Essentials in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

507 Pages·2016·14.971 MB·English

by  Narendra Kumar, Sunita Kumbhat

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ESSENTIALS IN
NANOSCIENCE AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
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ESSENTIALS IN
NANOSCIENCE AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
NARENDRAKUMAR
SUNITAKUMBHAT
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Names:Kumar,Narendra(Materialsscientist),author.|Kumbhat,Sunita,
author.
Title:Essentialsinnanoscienceandnanotechnology/NarendraKumar,Sunita
Kumbhat.
Description:Hoboken,NewJersey:JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.2016.|Includes
bibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers LCCN2015040306|ISBN9781119096115(cloth)
Subjects:LCSH:Nanotechnology.|Nanoscience.
Classification LCCT174.7.K782016|DDC500–dc23LCrecordavailableat
http://lccn.loc.gov/2015040306
Typesetin10/12ptTimesLTStdbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India
10987654321
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CONTENTS
Preface xiii
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Acknowledgments xv
AbouttheAuthors xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Definition ofNanoscienceandNanotechnologies, 1
1.2 UniquenessoftheNanoscale, 3
1.3 NanoscienceinNature, 4
1.3.1 NaturallyOccurringNanomaterials, 7
1.3.2 NanoscienceinActioninBiologicalWorld, 8
1.4 HistoricalPerspective, 10
1.5 Nanomaterials, 13
1.5.1 Nanoparticles, 16
1.5.2 NanowiresandNanotubes, 17
1.5.3 Nanolayers/Nanocoatings, 17
1.5.4 NanoporousMaterials, 17
1.6 StrategiesforSynthesisofNanomaterials, 18
1.7 PropertiesofNanomaterials, 18
1.8 Significanc ofNanoscience, 19
1.9 CommercialApplications, 20
1.9.1 FoodIndustry, 22
1.9.2 Cosmetics, 22
1.9.3 Textile, 22
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vi CONTENTS
1.9.4 Medicine, 22
1.9.5 ElectricalandElectronicGoods, 23
1.10 PotentialHealthHazardsandEnvironmentalRisks, 24
1.11 FuturisticOutlook, 25
ReviewQuestions, 26
References, 27
2 Nanomaterials:GeneralSyntheticApproaches 29
2.1 Introduction, 29
2.2 Top-DownApproach, 30
2.2.1 MechanicalMilling, 31
2.2.2 MechanochemicalProcessing(MCP), 32
2.2.3 Electro-Explosion, 33
2.2.4 Sputtering, 34
2.2.5 Etching, 34
2.2.6 LaserAblation, 36
2.2.7 Lithography, 37
2.2.8 Aerosol-BasedTechniques, 43
2.2.9 Electrospinning, 47
2.3 Bottom-UpApproaches, 49
2.3.1 ChemicalVaporDeposition, 49
(cid:2) 2.3.2 ChemicalVaporCondensation(CVC), 54 (cid:2)
2.3.3 PlasmaArcing, 55
2.3.4 WetChemicalMethods, 55
2.3.5 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal, 60
2.3.6 ReverseMicelleMethod, 60
2.3.7 Sol–GelMethod, 61
2.3.8 SonochemicalMethod, 64
2.3.9 BiomimeticApproaches, 66
2.3.10 MolecularSelf-Assembly, 70
2.3.11 Langmuir–Blodgett(LB)FilmFormation, 71
2.3.12 StabilizationandFunctionalizationofNanoparticles, 72
ReviewQuestions, 73
References, 74
3 CharacterizationToolsforNanomaterials 77
3.1 Introduction, 77
3.2 ImagingThroughElectronMicroscopy, 79
3.2.1 ScanningElectronMicroscope(SEM), 85
3.2.2 TransmissionElectronMicroscope(TEM), 91
3.3 ScanningProbeMicroscopy(SPM), 97
3.3.1 ScanningTunnelingMicroscope(STM), 97
3.3.2 AtomicForceMicroscope(AFM), 102
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CONTENTS vii
3.4 CharacterizationThroughSpectroscopy, 107
3.4.1 UV–VisiblePlasmonAbsorptionandEmission, 108
3.4.2 VibrationalSpectroscopies:FTIRandRaman
Spectroscopy, 109
3.4.3 RamanSpectroscopyBasedImaging, 116
3.4.4 X-RayPhotoelectronSpectroscopy(XPS), 119
3.4.5 AugerElectronSpectroscopy, 126
3.4.6 SecondaryIonMassSpectrometry(SIMS), 130
3.5 ScatteringTechniques, 133
3.5.1 X-RayDiffractionMethods, 134
3.5.2 DynamicLightScattering(DLS), 140
3.5.3 ZetaPotentialAnalysis, 142
ReviewQuestions, 145
References, 146
4 Nanomaterials 149
4.1 Introduction, 149
4.2 InorganicNanomaterials, 150
4.2.1 MetalsandAlloys, 150
4.2.2 MetalOxidesofTransitionandNon-transitionElements, 156
4.2.3 Non-oxideInorganicNanomaterials, 161
(cid:2) 4.3 OrganicNanomaterials, 161 (cid:2)
4.3.1 PolymericNanoparticles, 161
4.3.2 PolymericNanofilms 162
4.3.3 Nanocellulose, 162
4.3.4 BiodegradablePolymerNanoparticles, 165
4.3.5 Dendrimers, 165
4.4 BiologicalNanomaterials, 166
4.4.1 Categories, 167
4.4.2 PotentialApplications, 169
4.5 NanoporousMaterials, 170
4.6 QuantumDots, 173
4.7 Nanoclusters, 175
4.8 NanomaterialsinDifferentConfigurations 178
4.8.1 Nanofibers 179
4.8.2 Nanowires, 179
4.8.3 Nanotubes, 180
4.8.4 Nanobelts, 183
4.8.5 Nanorods, 184
ReviewQuestions, 185
References, 186
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viii CONTENTS
5 Carbon-BasedNanomaterials 189
5.1 GeneralIntroduction, 189
5.1.1 CarbonNanomaterials:SyntheticCarbonAllotropes
(SCAs), 190
5.2 Fullerene, 192
5.2.1 PropertiesofFullerene, 193
5.2.2 ApplicationPotentialsofFullerene, 195
5.3 CarbonNanotubes(CNTs), 196
5.3.1 Classificatio ofCNTs, 196
5.3.2 SynthesisofCNTs, 198
5.3.3 FunctionalizationofCNTs, 203
5.3.4 Purificatio ofCNTs, 205
5.3.5 SpecialPropertiesofCarbonNanotubes, 207
5.3.6 Applications, 208
5.4 Graphene, 208
5.4.1 ElectronicStructureofGraphene, 210
5.4.2 UniquePropertiesofGraphene, 211
5.4.3 Synthesis, 212
5.4.4 CharacterizationofGraphene, 219
5.4.5 Applications, 221
5.5 CarbonNano-Onions, 222
(cid:2) 5.6 CarbonNanofibers 224 (cid:2)
5.7 CarbonBlack, 225
5.7.1 Crystallinity, 227
5.7.2 HomogeneityandUniformity, 227
5.8 Nanodiamond, 227
5.8.1 SynthesisofNanodiamond, 228
5.8.2 Properties, 230
5.8.3 Applications, 232
ReviewQuestions, 233
References, 234
6 Self-AssembledandSupramolecularNanomaterials 237
6.1 Introduction:Self-Assembly, 237
6.1.1 SupramolecularChemistry, 238
6.2 HistoricalPerspectiveofSupramolecularandSelf-Assembled
Structures, 239
6.3 FundamentalAspectsofSupramolecularChemistry, 240
6.3.1 MolecularSelf-Assembly, 241
6.3.2 MolecularRecognitionandComplexation, 242
6.3.3 MechanicallyInterlockedMolecularArchitectures, 242
6.3.4 SupramolecularOrganicFrameworks(SOFs), 242
6.3.5 Biomimetic, 243
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