Essence and Existence: Selected Essays PDF
Preview Essence and Existence: Selected Essays
Essence and Existence Essence and Existence Selected Essays Bob Hale editedby Jessica Leech withanintroductionby Kit Fine 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,ox26dp, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries Editorialmaterial©JessicaLeech2020 Introduction©KitFine2020 Chapters3,4,7,8,10,13,and14©theEstateofBobHale2020 Chapters1,2,and6©BobHale2018 Chapter5©theEstateofBobHaleandØysteinLinnebo2020 Chapter9©BobHaleandJessicaLeech2016 Chapter11©SpringerNatureB.V.2015 Chapter12©SpringerScienceB.V.2011 Chapter15©BobHaleandCrispinWright2015 Themoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2020 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2019954046 ISBN 978–0–19–885429–6 PrintedandboundinGreatBritainby ClaysLtd,ElcografS.p.A. LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. OUPCORRECTEDPROOF – FINAL,21/5/2020,SPi Contents ArtistBio ix Acknowledgements xi IntroductionbyKitFine 1 1. EssenceandDefinitionbyAbstraction 9 2. EssenceandExistence 24 3. TheProblemofDeReModality 46 4. OntologyDeflated 59 5. OntologicalCategoriesandtheProblemofExpressibility withØysteinLinnebo 73 6. WhatMakesTrueUniversalStatementsTrue? 104 7. ExactTruthmakers,Modality,andEssence 124 8. S5astheLogicofMetaphysicalModality:TwoArgumentsfor andTwoArgumentsagainst 141 9. RelativeNecessityReformulated withJessicaLeech 149 10. Definition,Abstraction,Postulation,andMagic 173 11. Second-order Logic: Properties, Semantics, and Existential Commitments 187 12. TheProblemofMathematicalObjects 213 13. Properties,Predication,andArbitrarySets 225 14. OrdinalsbyAbstraction 240 15. Bolzano’sDefinitionofAnalyticPropositions withCrispinWright 256 BibliographyoftheWritingsofBobHale 285 BibliographyofWorksCited 290 Index 297 Preface BobHale’slastbook,Necessary Beings,waspublishedin2013.Thisvolumeiscom- posedalmostentirelyofworkcarriedoutbetweenthepublicationofthatbookandhis deathinDecember2017.Hisintentionwasalwaystocollectthesepaperstogetherinto afinalvolumeofhisphilosophy.Bobhadbeenill,onandoff,foralongtime.During onerecurrenceofhisillness,hetoldmeabouthisbookplans,anddidmethegreat honourofaskingme,shouldhebeunabletodoso,ifIwouldcompletetheproject. ThatafternoonwesharedhisDropboxfoldercontainingallhisbookwork.Ihoped Iwouldn’tneedtouseit,butunfortunatelyhediedbeforethebookwascomplete.The planofthebookcloselyfollowstheplannedTableofContentsfromBob’sDropbox, withafewchanges.OnenotableadditionisafullbibliographyofBob’sworks. This volume contains a mixture of new work and papers already published or forthcoming elsewhere. Chapters 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, and 13 are new, previously unpub- lished material, exclusive to this volume. In some cases some editorial correction wasrequired,especiallywhereworkwasn’tquitecomplete,butcompleteenoughto warrantinclusioninthevolume.Significanteditorialchangesareaccompaniedbyan editor’snote. Chapter 1 first appeared as Bob Hale, ‘Essence and definition by abstraction’, Synthese (Special Issue: New Directions in the Epistemology of Modality), pp.1–17, © 2018, doi: 10.1007/s11229-018-1726-7. Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY-4.0), http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Chapter 2 was previously published as Bob Hale, ‘Essence and existence’, Revista deFilosofíadelaUniversidaddeCostaRica,volume57,number147(January–April 2018),pp.137–55,©2018.ReprintedwithpermissionfromthePublisher. Chapter3alsoappearsasBobHale,‘Theproblemofderemodality’inMetaphysics, Meaning, and Modality: Themes from Kit Fine, edited by Mircea Dumitru, ©2020.ReproducedbypermissionofOxfordUniversityPress:https://global.oup.com/ academic. Chapter 6 was originally published as Bob Hale, ‘What makes true universal statements true?’ in: The Logica Yearbook 2017, edited by Pavel Arazim and Tomáš Lávicˇka,publishedbyCollegePublications,©2018. Chapter 9 first appeared as Bob Hale and Jessica Leech, ‘Relative neces- sity reformulated’, Journal of Philosophical Logic, volume 46, issue 1, pp.1–26, © 2016, doi: 10.1007/s10992-015-9391-5. Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY-4.0), http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Chapter11waspreviouslypublishedasBobHale,‘Second-orderlogic:properties, semantics,andexistentialcommitments’,Synthese,volume196,issue7,pp.2643–69, ©SpringerNatureB.V.2015,doi:10.1007/s11229-015-0764-7.Reproducedbypermis- sionfromSpringerNature:SpringerNetherlands. vi preface Chapter 12 originally appeared as Bob Hale, ‘The problem of mathematical objects’ (2011c), in: Foundational Theories of Classical and Constructive Math- ematics (The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, volume 76), edited by Giovanni Sommaruga, © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011, doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-0431-2. Reprinted by permission from Springer Nature: SpringerNetherlands. Chapter14isalsoforthcominginOriginsandVarietiesofLogicism:AFoundational JourneyinthePhilosophyofMathematics,editedbyFrancescaBoccuniandAndrea Sereni,Oxford:Routledge. Chapter 15 was first published as Bob Hale and Crispin Wright, ‘Bolzano’s Definition of Analytic Propositions’, Grazer Philosophische Studien—International Journal for Analytic Philosophy, volume 91, issue 1, pp.323–64, © 2015, doi: 10.1163/9789004302273_014. Reprinted with permission from Koninklijke BrillNV. Warmthankstoallofthoseinvolvedinpermittingthereprintofthesepapers. JessicaLeech Coverart:RedBridgec.1975,byWalterSteggles. Artist Bio WalterJamesSteggles.15/08/1908to05/03/1997 Wally,ashewasgenerallyknown,wasborninHighburynorthLondon:hewas the eldest of five children born to Annie Elizabeth and Walter Steggles. His early years were spent at various addresses in London but during WW1 the family lived forawhileinBathwhilstWalterseniorwasservingwiththeRoyalFlyingCorpsin NorthernFrance.Around1920thefamilymovedbacktoIlfordwhereWallyfinished hisschooling.AgedfourteenhesuccessfullyappliedforajobwithFurnessWithy& Coandheworkedforthemuntilheretired. In May 1925 Wally joined the art classes at the Bethnal Green Men’s Institute at Wolverley Street along with his younger brother Harold, later transferring their allegiancestotheBowandBromleyEveningInstitutewhentheirtutor,JohnCooper moved there from Bethnal Green in 1926. Wally exhibited in the East London Art Club’sexhibitionattheWhitechapelGalleryin1928.TheEastLondonGroup,asit becameknownthentransferredtotheAlex.ReidandLefevregalleryinNovember 1929 and Wally went on to exhibit at all eight shows that the Group held there up until1936. LikeseveralothermembersoftheGroupWallyexhibitedwidelyinmixedshows from as early as 1929 and continued to do so up to and into World War Two. His crowningglorycamein1936whenheandfellowGroupmemberElwinHawthorne wereselectedtorepresentGreatBritainattheVeniceBiennalethatyear.Itwasagreat recognitionofhistalentinsuchaprestigiousinternationalarenabutonewhich,in laterlife,hechosenottomention!Wallycontinuedtopaintalmostupuntilhisdeath in1997:byhisownadmission,hecouldn’tstop!
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