Essential animal behavior

214 Pages·2005·4.09 MB·English

by  Graham Scott

EABA01 5/26/04 14:12 Page i
ESSENTIAL ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
EABA01 5/26/04 14:12 Page ii
For Lisa, William, and Adam
EABA01 5/26/04 14:12 Page iii
Essential Animal
Behavior
Graham Scott
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull,
Hull, UK
EABA01 5/26/04 14:12 Page iv
© 2005 by Blackwell Science Ltd
a Blackwell Publishing company
350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5018, USA
108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK
550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia
The right of Graham Scott to be identified as the Author of this Work
has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs, and
Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by
the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior
permission of the publisher.
First published 2005 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Scott, Graham (Graham W.)
Essential animal behavior / Graham Scott.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. ).
ISBN 0-632-05799-8 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Animal behavior. I. Title.
QL751.S36 2004
591.5—dc22
2003023583
A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library.
Set in 10/1 3pt Stone Serif
by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong
Printed and bound in the United Kingdom
by The Bath Press
For further information on
Blackwell Publishing, visit our website:
http://www.blackwellpublishing.com
EABA01 5/26/04 14:12 Page v
Contents
List of boxes vi
Preface vii
Acknowledgments ix
Chapter 1 Essential animal behavior: an introduction 1
Chapter 2 Controlling behavior: the role of the nervous
system 19
Chapter 3 The motivation and organization of behavior 42
Chapter 4 The development of behavior 57
Chapter 5 Communication 93
Chapter 6 Foraging behavior: finding, choosing, and

processing food 119
Chapter 7 Avoiding predation: staying alive against the odds 143
Chapter 8 Reproductive behavior: passing on your genes 166
Index 197
EABA01 5/26/04 14:12 Page vi
Boxes
Chapter 1 Case study: The sensory preferences of
Focus on anthropomorphism 4 swordtail fish 99
Focus on heredity and natural selection 9 Case study: Why do pygmy marmosets
Case study: Re-kindling a cheetah’s use a range of contact calls? 104
motivation to hunt 15 Application: Chemical communication
and pest control 108
Chapter 2
Application: Neurobiology and Chapter 6
behavior 27 Application: Learning what not to eat 122
Case study: “Touch” at a distance: the Case study: Osprey colonies are centers
trichobothria of the wandering spider 27 for information transfer 124
Case study: Escape jetting: can a cold Case study: Predatory fish can benefit
squid still flee? 35 from being members of hunting schools 126
Case study: Crabs choose their mollusc
Chapter 3 prey in an optimal fashion 131
Case study: The circatidal swimming Focus on mathematical models 133
of the shanny 51
Chapter 7

Chapter 4 Case study: The cost of conspicuousness 148
Focus on fitness and coefficients of Case study: Cephalopod protean
relatedness 64 behavior 160
Focus on conditioning 70 Case study: Communication can be a
Application: Learning to be wild again 75 predator deterrent 163
Application: The lure of the bright lights 77
Case study: Pigeon homing behavior: Chapter 8
a clock and a compass? 84 Case study: Female ornamentation is
Focus on the hippocampus 86 also the result of sexual selection 174
Case study: Horny scarab beetles:
Chapter 5 an example of an alternative mating
Focus on signal evolution, ritualization, strategy 177
and antithesis 97 Focus on mating systems 179
EABA01 5/26/04 14:12 Page vii
Preface
My aim in writing this book has been to provide a concise but
thorough introduction to the study of animal behavior. I want to
convey the idea that animal behavior is a multidisciplinary field
which draws into it many aspects of the broader field of biology.
In an introductory level textbook, it is impossible to cover all
of the classic works of earlier times, but I have incorporated a
sufficient number of them to provide the reader with some sense
of the development of the field. I have also provided information
on very recent and current work, and indicated that some ques-
tions remain unanswered.
My primary goals have been to produce a book that will be
readable, be useful to both students and tutors, and will encour-
age readers to pursue their interest further.

The book puts the study of animal behavior in an applied con-
text, emphasizing the implications for animal welfare and animal
conservation. Social behavior is covered throughout and new,
exciting examples from both the terrestrial and marine environ-
ments highlight current research alongside the classic examples.
Aimed at undergraduate students taking introductory and non-
majors courses in animal behavior and related areas, the book is
essential reading for degree-level students in biology, zoology,
marine biology, and psychology departments.
Various pedagogical features have been incorporated into the
book, and it has been carefully designed to meet the needs of stu-
dents studying the subject for the first time. The features included
are explained below:
Preface vii
EABA01 5/26/04 14:12 Page viii
u “Focus on” boxes:cover selected points, examples, and concepts
in more depth.
u “Concept” boxes: highlight key terms and concepts, allowing
students to see at a glance the important themes and ideas cov-
ered in each chapter.
u “Application” boxes:describe how theory can be applied to real-
world examples, bringing the subject to life.
u “Case study” boxes: take examples a step further, providing
extra information and allowing more in-depth discussion.
Other features include:
u Chapter summaries: aid understanding, provide a quick refer-
ence to each chapter, and can help to guide revision.
u “Questions for discussion” boxes: encourage students to think
in more depth about key topics and provide discussion points for
tutorials.
u “Key reference” boxes and Further reading:allow the student to
take each topic further, highlighting key papers and good sources
of information, and helping to guide revision.
u “Link” boxes: color-coded links to other chapters in the book
provide cross-referencing between related areas. These help stu-
dents navigate around the book and also serve to demonstrate the
interrelationships between the topics.
Additional resources for lecturers are available either as a CD
ROM or for download from www.blackwellpublishing.com/scott.
These include all the figures and artwork in Powerpoint and in
JPEG format.

viii Preface
EABA01 5/26/04 14:12 Page ix
Acknowledgments
Although the book has a single author, it is Fig. 2.6: Ewart, J-P. (1985) Concepts in ver-
not the result of the efforts of a single person. tebrate neuroethology. Animal Behaviour, 33,
Without the dedication of those persons 1–29.
actively engaged in animal behavior research
Fig. 2.7(a): Camhi, J.M. (1984) Neuroethology:
I would have nothing to write about! They
Nerve Cells and the Natural Behaviour of Animals,
further our understanding of the world and
p. 231, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA;
deserve our thanks for it. I would like to thank
from Muntz, W.R.A. (1964) Vision in frogs.
my family for putting up with me during the
Scientific American 210(3), 110–19.
writing of the book, and especially Lisa for all
the help that she gave me. The editorial and Fig. 2.7(b): Camhi, J.M. (1984) Neuroethology:
publishing team that have produced the book Nerve Cells and the Natural Behaviour of Animals,
have given me gratefully received support. p. 231, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA;
Ian Sherman, Sue Hull, Michelle Tobin, Chris from Ewart, J.P. (1980) Concepts in vertebrate
Saunders, Magnus Johnson, and Ian McFarland neuroethology. AnimalBehaviour, 33, 1–29.
all patiently read and commented on various
Fig. 2.9: Ewart, J-P. & von Wietershein, A.
bits of the text, and I am indebted to them all.
(1974) Pattern analysis by tectal and thala-
The author and publisher gratefully acknow-
mus/pretectal nerve nets in the visual system
ledge the permission granted to reproduce the
of the toad Bufo bufo (L.). Journal of Com-
copyright material in this book.
parative Physiology, 92, 131–48.
Fig. 1.2: Tinbergen, N. (1963) The shell menace.
Fig. 2.10: Wine, J. & Kranse, F.B. (1972)
Natural History, 72, 28–35.
The organisation of escape behaviour in the
Fig. 2.3: Carew, T.J. (2000) Behavioral Neuro- crayfish. Journal of Experimental Behaviour, 56,
biology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA. 1–18.
Fig. 2.4: Carew, T.J. (2000) Behavioral Neuro- Fig. 2.11: Wine, J. & Kranse, F.B. (1982) The
biology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA. cellular organisation of crayfish escape beha-
viour. In The Biology of Crustacea, ed. by
Fig. 2.5: Barth, F.G. & Höller, A. (1999)
Bliss, D.E. et al., pp. 241–92, Academic Press,
Dynamics of arthropod filiform hairs. V. The
London.
response of spider trichobothria to natural
stimuli. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Fig. 2.12: Carew, T.J. (2000) Behavioral Neuro-
Society of London, Series B, 354, 183–92. biology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
Acknowledgments ix
EABA01 5/26/04 14:12 Page x
Fig. 3.1: Bull, C.D. & Metcalfe, N.B. (1997) Fig. 4.6: Kandel, E.R. (1979) Small systems of
Regulation of hyperphagia in response to vary- neurons. Scientific American, 241(3), 67–76.
ing energy deficits in overwintering juvenile
Fig. 4.7: Kandel, E.R. & Schwartz, J.H. (1982)
Atlantic salmon. Journal of Fish Biology, 50,
Molecular biology of learning: modulation of
498–510.
transmitter release. Science, 218, 433–43.
Fig. 3.2: Sánchez-Vázquez, F.J. & Tabata, M.
Fig. 4.8: Kandel, E.R. (1984) Steps towards a
(1998) Circadian rhythms of demand-feeding
molecular grammar for learning: explorations
and locomotor activity in rainbow trout.
into the nature of memory. In Medicine, Science
Journal of Fish Biology, 52, 255–67.
and Society, ed. by Isselbacher, K.J., pp. 555–604,
Wiley, New York; from Carew, T.J., Walters,
Fig. 3.3: Morgan, E. & Cordiner, S. (1994) En-
E.T. & Kandel, E.R. (1981) Classical condition-
trainment of circa-tidal rhythm in the rock-
ing in a simple withdrawal reflex in Aplysia
pool blenny Lipophrys pholisby simulated wave
californica. Journal of Neuroscience, 1, 1426–37.
action. Animal Behaviour, 47, 663–9.
Fig. 4.9: Pearce, J.M. (1997) Animal Learning and
Fig. 3.4: Morgan, E. & Cordiner, S. (1994)
Cognition: An Introduction. Psychology Press,
Entrainment of circa-tidal rhythm in the rock-
Hove.
pool blenny Lipophrys pholisby simulated wave
action. Animal Behaviour, 47, 663–9. Fig. 4.10: Pearce, J.M. (1997) Animal Learning
and Cognition: An Introduction. Psychology
Fig. 3.5: Toates, F., ed. (1998) Control of Beha-
Press, Hove; from Macphail, E.M. (1993) The
viour. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Neuroscience of Animal Intelligence. Colombia
Fig. 4.1: DeBelle, J.S. & Sokolowski, M.B. (1987) University Press, New York.
Heredity of rover/sitter: alternative foraging
Fig. 4.11: Griffin, A.S. et al. (2001) Learning
strategies of Drosophila melanogaster larvae.
specificity in aquired predator recognition.
Heredity59, 73–83.
Animal Behaviour, 62, 577–89.
Fig. 4.2: Hall, M. & Halliday, T., eds (1998)
Fig. 4.12: Witherington, B. (1997) The problem
Behaviour and Evolution. The Open University/
of photopollution for sea turtles and other
Springer Verlag, Berlin.
nocturnal animals. In Behavioural Approaches
to Conservation in the Wild, ed. by Clemmons,
Fig. 4.3: Hall, M. & Halliday, T., eds (1998)
Behaviour and Evolution. The Open Un iversity/ J.R. & Buchholz, R., pp. 303–28. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
Springer Verlag, Berlin; from Bentley, D.
& Hoy, R.R. (1972) Genetic control of the Fig. 4.13: Shen, J.X. et al. (1998) Direct
neuronal networks generating cricket song homing behaviour in the ant Tetramorium
patterns. Animal Behaviour, 20, 478–92. caespitum (Formicidae, Myricinae). Animal
Behaviour, 55, 1443–50.
Fig. 4.4: Hailman, J.P. (1969) How an instinct is
learned. Scientific American, 221(6), 106. Fig. 4.14: Fukushi, T. (2001) Homing in wood
ants, Fornica japonica, use of a skyline pan-
Fig. 4.5: Carew, T.J. (2000) Behavioral Neuro-
orama. Journal of Experimental Biology, 204,
biology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA;
2063–72.
from Wine, J. (1975) Habituation and inhibi-
tion of the crayfish lateral giant fibre escape Fig. 4.15: Cheng, K. & Spetch, M.L. (1998)
response. Journal of Experimental Biology, 62, Mechanisms of landmark use in mammals and
771–82. birds. In Spatial Representation in Animals, ed.
x Acknowledgments