Essentials of geology

578 Pages·2012·57.545 MB·English

by  Frederick K Lutgens, Edward J Tarbuck

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E S S E N T I A L S O F
GEOLOGY
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Lutgens, Frederick K.
Essentials of geology / Frederick K. Lutgens, Edward J. Tarbuck ;
illustrated by Dennis Tasa. — 11th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-321-71472-5
1. Geology—Textbooks. I. Tarbuck, Edward J. II. Title.
QE26.3.L87 2012
550—dc22
2010034466
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN-10: 0-321-71472-5 / ISBN-13: 978-0-321-71472-5

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E L E V E N T H E D I T I O N
E S S E N T I A L S O F
GEOLOGY
Frederick K. Lutgens
Edward J. Tarbuck
ILLUSTRATED BY
Dennis Tasa
SS 1 An Introduction to Geology 1
2 Matter and Minerals 36
TT
3 Igneous Rocks and Intrusive Activity 62
NN 4 Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards 90
5 Weathering and Soils 122
EE 6 Sedimentary Rocks 148
7 Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks 176
TT 8 Mass Wasting: The Work of Gravity 196
9 Running Water 214
NN
10 Groundwater 238
11 Glaciers and Glaciation 260
OO
12 Deserts and Wind 286
13 Shorelines 306
CC
14 Earthquakes and Earth’s Interior 334
15 Plate Tectonics: A Scientific Revolution Unfolds 360

16 Origin and Evolution of the Ocean Floor 392
FF
17 Crustal Deformation and Mountain Building 414
EE 18 Geologic Time 436
19 Earth’s Evolution through Geologic Time 460
II 20 Global Climate Change 492
RR Appendix A
Metric and Engligh Units Compared 475
BB
Appendix B
Topographic Maps 477
Appendix C
Landforms of the Conterminous United States 481
Glossary 483
Index 493
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GEODe G
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the book’s Premium Website (www.mygeoscienceplace.com). This dynamic instructional tool
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ESSENTIALS reinforces key concepts using tutorials, animations, and interactive exercises. The GEODe:
Essentials of Geologyicon appears throughout the book wherever a text discussion has a
OF GEOLOGY
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1 An Introduction to Geology
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2 Matter and Minerals
3 Igneous Rocks and Intrusive Activity
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4 Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
5 Weathering and Soils :
6 Sedimentary Rocks
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7 Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks
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8 Mass Wasting: The Work of Gravity
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9 Running Water e
10 Groundwater n
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11 Glaciers and Glaciation
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12 Deserts and Wind a
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13 Shorelines
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14 Earthquakes and Earth’s Interior (Part A)
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14 Earthquakes and Earth’s Interior (Part B)
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15 Plate Tectonics: AScientific Revolution Unfolds

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16 Origin and Evolution of the Ocean Floor
17 Crustal Deformation and Mountain Building (Part A) e
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17 Crustal Deformation and Mountain Building (Part B)
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18 Geologic Time
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vii
S PREFACE xvii Plate Boundaries 29
THE CHAPTER IN REVIEW 33
KEY TERMS 34 GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT 35
T 1 An Introduction COMPANION WEBSITE 35
to Geology 2
1 Matter and Minerals
36
N The Science of Geology 2
• Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks 38
Geology, People, and the Environment 3
Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals 40
Historical Notes about Geology 4
Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons 40
E Catastrophism 4
Elements: Defined by Their Number of Protons 40
The Birth of Modern Geology 5
Why Atoms Bond 41
Geology Today 5
Octet Rule 41
T Geologic Time 6
Ionic Bonds: Electrons Transferred 42
The Magnitude of Geologic Time 6
Covalent Bonds: Electrons Shared 43
Relative Dating and the Geologic Time Scale 7
Metallic Bonds: Electrons Free to Move 43
N The Nature of Scientific Inquiry 8
Isotopes and Radioactive Decay 44
Hypothesis 8 • Physical Properties of Minerals 44
Theory 9
Optical Properties 44
Scientific Methods 9
O Crystal Shape or Habit 45
Do Glaciers Move? An Application of the
Mineral Strength 46
Scientific Method 10
Density and Specific Gravity 48
Earth’s Spheres 11
Other Properties of Minerals 48
C Hydrosphere 12 • Mineral Groups 49
Atmosphere 13
The Silicates 49
Biosphere 14
Silicate Structures 49
Geosphere 14
Joining Silicate Structures 50
Earth as a System 15
• Common Silicate Minerals 51
Earth System Science 15
The Light Silicates 53
The Earth System 16
The Dark Silicates 54
• The Rock Cycle: One of Earth’s
• Important Nonsilicate Minerals 55
Subsystems 18
The Basic Cycle 20 Mineral Resources 56
Alternative Paths 20 THE CHAPTER IN REVIEW 60 KEY TERMS 60
Early Evolution of Earth 20 GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT 60
Origin of Planet Earth 20 COMPANION WEBSITE 60
Formation of Earth’s Layered Structure 22
3
• Earth’s Internal Structure 23 Igneous Rocks
Earth’s Crust 23 and Intrusive Activity
62
Earth’s Mantle 24
Earth’s Core 24 • Magma: The Parent Material of Igneous
Rock 64
The Face of Earth 24
The Nature of Magma 64
Major Features of the Continents 25
From Magma to Crystalline Rock 65
Major Features of the Ocean Basins 25
• Dynamic Earth 28 Igneous Processes 65
A Brief Introduction to the Theory of Plate • Igneous Compositions 65
Tectonics 28 Granitic (Felsic) Versus Basaltic (Mafic) Compositions 66
Other Compositional Groups 67
Silica Content as an Indicator of Composition 67
GEODe •
Indicates sections with a corresponding
ESSENTIALS GEODe activity on mygeoscienceplace.com.
OF GEOLOGY
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