 m in the
northwest (Khibiny Mts.) and 1,895 m in the east
(North Urals). The vegetation is dominated by
conifers (spruce, pine, larch, fir), in the south
with a considerable admixture of deciduous tree
species (aspen and birch).
2b - Central European part. It includes
sub-taiga and broadleaved forest landscapes
with the southern limit lying along the line
Rovno - Zhitomir - Kiev - Bryansk - Kaluga -
Kolomna - Ryazan - Nizhny Novgorod - Kazan -
Ufa - Chelyabinsk.
All the region is characterized by plain
landscapes. The vegetation is dominated by
Fig. 7. Northern European part.
Murmansk Reg., Kandalaksha Distr, July 1997, Photo A, Devyatkin.