Essentials of optoelectronics: With applications

478 Pages·1997·10.937 MB·English

by  Alan Rogers (auth.)

Essentials of Optoelectronics
Optical and Quantum Electronics Series
Series editors
Professor G. Parry, University of Oxford, UK
Professor R. Baets, University of Ghent, Belgium
This series focuses on the technology, physics and applications of
optoelectronic systems and devices. Volumes are aimed at research and
development staff and engineers involved in the application of optical
technologies. Advanced undergraduate and graduate textbooks are included,
giving tutorial introductions to the many exciting areas of optoelectronics.
Both conventional books and electronic products will be published, to provide
information in the most appropriate and useful form for users.
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2 Vision Assistant Software
A practical introduction to image processing and pattern classifiers
C.R. Allen and N.C. Yung
3 Silica-based Buried Channel Waveguides and Devices
Fran~ois Ladouceur and John D. Love
4 Essentials of Optoelectronics
With applications
Alan Rogers
Essentials of Optoelectronics
With applications
Alan Rogers
Head of Department
Department of Electronic Engineering
School of Physical Seiences and Engineering
King 's College London
UK
IU!ll
Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.
First edition 1997
© 1997 Alan Rogers
Originally published by Chapman and Hall in 1997.
ISBN 978-0-412-40890-8 ISBN 978-1-4899-3272-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-3272-3
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or
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The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the
accuracy of the inforrnation contained in this book and carmot accept any legal
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 96-70805
!§
Printed on permanent acid-free text paper, rnanufactured in accordance with
ANSIINISO Z39.48-1992 and ANSIINISO Z39.48-1984 (Perrnanence of Paper).
To my wife and family, past and present
Contents
Preface 1
Chapter 1: Photons and Electrons 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Historical Sketch 3
1.3 The Wave Nature of Light 5
1.4 Polarization 10
1.5 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 12
1.6 Emission and Absorption Processes 13
1.7 Photon Statistics 15
1.8 The Behaviour of Electrons 17
1.9 Lasers 27
1.10 Summary 27
Problems 27
References 28
Further Reading 28
Chapter 2: Wave Properties of Light 30
2.1 Introduction 30
2.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 30
2.3 Wave Representation 31
2.4 Electromagnetic Waves 34
2.4.1 Velocity and refractive index 34
2.4.2 Energy, power and intensity 36
2.4.3 Optical polarization 38
2.5 Refiection and Refraction 40
2.6 Total Internal Refiection 49
2.7 Interference of Light 53
2.8 Light Waveguiding 55
2.9 Interferometers 58
2.10 Diffraction 65
2.11 Gaussian Beams and Stahle Optical Resonators 72
2.12 Conclusion 74
Problems 74
References 76
viii Essentials of Optoelectronics
Further Reading 76
Chapter 3: Polarization Optics 77
3.1 Introduction 77
3.2 The Polarization Ellipse 78
3.3 Crystal Optics 80
3.4 Retarding Wave-plates 85
3.5 A Variable Wave Plate: The Soleil-Babinet Compensator 89
3.6 Polarizing Prisms 90
3.7 Circular Birefringence 91
3.8 Polarization Analysis 92
3.9 Applications of Polarization Optics 98
3.9.1 Electro-optic Effect 100
3.9.2 Magneto-optic Effect 102
3.9.3 Electrogyration Effect 105
3.10 Conclusions 105
100
Pro~ms
References 107
Further Reading 108
Chapter 4: Light and Matter: Emission, Propagation
and Absorption Processes 109
4.1 Introduction 109
4.2 Classical Theory of Light Propagation in Uniform
Dielectric Media 109
4.3 Optical Dispersion 119
4.4 Emission and Absorption of Light 122
4.4.1 The Elementary Processes 122
4.4.2 Elements of Laser Action 124
4.4.3 Luminescence 128
4.4.4 Photodetection 130
4.4.5 Photoemission 132
4.5 Conclusions 133
Problems 133
References 134
Further Reading 135
Chapter 5: Optical Coherence and Correlation 136
5.1 Introduction 136
5.2 Measure of Coherence 138
5.3 The Wiener-Khinchin Theorem 144
5.4 Dual-Beam Interference 144
Contents 1x
5.5 Practical Examples 148
5.5.1 Michelson's Stellar Interferometer 149
5.5.2 The Mach-Zehnder Interferometer 149
5.5.3 The Optical-fibre Gyroscape 151
5.5.4 Birefringence De-polarization of Polarized Light 151
5.5.5 Coherence Properties of Lasers 152
5.6 Conclusions 153
1M
Pro~~
References 155
Further Reading 155
Chapter 6: Some Essential Physics of Radiation and Solids 156
6.1 Introduction 156
6.2 Radiation 156
6.2.1 Black-body Radiation 156
6.2.2 The Quantum Results 162
6.2.3 'Black-body' Sources 163
6.2.4 The Theory of Laser Action 164
(i) The Rate Equations and the Gain Mechanism 164
(ii) The Laser Structure 170
(iii) Mode Locking 173
(iv) Q-Switching 175
6.3 Electrons in Solids 177
6.3.1 Elements of the Band Theory of Solids 178
6.3.2 Metals, Insulators and Semiconductors 185
6.3.3 Brillouin Zones 187
6.3.4 Electron Energy Distribution in Semiconductors 192
6.3.5 Extrinsic Semiconductors 197
6.3.6 Binary and Ternary Semiconductors 200
6.4 Conclusions 202
Proble~ 202
References 204
Further Reading 204
Chapter 7: Optical Sources, Modulatorsand Detectors 205
7.1 Introduction 205
7.2 Optical Sources 205
7.2.1 Laser Sources 206
(i) Introduction 206
(ii) The Argon Laser: a Four-level System 206
(iii) The Dye Laser 206
(iv)The Nd-YAG Laser: a Solid-State System 210
( v) Other Types of Laser 212
X Essentials of Optoelectronics
7.2.2 Semiconductor Sources 212
(i) The p-n Junction 212
(ii) The Light-Emitting Diode (LED) 216
(iii) The Semiconductor Laser Diode (SLD) 218
7.3 Optical Modulators 223
7.3.1 The Electro-optic Modulator 224
7.3.2 The Magneto-optic Modulator 230
7.3.3 The Acousto-optic Modulator 231
(i) The Raman-Nath Regime 234
(ii) The Bragg Regime 238
7.4 Photodetectors 243
7.4.1 Photoconductive Detectors 244
7.4.2 Photodiades 247
(i) Junction Photodiades 247
(ii) Performance Parameters for Photodiades 251
(iii) The PIN Photodiode 255
(iv) The Photomultiplier 256
( v) The Av alanche Photodiode 258
7.4.3 Photon Counting 259
7.5 Conclusions 260
Problems 260
References 263
Further Reading 263
Chapter 8: Optical Waveguides 264
8.1 Introduction 264
8.2 The Planar Waveguide 265
8.3 Integrated Optics 272
8.4 Cylindrical Waveguides 273
8.5 Optical Fibres 277
8.6 Optical Fibres for Communications 279
8.6.1 Optical-fibre Attenuation 281
8.6.2 Optical-fibre Dispersion 283
(i) Modal Dispersion 285
(ii) Material Dispersion 288
(iii) Waveguide Dispersion 290
8.7 Polarization-holding Waveguides 292
8.8 Conclusions 297
Problems 297
References 299
Further Reading 299
Chapter 9: Non-Linear Optics 300