Essentials of Physical Anthropology

454 Pages·2013·141.99 MB·English

by  Robert Jurmain

Major Fossil Hominin Sites
GREENLAND
75°N (KALAALLIT NUNAAT)
(DEN.)
Arctic
ALASKA 150°W 120°W 150°9W0°W 120°W60°W 90°W30°W 60°W0° 30°W30°E 0° 60°E 30°E90°E 60°1E20°E 90°1E50°E 120°E 150°E
(U.S.)
60°N ICELAND 75°N 75°N (KALGARALELEINTL NAUNNDAAT) (KALGARALELEINTL NAUNNDAAT) ARCTIC OCEANARCTIC OCEAN 75°N 75°N
(DEN.) (DEN.)
CANADA
IRELAND U. K. Arctic Circle Arctic Circle
Swanscombe ALASKA ALASKA
Boxgrove (U.S.) (U.S.) NORWAY NORWAY
St. Césaire ICELAND SWEICDEELNANDFINLAND SWEDEN FINLAND RUSSIA RUSSIA
La Chapelle 60°N 60°N 60°N 60°N
45°N Cro Magnon ESTONIA Sungir ESTONIA
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Klasies River Mouth
FALKLAND ISLANDS (U.K.) Kow Swamp
0 1000 miles
SOUTH GEORGIA ISLAND 1. SLOVENIA 1. SLOVENIA
2. CROATIA 2. CROATIA NEW ZEALAND NEW ZEALAND
0 1000 kilometers
3. BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 3. BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
45°S 45°S 45°S 45°S
60°S 4. ALBANIA 4. ALBANIA
5. MACEDONIA 5. MACEDONIA
Antarctic Circle 0 1000 mile0s 1000 miles FALKLAND ISLANDS (U.K.) FALKLAND ISLANDS (U.K.) 6. SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO 6. SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO
SOUTH GEORGIA ISLAND SOUTH GEORGIA ISLAND
0 1000 kilometers 0 1000 kilometers
75°S 60°S 60°S 60°S 60°S
Antarctic Circle Antarctic Circle
75°S 75°S 75°S 75°S
150°W 120°W 150°9W0°W 120°W60°W 90°W30°W 60°W0° 30°W30°E 0° 60°E 30°E90°E 60°1E20°E 90°1E50°E 120°E 150°E
1000 Kilometers 1000 Kilometers 1000 Kilometers
Parallel scale at Parallel scale at Parallel scale at
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does n0ot m anteriaolly rafftehct th e ov e0rall leearnaing sexpterience. Cengage Learning reserves the ri3ght0 to r emnovoe adrdittiohnal c on te0nt a t eanya timse ift subsequent rights restrictions requi6re it0. north 0 east
front end map insert.indd 1 1/11/12 12:20 PM 1000 Kilometer1s000 Kilometer1s000 Kilometer1s000 Kilomet1e0rs00 Kilometer1s000 Kilometers
Parallel scale aPtarallel scale aPtarallel scale aPtarallel scaleP aatrallel scale aPtarallel scale at
0 north 0 eas t0 north 0 eas3t0 north 0 eas3t0 north 0 e6a0s tnorth 0 eas6t0 north 0 east
9781111837181_cvr_se.indd 2 1/13/12 9:13 AM
150°W 120°W 90°W 60°W 30°W 0° 30°E 60°E 90°E 120°E 150°E
GREENLAND ARCTIC OCEAN
75°N (KALAALLIT NUNAAT) 75°N
(DEN.)
Arctic Circle
ALASKA
NORWAY
(U.S.)
ICELAND SWEDEN FINLAND RUSSIA
60°N 60°N
ESTONIA Sungir
45°N UNITCEADN SATDAATES AZOR(PEO IRSLTA.)NDS POIRRASRTEtUCLwaaLAGrpSbNaAaouMDaLnt BS.CetOMs oaCrRhcclaOxéoaéaCggspmSCnraPeOoboiAlUrlvIene.eN eK. BFDRENELAENGSTNSW.HMCp.LIAETGUTCyRZEXA.ieKRK.gMrpTrhaAUraAHeNgNaNVUpYCnIeIonSTSZaieTiiEAn1oIlfdRCaALlaHIYeneAP2yOldHb3LUSMeAeNLNrOGrl D4VAga6ARGd 5LKY(RIIeTMARLEHˇcOAEBPUMSTa,CEBA AVeLEuUNkPNIAOAtIILehAARrˇrGaMUreauA)SsdlOlRoU/eLmIALTKnADECIRamBSOaoYAARbVPsINAuTRANuOEtUUEdLíNnSR, KDESJQYoYRelRaGUnbEIfSAOAízeSR ReVGlIMIA IhREAeˇNAsIDAQtomAnZSaEicnRheBiasAnIiTJiAUdINRRaKArMNEKNAIUSZZTABAKENHAKSFIGTSTAHTeANANsNIThSATiJAkIKN IKTSYTaARsNGYhZSTAN OkladnikovC CHaMIvONeN/GADOOeLrInAZdihsooLosvauank toCiauandvieanJinnDiuaslihan SNOOURTTHH K KOORREEAA JAPAN 45°N
30°N CANARY ISLANDS ALGERIA JORDAN PAKISTAN NEPAL BHUTAN Hexian 30°N
15°N H(AUW.SA.)II PATrCopIicF oIf CCancer MEXICGUOAETLE SMAALLVAACDOOSRTA BREICLAIZEJHANOMPICNCAAADUNIRCUBAAAARMGAAUSAHABAITNNAITEHVIDTLAEHOLRNMEMEIPRSCEIAULN OZ(EASNI UCR(NEUATEDT.NOSLHS .A.R))EAPNT.GGMBDTRGURAIOAIGUANREMRUDNIBYTDIAEAANIAAN LDDI&NDOCIAOQ A UBA&SUAP ETRE O (B(FBFUrrA.D.A))GAOTLOACNETAINC(SCPA GI.PS)UELI ANVNEEGADRAS SWDBSSMIEIEEEASBRNSHSIRETAAAGEARURA ALNLEMOGNAUUEIRNIETAANIACIVOOARBSGYUTHMRAKANILNAIA BENINNIGENRIGIAER CTECLNoHITBrARYoDAALs A-FMRICeAnNaElGSlaYUPDTAN BHoadEdoRaEITrTRHESIAKAOUUMPWDIDAYiIJA dESAIIBMdTOROMAElUeNBTA IILAAIAwQUAa.T AsAO.R hEM. A(NAHrearmtois, ,D Bikoiukrai), INDIA SRI BLAANNGKLAADESHM(BYUARNMMAA)RLTHiuALIjALiOAaSNKnDAgMPUVCIHEMTENAMaAAbMCaHAOUNG KONTGAIWANPHILIPPINEPS ANMIOCSARLRTAIHNAIEDNRSAFN IC OTroCpicE oAfM RACERNPSaUHBnALLIcLC eIOSFrL ATN1HDE5S°N
Equator COLOMBIA SURFINRAENMCEH GUIANA (FR.) LIBERIA EGTQOUUGINAOETA. CAMEROON REPUBLRICWANDA UGANDA KOEamansaotp aonid West Turkana MALDIVES MALAYSBIRUANEINiah Cave FEODFE RMAICTERDO NSETSAITAES Equator
0° Tugen Hills KENYA SINGAPORE BORNEO 0°
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15°S AMERICAN SAMOA ZAMBIA 15°S
TONGA SOCIET(YFR IS.)LANDS T(AFHRI.T)I TropFiRcEN oCHf PCOLaYNpESrIiAc (FoRr.)n BOLIVIAPARAGUAY NAMIBIA BOTKSWaAbZNIwMABeABWEMOZAMMBIAQLUAEWI MADAGASCAMRAURITIUS OCEAN NEW CALEDONIA VANUATU FIJI
WALVIS BAY Sterkfontein/Swartkrans/Drimolen/Malapa AUSTRALIA Tropic of Capricorn
30°S ISLPAINTCDASI R(UN.K.) EAST(CERH IILSEL)AND CHILE ARGENTINA URUGUAY (dSettaetrums itnoe db)e FTSlAaoOFuRrUniITsCHgAb ad LEBSoOSrTWdHOAeZrI LCANaDve Lake Mungo 30°S
Klasies River Mouth
Kow Swamp
1. SLOVENIA
2. CROATIA NEW ZEALAND
3. BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
45°S 45°S
4. ALBANIA
5. MACEDONIA
0 1000 miles FALKLAND ISLANDS (U.K.) 6. SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO
SOUTH GEORGIA ISLAND
0 1000 kilometers
60°S 60°S
Antarctic Circle
75°S 75°S
150°W 120°W 90°W 60°W 30°W 0° 30°E 60°E 90°E 120°E 150°E
1000 Kilometers 1000 Kilometers 1000 Kilometers
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not mPateriaallyr afafectl tlhee ovle rasll lecarnaingl eexpe rieancet. Cengage Learning reserves the right to rPemoave arddaitiolnlael colnt enst act anay tilmee if suabsetquent rights restrictions require it. Parallel scale at
0 north 0 east 30 north 0 east 60 north 0 east
front end map insert.indd 1 1/11/12 12:20 PM
ESSENTIALS OF
Physical
Anthropology
NINTH EDITION
Robert Jurmain
Professor Emeritus, San Jose State University
Lynn Kilgore
University of Colorado, Boulder
Wenda Trevathan
Professor Emerita, New Mexico State University
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
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Essentials of Physical Anthropology, © 2013, 2011 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
Ninth Edition
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright
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37181_00_i-001_FM.indd 2 1/16/12 4:20 PM
Brief Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to Physical Anthropology 2
Chapter 2 The Development of Evolutionary Theory 26
Chapter 3 The Biological Basis of Life 50
Chapter 4 Heredity and Evolution 72
Chapter 5 Processes of Macroevolution 96
Chapter 6 An Overview of the Primates 120
Chapter 7 Primate Behavior 154
Chapter 8 Primate and Hominin Origins 186
Chapter 9 The First Dispersal of the Genus Homo: Homo erectus
and Contemporaries 230
Chapter 10 Premodern Humans 252
Chapter 11 The Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans 282
Chapter 12 Human Variation and Adaptation 310
Chapter 13 Legacies of Human Evolutionary History:
Effects on the Individual 342
Chapter 14 The Human Disconnection 366
iii
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiv
Supplements xv
1
ChapTeR
Introduction to Physical
Anthropology
2
Introduction 3
The Human Connection 6
Biocultural Evolution 6
What Is Anthropology? 10
A
AS
Cultural Anthropology 11 N
Archaeology 11
Linguistic Anthropology 12
Physical Anthropology 12
Applied Anthropology 18
2
Physical Anthropology and the Scientific Method 20 ChapTeR
The Anthropological Perspective 21 The Development of
Why It Matters 22
Evolutionary Theory
26
Summary of Main Topics 23
Critical Thinking Questions 23 A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought 28
Photo Essay Making a Difference: Forensic The Scientific Revolution 29
Anthropologists in the Contemporary Precursors to the Theory of Evolution 31
World 24–25
The Discovery of Natural Selection 34
In Darwin’s Shadow 39
Natural Selection 40
Natural Selection in Action 41
Quick Review The Mechanism of Natural Selection 43
Constraints on Nineteenth-Century Evolutionary
Theory 44
Opposition to Evolution Today 45
A Brief History of Opposition to Evolution
in the United States 46
Why It Matters 47
Summary of Main Topics 48
Critical Thinking Questions 49
Peter Jones
iv
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v
Contents v
3
ChapTeR
The Biological
Basis of Life  
50
Cells 52
DNA Structure 53
DNA Replication 54
Protein Synthesis 54
CWRQueeghilclua kDtl a RIitvseo iavrs iiyGeo wGne n enCe?6eo 1sd i5n85g9 and Noncoding DNA 60 © J. Craig Venter Institute
Chromosomes 61
Mitosis 62 4
Meiosis 63 ChapTeR
New Frontiers 67 Heredity and Evolution
72
Why It Matters 70
The Genetic Principles Discovered by Mendel 74
Summary of Main Topics 70
Segregation 74
Critical Thinking Questions 71
Dominance and Recessiveness 75
Independent Assortment 78
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans 78
Misconceptions about Dominance and
T
A Recessiveness 80
C
G Polygenic Inheritance 81
T
A Quick Review Mendelian vs. Polygenic Traits 83
Genetic and Environmental Factors 83
T
A
G Mitochondrial Inheritance 84
C
Modern Evolutionary Theory 84
A
T
The Modern Synthesis 85
A A A C A Current Definition of Evolution 85
U C
Factors That Produce and Redistribute Variation 86
T U
G
U Mutation 86
T G T Gene Flow 86
G
mRNA Genetic Drift and Founder Effect 87
T C
T
Recombination 89
G
Natural Selection Is Directional
G
G C A A C and Acts on Variation 90
Review of Genetics and Evolutionary Factors 93
A Why It Matters 94
T
C G Summary of Main Topics 94
DNA template strand
T
A Critical Thinking Questions 95
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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vi Contents
5
ChapTeR
Processes
of Macroevolution
96
How We Connect: Discovering the Human Place
in the Organic World 98
Principles of Classification 98
Constructing Classifications and Interpreting
Evolutionary Relationships 101
Comparing Evolutionary Systematics
with Cladistics 101
An Example of Cladistic Analysis: The Evolution-
ary History of Cars and Trucks 102
Using Cladistics to Interpret Real Organisms 103
Definition of Species 105
Interpreting Species and Other Groups
in the Fossil Record 106
Recognition of Fossil Species 107
Recognition of Fossil Genera 108
What Are Fossils and How Do They Form? 109
Vertebrate Evolutionary History: A Brief Summary 111
Mammalian Evolution 113
The Emergence of Major Mammalian Groups 115
Processes of Macroevolution 115
Adaptive Radiation 115
Generalized and Specialized Characteristics 116
Working Together: Microevolution
and Macroevoluation 117
SWuhmy mIt Marayt toefr Ms ai1n1 8Topics 118 Nelson Ting
©
Critical Thinking Questions 119
6
ChapTeR
An Overview Primate Classification 131
A Survey of the Living Primates 134
of the Primates 
120
Lemurs and Lorises 134
Introduction 121 Tarsiers 136
Primate Characteristics 122 Anthropoids: Monkeys, Apes, and Humans 137
Primate Adaptations 126 Hominoids: Apes and Humans 141
Evolutionary Factors 126 Endangered Primates 148
Geographical Distribution and Habitats 127 Why It Matters 152
Diet and Teeth 127 Summary of Main Topics 153
Locomotion 130 Critical Thinking Questions 153
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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