DOCUMENT RESUME ED 446 863 PS 028 997 AUTHOR Cerier, Laura TITLE Play and Learn with Arthur: Creative Activities for Children Ages 3 to 6. Volume 2, Program Numbers 301-315. INSTITUTION WGBH-TV, Boston, MA. SPONS AGENCY Department of Education, Washington, DC.; Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Washington, DC. PUB DATE 1998-00-00 NOTE 33p.; For related documents, see PS 028 991-998. Illustrated by Marc Brown. PUB TYPE Guides Non-Classroom (055) EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Class Activities; Early Childhood Education; *Emergent Literacy; *Learning Activities; Learning Centers (Classroom); *School Readiness; *Young Children IDENTIFIERS *Arthur (Television Series); Public Broadcasting ABSTRACT Many experts agree that high-quality television can be an excellent supplement to active learning in the classroom and at home. This guide contains activities for children ages 3 to 6, each activity incorporating a theme or topic related to an episode of "Arthur" presented during the program's third season on the Public Broadcasting System. The guide presents 30 activities that can be done with materials commonly found in the home or classroom and that are designed to build school readiness skills, especially early and emergent literacy skills. All activities either have components for older and younger children or are adaptable for different ages. Many activities also include child-centered learning areas, based on the themes of the activities and episodes, that allow children to explore on their own. Each activity describes the skills addressed, the needed materials, and easy-to-follow directions. Many activities also include ways for children to be active within their neighborhoods, ideas for involving parents and family members, suggestions for learning centers, ways to enrich and extend the activity beyond the one-day period, and ideas for group discussion. Also included in the guide are "Arthur" episode descriptions, recipes, a resource list, suggested "Arthur" book titles, and an "Arthur" coloring sheet. (KB) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. I CcfealtIve Actiivritiles kaa CM& Pen U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement 422 EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION t© 6 CENTER (ERIC) y This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. Corporate funding provided by baby 010 ear Educator: Libby's Juicy Juice has been a proud sponsor of the award- winning PBS series ARTHUR" since its debut in 1996. Promoting literacy has always been a priority for us through a long-standing relationship with Reading Is Fundamental. We believe that ARTHUR is another dynamic tool for encouraging children to improve their reading and writing skills. Because we share the same commitment to enhancing the development of young children, we applaud the efforts of PBS in producing quality educational television. Libby's Juicy Juice hopes that these materials will be a valuable classroom resource to teach your students the lessons and activities that complement ARTHUR programming. Happy reading! Libby's Juicy Juice 1,11,601.1 inl II kV je ilte I ( . \WA JUICI. 4 , 0411 4.41 c V ;._.., tor, ,<-4 V , _..2,.._ nn 0 of 0 Tabce of Contents About !mil Ns Gkflde In the Fall of 1997 Play and Learn with 0 About the Activities 2 Arthur, Volume 1, was published. Since then, 0 we have heard from child-care providers, 9 Activity SUN 3 a teachers, and parents about how much 0, children enjoy the hands-on activities in the 440 a Activities 0; guide. To accompany the new episodes for 0 0 0; the third season of the Emmy award- 0 04 ARTHUR'" Co Aoring Sheet winning PBS series, we have created Play and Learn with Arthur, Volume 2. Developed 0 0 COass Book/ Recipe kostructions 20 with a team of preschool educators, Volume 2 0 a 0, has 30 activities that can be done with 0 22 ARTHUR Episode Descriptions 0 materials commonly found in the home or 01 classroom. The activities are designed to a 0 23 build school readiness skills, especially early ARTHUR ReSOLOrCeS and emergent literacy skills, for children ages 0 How to Find Out 3-6. All activities either have components for 0 older and younger children or are adaptable 0 24 =25 When ARTHUR Os Broa.cicast o, 0 for different ages. Many activities also I include child-centered learning areas, based o 26 Activity Onden on the themes of the activities and episodes, that allow children to explore on their own. 27 Learning Center linden o, 0 Although each activityone for every Resources 0 2 programincorporates a theme or topic 3) related to the ARTHUR episodes, the 64 activities can easily be used independently o', of the series. However, many experts agree 00 Check 0, that high-quality television can be an excellent supplement to active learning. out The Agniug Classrooms and families can use educational 0 Web site at of television to discuss issues and enjoy new VVWW.pbs.orworthur experiences. For children, watching and 0 0 talking about the ARTHUR series often lead to reading and enjoying the Arthur books. rig 4 ol Children feel a connection to ARTHUR o, because they can identify with the characters' a, a a everyday experiences and dilemmas. For this 0 a o" young age group, we have created primarily hands-on activities, but we encourage you to 0 explore the issues raised in the episodes. We often suggest ways to engage children in Oi This guide is a companion volume to 0 a discussion. By watching and talking about oi Play and Learn with Arthur, Volume 1. ARTHUR, children can improve their social To order a free copy (be sure to specify skills, solve problems, and think creatively. 0 "Volume1"), contact: It is our hope that this activity guide conveys OF Play and Learn with Arthur,Volume 1 Arthur's enthusiasm for learning and Educational Print and Outreach inspires children to investigate the world WGBH around them. 125 Western Avenue 0 Boston, MA 02134 a phone: (617) 492-2777, ext. 3848 fax: (617) 787-4733 e-mail: [email protected] 0 OpLopp_o cope. o.o.0 o_o.o_q O Po Poo Poo do OOPo 0 =tool= pp co poopoe 0 p 0 o coo_o coo toco pen co_o ® 4 0,0,=-04.1.0.0.=3 0.4=1.p.g=3= =,..t.-0.0 C.-0.0 4= 1:=.-0-4.-0.1=t co.o =.....=.o.o_0.c.O_C2...1_,=>_Q-0_0....2."-C7.0 0_0_0_0 0 0.0 Q 0_0_0_0_0 0 o_o_0_o_p_o,o,o.o_c. S=1 o 0 About the Acilvffieg Each 12-minute ARTHUR program has a corresponding activity, indicated below. To help you access activities that 0, 0 support your learning objectives, the title of the activity is listed along with the content area and skills the activity covers. The indexes on pages 26-27 also list the content areas and skills of the activities, as well as the content 0 areas of the Learning Centers. 0', a a Activity Content Area 0 Skills Atmiutz episode Page a I Can Do That! discussing accomplishments, art skills, language and literacy skills, social and emotional "Buster's Back" 4 0, self-portraits development 0 O Songs in the Key songwriting creative thinking skills, language and literacy skills, "The Ballad of Buster 4 of Buster music skills Baxter" 0' al Where's the Fire? fire safety life skills, problem-solving skills "D.W. All Fired Up" To Market, to Market making a shopping list 0 language and literacy skills, life skills, math skills, social "I'd Rather Read It a and emotional development Myself' 0; Ahoy There, Matey! making toy boats art skills, creative thinking skills, language and "Arthur Goes 6 learning about whales literacy skills Crosswire" Do It Together cooperative games gross motor skills, social and emotional "Sue Ellen and the 6 development Brainosaurus" ' May I Take Your creating a play restaurant creative thinking skills, cultural/social diversity "Background Blues" Oi 7 Order? appreciation and understanding, language and literacy skills, life skills, math skills Twinkle, Twinkle, describing/performing talents cultural/social diversity appreciation and understanding, "And Now Let's Talk to 7 Little Star language and literacy skills, social and emotional Some Kids" a, development One Potato, Two counting, creating a bar graph math skills "The Chips Are Down" 8 Potato oi o, Black & White & expressing happiness, searching art skills, creative thinking and problem-solving skills, "Revenge of the Chip" 8 Read All Over for words and pictures in the language and literacy skills, life skills o', newspaper Chalk One Up! learning the alphabet art skills, fine motor skills, language and literacy skills "Binky Rules" 9 oi The Beat Goes On dancing, making music creative thinking skills, gross motor skills/creative "Meet Binky" 9 movement skills, music skills 0 001 0 experimenting with Do, Re, Mi creative thinking and problem-solving skills, music skills, "Arthur Rides the 10 musical sounds science skills Bandwagon" Kooky Cooking making up recipes to creative thinking and problem-solving skills, language and "Dad's Dessert 10 accompany food pictures literacy skills, life skills Dilemma" 0 Thumbs Up! creating thumbprint animals art skills, cultural/social diversity appreciation and "Popular Girls" 01 0 understanding Emotion Locomotion naming feelings, marching in a gross motor skills/creative movement skills, music skills, "Buster's Growing parade of feelings social and emotional development Grudge" The Big Dig archaeological dig art skills, language and literacy skills, science skills, social "Arthur's Treasure a 12 and emotional development Hunt" 0 0 On Your Mark class Olympics creative thinking and problem-solving skills, gross motor "Return of the King" 12 skills/creative movement skills, social and emotional development learning rules for safe play Safe Play social and emotional development "Attack of the Turbo 13 Tibbles" learning math concepts Spare Change creative thinking and problem-solving skills, language and "D.W. Tricks the Tooth 13 with coins literacy skills, life skills, math skills Fairy" naming, discussing, and Flea, Fly, Flamingo creative movement skills, creative thinking and problem- "Double Tibble Trouble" 16 0 categorizing things that fly solving skills, language and literacy skills, math skills 0 o 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 00 0 0 0.0,00_000 0 0 0 0.0 0.)=...0,0 000_01, o_o coo_srOtoo_0_0u0_0 .O.o,00 00 =sot ..=.-.=-o-..=.o.=...o.c.c..-.==...== =-o.o-o.o.0.0.p.....,=..=0_0,C,C,C,_0 =_00 0.0.0. C O . O . ._0 0000 0,.,0 _0=c 0..0,0 _0 0 0, 0 About The Activities continued... Activity Atztflutt tpisode Content Area Page Skills 0 "Arthur's Almost Live Not exercising imagination art skills, creative thinking and problem-solving skills In the Box 16 6 Real Music Festival" 6 0 making courage cards language and literacy skills, social and emotional "What Scared Sue Ellen?" Never Fear 17 0; development 0 0 0 "Clarissa Is Cracked" 0 language and literacy skills, life skills, science skills, social growing and caring for plants Green Beans 17 and emotional development 0, 0 "Arthur's Dummy creative thinking and problem-solving skills, language and pantomiming Mime Time 18 0; Disaster" literacy skills, social and emotional development 0 0 0; 5 "Francine and the Feline" art skills, creative movement skills, language and literacy making cat and dog bookmarks Like Cats and Dogs 18 0 skills 001 a' ' gross motor skills, math skills, social and emotional "Mom and Dad Have a Bowl Me Over bowling/counting game, 19 Great Big Fight" development learning how to apologize a o, making a calendar language and literacy skills, life skills, math skills "D.W.'s Perfect Wish" Today's the Day 19 Lighten the Load science experiment creative thinking and problem-solving skills, "Arthur and D.W. 20 0 a Clean Up" science skills a Let It Snow! art skills, creative thinking and problem-solving skills "The Long Dull Winter" making snow globes 20 0 Activity 0 Skills 0 0 Each activity in this guide has been designed to address the specific needs of preschool- and kindergarten- 0, 0, aged children and to support the development of the skills outlined in this chart. a 0, 0 Methods Outcomes Skills 0 0, 0 0 Social and emotional Through discussion, role-playing, and cooperative games, children Strengthens self-awareness and self-esteem; 0 0 provides information and support. development explore issues such as sibling rivalry, friendship, jealousy, sharing, 0 and fears. 0 Provides opportunities to practice and Letter, word, and shape recognition; vocabulary development; Language and 0 literacy skills storytelling; oral presentation; and writing are infused throughout enhance language and literacy; fosters 0 an appreciation of books and reading. the activities. 0 a 0 0 0 Creative thinking and Encourages children to formulate solutions, Role-playing, brainstorming, cooperative games, art, and music 0 0 problem-solving skills activities encourage children's imaginative play and help build stretch their imaginations. 0 0 problem-solving skills. o, a Gross motor skills/ Active play, dance, and gymnastics promote exercise and creative Encourages body awareness and control, 0 0, enjoyment of dance as expression. creative movement skills movement. 0 6 Offers essential, practical information and Life skills Role-playing, cooking, field trips, and games make topics such as fire a 0 safety and nutrition fun and easy to understand. experience. 0 0 0 Builds familiarity with numbers and Math skills Activities about counting, estimating, graphing, sorting, and recognizing patterns introduce mathematical concepts. simple math concepts. 0 0 0 Observing, experimenting, and making predictions help children Emphasizes simple science concepts and Science skills provides opportunities for hands-on learn about the natural world, scientific phenomena, and scientific 0 method. exploration. 0 0 0 Art skills/music skills Builds appreciation for the arts and A variety of media, including drawing, painting, singing, and making musical instruments introduce art and music. artistic expression. 0 0 Develops self-respect and a respect for Cultural/social Discussion, books, role-playing, and games encourage children to 0 a diversity appreciation understand and appreciate multicultural perspectives others; encourages children to value new and understanding experiences. 0 0 0 0 0_0.0_0,0 0_000 47_0 0. o.0 00 .0 _=1_10c170 L.0 _0.00 0 o .1=7.p =,,=1.01_0 _= =2 6 CD Discussing their accomplishments and creating 0 illustrations of things they have learned to do 0 help children develop and improve 0 Making up new words to a familiar song helps 0 o art skills a children develop and improve 0 o language and literacy skills (vocabulary) 0 O creative thinking skills o social and emotional development 0 0 O language and literacy skills (self-esteem, self-expression) 0 O music skills 0 0 0 0 0 Materials 0 Materialsi 0 O art supplies 0 O chart paper 0 O paper O marker 0 0 Learning something new often helps you change 0 0 The minstrel moose in "The Ballad of Buster and grow inside. Tell children about a skill you 0 Baxter" makes up songs to tell Buster's story. 0 learned that made you feel different. Invite children 0 Children can make up their own songs about the to share how they felt when they learned to do Arthur characters too. Use the tune of a familiar something new, like tying their shoes, pouring song, such as "If You're Happy and You Know It." juice, writing their name. You may want to define 0 Then have the group think of words and move- 0 some new words for them, such as "proud." 0 a ments about the Arthur characters to use instead. 0 Children can create illustrations representing If Buster is happy and he knows it, he wiggles his 0 themselves doing something they have learned. ears. If D.W. is angry and she knows it, she 0 0 Hang the pictures in a gallery of accomplishments stamps her feet. Write the new song on chart called "I Can " Older children might want to . . . paper, pointing to the words as you sing. Teach 0 draw a picture of what they want to do when the song to another class. they grow up. 0 0 0 0 0 famiOy Connection 0 he Learning Center fin 0 Give family members some tips on how to Center Science help their children appreciate different types 0 To show children that change is sometimes of music. They can borrow tapes and CDs 0 visible, make a cut on the bottom of a leafy 0 from their local library or from friends, 0 a stalk of celery and place it in a glass of listen to different radio stations in the car, 0 0 colored water (use lots of food coloring). 0 0 and check their community newspaper for 0 a Have children observe how the celery 0 free musical events like concerts and 0 changes color and draw the stages of 0 a parades. 0 change in an "observation journal." 0 0 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Buster's Back The Ballad of Buster Baxter 0 0 program number 301 program number 301 Buster's coming home! But Arthur's worried A minstrel moose sings the story of Buster that Buster will be different. Will he still want Baxter, who worries that his friends have 0 to hang out with plain old Arthur? changed while he was away. 0 p 0 0 ppp pppp 0 0.0000 0000 00000000 0000g 0 0 0 0 110 0 0 0 0 0 Po 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PP 0 0 p 0 0 7 0 0 Becoming familiar with fire safety helps 0 0 0 children develop and improve 0 o 0 O life skills o 0 o Making an alphabet shopping list helps children I 0 o O problem-solving skills 0 0 develop and improve o 0 0 o 0 0 O language and literacy skills 0 0 0 a 0 o 0 (letter recognition) o o 0 !Materials o o o 0 O life skills o o o 0 o 0 O math skills (sorting) o 0 O audiocassette tape 0 0 0 0 O social and emotional development 0 O tape recorder o a 0 o o (cooperation) o o It's important for children to learn fire safety, 0 0 o although the idea of a fire drill may make them a o Materials nervous. Tape record sounds of a fire alarm, smoke detector, and a fire truck. Let children listen O chart paper and control the volume to become accustomed to O glue the noises. O index cards Have a firefighter from your local fire O markers 0 0 department visit the class. He or she can talk O scissors o o o o O supermarket flyers about being a firefighter, show the uniform and 0 0 mask, and talk about what to do in a fire drill (for a Young children love to help with grown-up tasks. 0 example, lining up quickly and quietly; exiting in 0 Tell children that you are going grocery shopping, an orderly manner; meeting at a predesignated o and they can help you make the shopping list. o a o area). Fire departments often have stickers for 0 Post a chart paper list with letters of the alphabet 0 kids and handouts about fire safety you can send 0 a as headings. Distribute to pairs of children an 0 o home. o 0 index card with one of those letters of the 0 o 0 I alphabet printed on it and a supermarket flyer. o o t 0 0 0 0 The children's job is to scan the flyers for words On the Leaning CenteP 0 o o o a a that begin with their letter, cut out the word and o a g 0 o 0 its accompanying picture, and glue it to the chart Drama Center 0 o o o 0 o 0 paper. 0 Set up a pretend fire station by providing a 0 I 0 After the groups have glued their items on the o o 0 fire hats, flashlights, short lengths of hose, 0 I 0 0 list, the whole class can work together to group 0 a step stool, etc. 0 0 o 0 the items into categories such as produce, canned o a 0 0 Library Center o 0 o 0 goods, drinks, and household supplies. a o o o Read Clifford the Fire House Dog by Norma 0 0 a 0 0 0 o o Bridwell, Fire! Fire! by Gail Gibbons, and a 0 0 0 or Community Connee a 0 o Rainbow Crow, retold by Nancy Van Laan. o a 0 0 0 0 a a 0 Take a walk and have children look for signs o 0 0 o o 0 o 6 that start with different letterss for stop, o o 0 0 w for walk, etc. Younger children might also o o o 0 0 o 0 0 name shapes they see. o a 0 g 0 0 a k o o o o 0 a 0 0 g I'd Rather Read It Myself o All fired Up o D.W. 0 0 program number 302 program number 302 0 a The Tibble Twins seem able to do everything D.W. is afraid of an upcoming fire drill, so she a better than D.W., but they're really impressed a decides to stay home from school until the drill 0 0 when she tells them she can read. Can she? is over. 0 0 o o 0 0 (Lp, op 00 000 p op poppp op q o op op o op 0 p -- ...... 0 ...... ...A 001 0 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000 0 0 0 00 0 0000 0 0 0 00 001 0 8 Participating in cooperative games helps children develop and improve 0 gross motor skills Creating toy boats helps children develop and o 0 social and emotional development improve o o o a (cooperation) art skills 0 o creative thinking skills 0 0 o o language and literacy skills o o 0 Materials 0 0 o o 0 0 0 O blankets o la Materials o o O lots of balls o o O masking tape 0 0 O art supplies o 0 O clay 0 o t As the Brain discovers, working together can be o O colored paper o 0 fun and productive! Have children try these O scissors o 0 cooperative games. 0 O toothpicks 0 0 0 Ants in a Line: The ants (children) have to move O wooden clip clothespins (with the metal springs removed) 0 0 0 0 the pebbles (balls) blocking their anthill from one Arthur's friend Muffy uses her yacht to go whale (11 o0 area of the room to another. First, have each 0 a watching. Invite children to make toy yachts of o child try to move all the balls in one trip. Then o 0 0 their own. Have each child glue the two halves of have children work together by lining up and o 0 oa a clothespin together to make a boat; a hole will forming a pebble brigade to pass the pebbles from 0 0 0 0 remain near the center. While the glue is drying, ant to ant. 0 0 0 have children cut a 2-inch-square sail out of 0 Scratch My Back: All of the bears (children) in paper. Insert a toothpick mast through each sail. Honey Hollow have an itch (piece of masking 0 0 0 Place clay into the hole in the boat and insert the tape) right in the center of their backs. Have kids o 0 0 mast. try to remove the masking tape by themselves. 0 0 Children can decorate their boats and masts. 0 Then, have them work with a partner to 0 0 0 Launch the boats in the water table, add some "scratch" the itch. 0 0 toy whales, and you're off for some whale o o Picnic Blanket: The rabbits (children) have had a 0 0 0 watching fun! lovely picnic at the seaside, but now it's time to o a 0 0 0 go home. Have rabbits work alone and then in 0 0 Take It Further pairs to fold the picnic blankets. 0 0 0 Read aloud books about whales to learn where 0 0 0 they live, what they eat, how they breathe, how o 0 o0 0 0 big they are, and how they are different from 0 o 0 0 fish. Have children write and illustrate the o a o 0 findings on an "All About Whales" bulletin board. 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 a 5 o 0 Sue Filen and the Brainosaurus I 0 Arthur Goes Crosswise 0 program number 303 0 0 0 program number 303 Sue Ellen and the Brain are paired up for a 0 0 Arthur's been acting just like Muffy ever since class project, and Sue Ellen expects them to he went out on her yacht. Vomitrocious! Can work as a team. Will the Brain tolerate anyone 0 he be "de-Muffified"? messing with his perfect A? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0=. epee 0 0 0 -01,5 0 0 0 000 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 OA 000 C7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 0, ,=0 T Ma Tmo nklQo MU .9, UM' St(G, OPcd9P/ Describing and performing things they're good Planning and creating a play restaurant and 60 at help children develop and improve role-playing different jobs help children o cultural/social diversity appreciation and develop and improve understanding o creative thinking skills 0 o language and literacy skills o cultural/social diversity appreciation and a 0 O social and emotional development understanding 0 0 0 (self-esteem) o language and literacy skills 0 o life skills 0 o math skills 0 Materials 0 Materials 0 O art supplies 0 0 O large-appliance cardboard box O cardboard 0 O video camera (optional) O clay 0 0 O food magazines, supermarket flyers Most children will never appear on television, but O glue 0 they're all stars in their own right. Help children O restaurant supplies such as aprons, plastic spoons, forks, 0 0 cups, plates, trays, play money, cash register, pots and think of things they're good atdancing, counting, 0 0 pans, small pads of paper, pencils, tables, chairs, and singing, reciting a rhyme. They can make a a a placemats 0 0 television by cutting the center out of the opposite sides of a box, then drawing dials, buttons, and 0 0 Young children love to engage in pretend play of 0 knobs. Have children step into the box one at a 0 real-life occupations. Help children create their time so they look like they are on TV to those own restaurant. Brainstorm with the group a list who are watching. Children can describe what of all the supplies they'll need. 0 they are good at and, if possible, perform their 0 0 Provide restaurant supplies. Children can special skills. Videotape the show, if you have a make menus by cutting food pictures out of 0 camera, so everyone can see themselves on TV. 0 magazines or supermarket flyers and gluing them on cardboard. They can also make food out of clay. 0 0 Discuss what you might hear in a restaurant: 0 1ln the Learning Center 0 0 May I take your order? This is delicious! Thank 0 0 you; come again. Let children take turns Art/Writing Center role-playing customers, waiters and waitresses a 0 Children cut out a star shape from silver (taking orders by writing or drawing), cooks, and 0 paper or aluminum foil. Help them write 0 0 cashiers. their names on the stars. Hang the stars 0 0 0 0 In the Le for a year-round constellation of class stars. ring Center. 0 0 0 0 0 Cooking Center Provide children with ingredients for a "burger" snackrice cakes and apple butter; 0 round pieces of bread (use a cookie cutter) 0 and jam. (Be aware of food allergies.) And Now Let's Talk to Some kids Background Blues program number 304 0 0 0 program number 304 0 The Magic Toolbox show is coming to Mr. 0 While exploring her family background, Ratburn's class to put the kids on TV! 0 Francine imagines all kinds of exciting The children prepare to showcase their 0 ancestors. But she learns to be proud that talents for stardom. her grandfather used to own a restaurant. 0 0 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 00 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0. 0 0 000 0O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 D0. 011) O