Essays in Memory of Imre Lakatos PDF
Preview Essays in Memory of Imre Lakatos
BOSTON STUDIES IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE VOLUME XXXIX ESSAYS IN MEMOR Y OF IMRE LAKA TOS SYNTHESE LIBRARY MONOGRAPHS ON EPISTEMOLOGY, LOGIC, METHODOLOGY, PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE, SOCIOLOGY OF SCIENCE AND OF KNOWLEDGE, AND ON THE MA THEMA TICAL METHODS OF SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Managing Editor: J AAKKO HINTIKKA, Academy of Finland and Stanford University Editors: ROBERT S. COHEN, Boston University DONALD DAVIDSON, Rockefeller University and Princeton University GABRIEL NUCHELMANS, University of Leyden WESLEY C. SALMON, University of Arizona VOLUME 99 IMRE LAKATOS 1922-1974 BOSTON STUDIES IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE EDITED BY R. S. COHEN AND M. W. WARTOFSKY VOLUME XXXIX ESSAYS IN MEMORY OF IMRE LAKATOS Edited by R. S. COHEN, P. K. FEYERABEND AND M. W. WARTOFSKY D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY DORDRECHT-HOLLAND / BOSTON-U.S.A. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Essays in memory of Imre Lakatos. (Boston studies in the philosophy of science; v. 39) (Synthese library; v. 99) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Science-Philosophy-Addresses, essays, lectures. 2. Logic, Symbolic and mathematical-Addresses, essays, lectures. 3. Lakatos, Imre. I. Lakatos, Imre. II. Cohen, Robert Sonne. III. Feyerabend, Paul K., 1924- IV. Wartofsky, Marx W., v. Series. Q174.B67 vo1.39 [QI75.3] 50ls [501] 76-16770 ISBN-13: 978-90-277-0655-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-010-1451-9 001: 10.1007/978-94-010-1451-9 Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company, P. O. Box 17, Dordrecht, Holland Sold and distributed in the U.S.A., Canada, and Mexico by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Inc. Lincoln Building, 160 Old Derby Street, Hingham, Mass. 02043, U.S.A. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 1976 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland and copyrightholders as specified on appropriate pages within No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any informational storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner PREFACE The death of Imre Lakatos on February 2, 1974 was a personal and philosophical loss to the worldwide circle of his friends, colleagues and students. This volume reflects the range of his interests in mathematics, logic, politics and especially in the history and methodology of the sciences. Indeed, Lakatos was a man in search of rationality in all of its forms. He thought he had found it in the historical development of scientific knowledge, yet he also saw rationality endangered everywhere. To honor Lakatos is to honor his sharp and aggressive criticism as well as his humane warmth and his quick wit. He was a person to love and to struggle with. PAUL K. FEYERABEND ROBERT S. COHEN MARX W. WARTOFSKY TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface VII JOHN WORRALL / Imre Lakatos (1922-1974): Philosopher of Mathematics and Philosopher of Science JOSEPH AGASSI / The Lakatosian Revolution 9 D. M. ARMSTRONG / Immediate Perception 23 w. W. BAR TLEY, III/On Imre Lakatos 37 WILLIAM BERKSON / Lakatos One and Lakatos Two: An Appreciation 39 I. B. COHEN / William Whewell and the Concept of Scientific Revolution 55 L. JONATHAN COHEN / How Can One Testimony Corroborate Another? 65 R. S. COHEN / Constraints on Science 79 GENE D'AMOUR/ Research Programs, Rationality, and Ethics 87 YEHUDA ELKANA / Introduction: Culture, Cultural System and Science 99 PA UL K. FEYERABEND / On the Critique of Scientific Reason 109 AR THUR FINE / The Young Einstein and The Old Einstein 145 ERNEST GELLNER / An Ethic of Cognition 161 JERZY GIEDYMIN / Instrumentalism and Its Critique: A Reappraisal 179 MARJORIE GRENE / Imre Lakatos: Some Recollections 209 x T ABLE OF CONTENTS ADOLF GRUNBAUM! Is Falsifiability the Touchstone of Scientific Rationality? Karl Popper versus Inductivism 213 JAAKKO HINTIKKA and UNTO REMES / Ancient Geometrical Analysis and Modern Logic 253 COLIN HOWSON / The Development of Logical Probability 277 KURT HUBNER! Descartes' Rules ofImpact and Their Criticism. An Example of the Structure of Processes in the History of Science 299 I. C. JARVIE! Toulmin and the Rationality of Science 311 EUGENE KAMENKA and ALICE ERH-SOON TA Y ! Participation, 'Authenticity' and the Contemporary Vision of Man, Law and Society 335 NORETT A KOER TGE ! Rational Reconstructions 359 ISAAC LEVI / A Paradox for the Birds 371 PEGGY MARCHI! Mathematics as a Critical Enterprise 379 ERN AN MCMULLIN/The Fertility of Theory and the Unit for Appraisal in Science 395 ROBER T K. MER TON! The Ambivalence of Scientists 433 ALAN MUSGRAVE / Method or Madness? 457 H. R. POST / Novel Predictions as a Criterion of Merit 493 WILLARD QUINE / Whither Physical Objects? 497 GERARD RADNITZKY / Popperian Philosophy of Science as an Antidote Against Relativism 505 ERHARD SCHEIBE / Conditions of Progress and the Comparability of Theories 547 ABNER SHIMONY / Comments on Two Epistemological Theses of Thomas Kuhn 569 FRED SOMMERS! Leibniz's Program for the Development of Logic 589 ROGER H. STUEWER / On Compton's Research Program 617 HAKAN TORNEBOHM / Inquiring Systems and Paradigms 635 TABLE OF CONTENTS XI STEPHEN TOULMIN / History, Praxis and the Third World'. Ambiguities in Lakatos' Theory of Methodology 655 JOHN TUCKER / Against Some Methods 677 J. w. N. WATKINS / The Human Condition: Two Criticisms of Hobbes 691 MARX W. WARTOFSKY / The Relation Between Philosophy of Science and History of Science 717 WOLFGANG YOURGRAU / Cosmology and Logic - An Intractable Issue? 739 INDEX OF NAMES 755 JOHN WORRALL IMRE LAKATOS (1922-1974): PHILOSOPHER OF MATHEMATICS AND PHILOSOPHER OF SCIENCE Through the sudden death of Imre Lakatos on 2 February 1974 the in tellectual world has lost not only an important and influential philos opher but also an exceptional human being. His life reflects in one way or another many of the major events in recent European history. He was born in Hungary in 1922. He was a member of the anti-Nazi resistance, fortunately evading arrest, unlike his mother and grandmother both of whom were killed in Auschwitz (During the Nazi occupation of Hungary he changed his name from the patently Jewish Imre Lipschitz to the safer Imre Molnar. After the war he was, however, reunited with a set of his shirts monogrammed 'I.L.'. Faced with this major problem (shirts like most other things were in short supply) and now a devoted communist, he again changed his name to the more working class Imre Lakatos.) In 1947 he became a high-ranking official in the Hungarian Ministry of Education, but, never a man to bow to authority, his 'revisionist' tendencies soon got him into trouble. In 1950 he was arrested and spent over three years in a Stalinist jail After the Hungarian uprising in 1956 he was informed of the likelihood of his re-arrest and he fled to Vienna From there he went eventually to Cam bridge where his academic career began in earnest. As well as his intellectual legacy, he left behind him at the London School of Economics (where he taught from 1960 until his death) fond memories and a fund of well-remembered stories and jokes. He embel lished the English language (at least as it is spoken in the Philosophy Department at the L.S.E.): he turned 'thinking aloud' into 'thinking loudly' and the body of accepted scientific theories into the 'body sci entific'. He also, in one of his seminar papers, accused a prominent Wittgensteinian, who had recently produced an enormous tome, of com mitting an unforgivable 'book act'. The one lesson above all others that his students learned (by example) from him was that serious scholarship can be fun. Lakatos made important contributions to philosophy. His first love, R. S. Cohen et al. (eds.). Essays in Memory of Imre Laka/os. 1~8. All Rights Reserved Copyrigh. © 1976 by D. Reidel Publishing Company. Dordrech.-Holla.d
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