Errors in Language Learning and Use: Exploring Error Analysis PDF
Preview Errors in Language Learning and Use: Exploring Error Analysis
Errors in Language Learning and Use APPLIED LINGUISTICS AND LANGUAGE STUDY GeneralEditor PROFESSOR CHRISTOPHER N. CANDLIN, MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY, SYDNEY For a complete list ofbooks in this series see pages v-vi Errors in Language Learning and Use Exploring Error Analysis Carl James ~ ~~o~1~~n~~~up LONDONAND NEWYORK Firstpublished1998byPearsonEducationLimited Published2013byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN 711ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10017,USA RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor& FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness Copyright© 1998,Taylor&Francis. The right of CarlJames to be identified as the author of this Work has been assertedbyhim in accordancewith the Copyright, Designs and PatentsAct 1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedorutilisedinany formorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,nowknownorhereafterinvented,in cludingphotocopYingandrecording,orinanyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,with outpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers. Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexpe riencebroadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,or medicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessaf}T. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgein evaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribed herein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyand thesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibili1:}r. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oredi tors,assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterof productsliabili1:}r,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods, products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. ISBN:978-0-582-25763-4 (Pbk) BritishLibrary Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data James, Carl, 1939- Errors in language learning and use: exploring error analysis / CarlJames. p. cm. - (Applied linguistics and language study) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Language and languages-Study and teaching-Error analysis. I. Title. II. Series. P53.3J36 1998 418'.007-dc21 97-34548 CIP Setby35in 10/12ptBaskerville APPLIED LINGUISTICS AND LANGUAGE STUDY GENERAL EDITOR PROFESSOR CHRISTOPHER N. CANDLIN Macquarie University, Sydney Language and Development: Language, Literature and the Teachers in a Changing World Learner: Creative Classroom BRIAN KENNY and Practice WILLIAM SAVAGE (Eds) RONALD CARTER and JOHN MCRAE (Eds) Autonomy and Independence in Language Learning Theory and Practice ofWriting: PHIL BENSON and An Applied Linguistic PETER VOLLER (Eds) Perspective WILLIAM GRABE and Literacy in Society ROBERT B. KAPLAN RUQAIYA HASAN andGEOFFREY WILLIAMS (Eds) Measuring Second Language Performance Phonology in English Language TIM MCNAMARA Teaching: An International Approach Interaction in the Language Curriculum: Awareness, MARTHA C. PENNINGTON Autonomy and Authenticity From Testing to Assessment: LEO VAN LIER English as an International Second Language Learning: Language Theoretical Foundations CLIFFORD HILL and KATE PARRY (Eds) MICHAEL SHARWOOD SMITH Analysing Genre - Language Use Language as Discourse: in Professional Settings Perspectives for Language Teaching V.K. BHATIA MICHAEL MACCARTHY and Rediscovering Interlanguage RONALD CARTER LARRY SELINKER Language and Discrimination: Language Awareness in the A Study ofCommunication in Classroom Multi-Ethnic Workplaces CARL JAMES and CELIA ROBERTS, EVELYN DAVIES PETER GARRETT (Eds) andTOM JUPp Process and Experience in the Translation and Translating: Language Classroom Theory and Practice MICHAEL LEGUTKE and ROGER T. BELL HOWARD THOMAS An Introduction to Second Listening to Spoken English Language Acquisition Research Second Edition DIANE LARSEN-FREEMAN and GILLIAN BROWN MICHAEL H. LONG Observation in the Language Listening in Language Learning Classroom MICHAEL ROST DICK ALLWRIGHT The Classroom and the Vocabulary and Language Language Learner: Teaching Ethnography and Second RONALD CARTER andMICHAEL language Classroom Research MCCARTHY (Eds) LEO VAN LIER Bilingualism in Education: Second Language Grammar: Aspects ofTheory, Research and Learning and Teaching Practice WILLIAM E. RUTHERFORD MERRILL SWAIN andJIM CUMMINS An Introduction to Discourse Reading in a Foreign Language Analysis J. CHARLES ALDERSON and Second Edition A. H. URQUHART (Eds) MALCOLM COULTHARD Language and Communication Learning to Write: First JACK c. RICHARDS andRICHARD Language/Second Language w. SCHMIDT (Eds) AVIVA FREEDMAN, IAN PRINGLE Error Analysis: Perspectives on andJANICE YALDEN (Eds) Second Language Acquisition Stylistics and the Teaching of JACK RICHARDS Literature HENRY WIDDOWSON Contrastive Analysis CARL JAMES Contents Publisher's Acknowledgements ix Author's Preface x Abbreviations XUl 1 Definition and Delimitation 1 Human error 1 Successive paradigms 2 Interlanguage and the veto on comparison 6 Learners and native speakers 9 The heyday ofError Analysis 11 Mounting criticism ofError Analysis 15 Data collection for Error Analysis 19 2 The Scope of Error Analysis 25 Good English for the English 26 Good English for the FL/SL learner 39 The native speaker and the power dimension 46 The Incompleteness hypothesis 53 Other reference points for Error Analysis 56 3 Defining 'Error' 62 Ignorance 62 Measures ofdeviance 64 Other dimensions: errors and mistakes 76 Error:mistake and acquisition:learning - an equation? 85 Lapsology 86 4 The Description of Errors 90 Error detection 91 Locating errors 92 Describing errors 94 Error classification 97 vii viii Errors in LanguageLearningand Use Error taxonomies 102 Counting errors 114 Profiling and Error Analysis 117 Computerized corpora oferrors 124 5 Levels of Error 129 Substance errors 130 Text errors 141 Lexical errors 142 Classifying lexical errors 144 Grammar errors 154 Discourse errors 161 6 Diagnosing Errors 173 Description and diagnosis 173 Ignorance and avoidance 175 Mother-tongue influence: interlingual errors 179 Target language causes: intralingual errors 184 Communication strategy-based errors 187 Induced errors 189 Compound and ambiguous errors 200 7 Error Gravity and Error Evaluation 204 Evaluation 204 Criteria for error gravity (EG) 206 Viewpoint 226 8 Error Correction 235 What is 'correction'? 235 Whether to correct: pros and cons 240 How to do error correction: some options and principles 249 Noticing error 256 Rules and the role ofcorrective explanation 263 9 A Case Study 267 Elicitation and registration 267 Error identification 268 Categorizing the errors 273 Status: error or mistake? 273 Diagnosis 275 References 278 Intkx 300 Publisher's Acknowledgements We are indebted to the very Revd. Dr. N T Wrightfor permission to reproduce an extract from his letter to The Times 7 December 1996. ix
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