ERIC ED436405: Integrating Technology in the Classroom.

86 Pages·1999·3.5 MB·English

by  ERIC

DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 436 405
SE 062 986
AUTHOR
Thorson, Annette, Ed.
TITLE
Integrating Technology in the
Classroom.
INSTITUTION
Eisenhower National Clearinghouse
for Mathematics and
Science Education, Columbus, OH.
SPONS AGENCY
Office of Educational Research
and Improvement (ED),
Washington, DC.
REPORT NO
ENC-99-003
PUB DATE
1999-00-00
NOTE
85p.; The subtitle of this series is
"A Magazine for
Classroom Innovations."
CONTRACT
RJ97071001
AVAILABLE FROM
Eisenhower National Clearinghouse
for Mathematics and
Science Education, 1929 Kenny Road,
Columbus, OH 43210-1079.
Tel: [phone] (Toll Free).
PUB TYPE
Collected Works - Serials (022)
-- Reference Materials
Bibliographies (131)
JOURNAL CIT
ENC Focus; v6 n3 1999
EDRS PRICE
MF01/PC04 Plus Postage.
DESCRIPTORS
Calculators; Computer Uses in Education;
Educational
Resources; *Educational Technology;
Elementary Secondary
Education; *Mathematics Education;
Resource Materials;
*Science Education; World Wide Web
ABSTRACT
The Eisenhower National Clearinghouse
for Mathematics and
Science Education (ENC) helps teachers
by offering a broad assortment of,
services to enable them to quickly
locate educational resources. This
theme
issue of the serial "ENC Focus" is
designed to give educators information
about curriculum resources available
for teaching math and science in
K-12
classrooms. Each issue of ENC Focus
presents a selection from the
Clearinghouse collection focused
on a theme topic of particular interest
to
math and science teachers. In addition
to meeting general requirements for
inclusion in the ENC collection, curriculum
materials listed are appropriate
to the specific topic of the issue,
support hands-on, active, inquiry-based
methods of instruction, and
are readily available. This issue offers thirteen
articles (pages 16-40), and
a sample of useful materials and other
resources
on the theme of integrating technology in the
classroom and the best ways to
use technology to enhance teaching and learning
in mathematics and science. A
description of each resource provides
an abstract of the contents, subjects
addressed, grade level, publication
date, ordering information, price,
authors, and related resources.
(ASK)
ENTIREDOCUM
NT
POOR
PRINT
QUALITY
Reproductions supplied by EDRSaT-eTrieBEst-thtrt-caa.b.
made
from the original document.
er0D(1,cin,a,
vators
Magazine
0 0
'
NTEGRA
TECHNOLOGY-RELATED
MATERIALS FROM
THE ENC COLLECTION
NATIONAL EDUCATIONAL
TECHNOLOGY STANDARDS
BECOMING A CRITICAL
CONSUMER OF THE WEB
SEARCHING FOR GENDER EQUITY
IN COMPUTER GAMES
STUDENTS CREATE WEB SITES
AND MUCH MORE
To sign up for your
FREE
SUBSCRIPTION
Just turn the page!
S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Office of Educational Research and Improvement
DUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION
CENTER (ERIC)
Thi
ocument has been reproduced as
received from the person or organization
originating it
1:1 Minor changes have been made to
improve reproduction quality
National
Points of view or opinions stated in this
Eisenhower
document do not necessarily represent
official OERI position or policy
@OGOP6aletb®59@0
ffoG, Mathematics
cu id
ST COPY AVAILABLE
MiTecnO®co
gsficaGG
inside
Inside
Looking
O3
Update
.°00evacvoGgoa,o4
g
PPOR YOUR FREE SUBSCRIPTION!
ENC'Focus: A Magazine for Classroom Innovators will soon be mailed by subscription only.
Subscriptions are free, but to continue to receive the magazine your name must be
on our mailing list. (Our list is not sold or used for other purposes.)
Request
your subscription in one of these ways:
Visit ENC Online: http://www.enc.org/order/
or
Send e-mail to [email protected]
(Don't forget to include your postal address!)
or
Call us at our toll-free number, [phone].
or
out and mail in one of the enclosed reply cards
or,the format the back, of this magaZirTe.
.
asuala,-.011011
a I so,be sent4ia fEak (614,)6'
The!fonm 1-Ink;;ay
xu
' I
I
I I
'
I I I
I I
I
I
'
I
. . I
I
I - I
I
11,.
I I I
I
.
1
' " ,
. I
I I
'
I
I I
0
I
I
.
111
.
.
-
I
t
1FiZ_ 1:1E, OU1 33
To receive your free subscription to ENC Focus: A Magazine for Classroom Innovators, please complete the entire form,
v6n3-1
or call toll-free at [phone]. You can also go to http://www.enc.org/order/ to get on our mailing list.
School or Institution:
Name:
Preferred Mailing Address:
State
Street Address
Zip
Number
City
6) Work 0 Home
Fax Number:
Telephone Number: (
(
)
)
Are you willing to be contacted by ENC staff at a later date to provide your impressions
E-mail:
C.) No
62 Yes
of our products and services? (Check only one.)
My area is (Check only one):
My primary role in education is (Check only one):
elementary education
math/science education
librarian/media specialist
teacher
mathematics education
library science
computer specialist
administrator
educational technology
science education
college/university faculty
parent
other
computer science
curriculum specialist
student
other
10
Pre-K
TEACHERS, circle those grades you teach:
6
9
2 3 4 7
12
K
8
11
5
1
ADMINISTRATORS, circle those grades for which you have responsibility:
TEACHER EDUCATORS, circle those grades for which you prepare teachers:
C.2 public institution 0 private institution
Years of K-12 teaching experience:
I work in a (choose one):
Paperwork Burden Statement
OMB control number. The valid OMB control number for this information collection is 11380-0529.
According to the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, no persons are required to respond to a collection of information unless such collection displays a valid
resources, gather the data needed, and complete and review the information collec-
The time required to complete this information collection is estimated to average 3 minutes per response, including the time to review instructions, search existing data
Washington, DC 20202-4651. If you have comments or concerns regarding the status of
If you have any comments concerning the accuracy of the time estimate or suggestions for improving this form please write to: U.S. Department of Education,
tion.
your Individual submission of this form, write directly to: Carol Cullen, Evaluator, Eisenhower National Clearinghouse, 1929 Kenny Road, Columbus, OH 43210-1079
Approved by OMB - No. 1880-0529
Product Request 9 8b
06/10/98
D
To receive your free subscription to ENC Focus: A Magazine for Classroom Innovators, please complete the entire form,
v6n3-1
or call toll-free at [phone]. You can also go to http://www.enc.org/order/ to get on our mailing list.
School or Institution:
Name:
Preferred Mailing Address:
City
Zip
Number
Street Address
State
,(:) Work Q Home
Fax Number:
Telephone Number: (
)
(
)
Are you willing to be contacted by ENC staff at a later date to provide your impressions
E-mail:
c7 No
of our products and services? (Check only one.)
C::) Yes
My area is (Check only one):
My primary role in education is (Check only one):
math/science education
, elementary education
librarian/media specialist
teacher
mathematics education
library science
administrator
computer specialist
educational technology
science education
college/university faculty
parent
other
computer science
student
curriculum specialist
other
10
TEACHERS, circle those grades you teach: 9
K
Pre-K
4
8
2 6 7
12
3 5
11
1
ADMINISTRATORS, circle those grades for which you have responsibility:
ST COPY MULE
TEACHER EDUCATORS, circle those grades for which you prepare teachers:
C) private institution
I work in a (choose one): 67 public institution
Years of K-12 teaching experience:
Paperwork Burden Statement
OMB control number. The valid OMB control number for this information collection is 1880-0529.
According to the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, no persons are required to respond to a collection of information unless such collection displays a valid
resources, gather the data needed, and complete and review the information collec-
The time required to complete this Information collection is estimated to average 3 minutes per response, including the time to review Instructions, search existing data
washington. DC 20202-4651. If you have comments or concerns regarding the status of
tion. If you have any comments concerning the accuracy of the time-kitimate or suggestions for improving this form please write to: U.S. Department of Education,
your individual submission of this form, write directly to: Carol Cullerhvaluator, Eisenhower National Clearinghouse, 1929 Kenny Road, Columbus, OH 43210-1079
Approved by OMB - No. 1880-0529
Product Request 8 8b
06/10/98
To receive your free subscription to ENC Focus: A Magazine for Classroom Innovators, please complete the entire form on the reverse
of this card, or call toll-free at [phone]. You can also go to http://www.enc.org/order/ to get on our mailing list.
en4
PLACE
STAMP
Eisenhower National
HERE
Clearinghouse
for Mathematics and
Science Education
http://www.enc.orgi
ENC Focus: A Magazine for Classroom Innovators
The Ohio State University
Eisenhower National Clearinghouse
1929 Kenny Road
Columbus, OH 43210-1079
00000000i
C7
D
To receive your free subscription to ENC Focus: A Magazine for Classroom Innovators, please complete the entire form on the reverse
of this card, or call toll-free at [phone]. You can also go to http://www.enc,org/order/ to get on our mailing list.
PLACE
STAMP
Eisenhower National
HERE
Clearinghouse
for Mathematics and
Science Education
httpdiwww.enc.orgl
ENC Focus: A Magazine for Classroom Innovators
The Ohio State University
Eisenhower National Clearinghouse
1929 Kenny Road
Columbus, OH 43210-1079
ISOM
0.1g4A
is to identify effective curriculum resourc
create high-quality professional develo
r,tferot
materials, and disseminate useful informa
and products to improve K-12 mathema
and science teaching and learning.
ral,--:-\\
,-------7
/
().
___Sevivesall K-12_edu6tors,,parenis,_and students
with free products and services.
ACCNACreS and catalogs mathematics and science
curriculum resources, creating the most comprehensive
collection in the nation.
PrOVildeS the best selection of math and science
education resources on the Internet.
Coll[laborra.aes with the National Network of
Eisenhower Regional Consortia and Clearinghouse and
many other organizations to promote education reform.
Supports teachers' professional development
Eisenhower National
Clearinghouse
in math, science, and the effective use of technology.,
for Mathemacics and
Science Education
BEST,COPYAVAILABLE
Ok
This icon invites you to visit the Internet for more information,
0
more resources, more ideas for your own classroom innovations.
The online version of this publication will help you get started.
Visit http://www.encorg/focusiedtedV
Update: Around the Clearinghouse and the Nation
This section features educational news, editorials, essays, classroom stories,
columns on topics of interest to classroom innovators, and other information of
the sort formerly published in our newsletter ENC Update.
Editorial
4
A Multimedia Magazine
by Annette Thorson and Tracy Crow
5 Calling All Classroom Innovators: Write for ENC!
o
Turn here for information on future topics and on how teachers and
students can contribute to this publication.
GZ
'
3
-.3N:D
ENC's Partners
6
r;=1
NetTech
4
by Juyong Poe
This regular column features organizations that collaborate
with ENC.
ec3 W
Eisenhower Regional Consortia and ENC Demonstration Sites
8
Check here for complete contact information for ENC's primary
partners.
10 ENC in Action
One District's Math and Science Solution
by NancyVoltmer
A library media specialist in Iowa finds a variety of ways to use ENC's
products and services to help teachers all over her district.
fiees
11 Using the Internet in the Classroom
Becoming a Critical Consumer of the Web
by Kimberly S. Roempler
How teachers can learn to evaluate the Internetand help their
C
students find the worthwhile materials hidden there.
on Internet
xtenslve li st of web sites that
See an extensive
evaluation
14 Innovators' Forum Online
Participate in ENC's electronic discussion for all those interested in
educational improvement.
14 Going for Grants
Foundations
by Tracy Crow
N
Check this regular column for information about finding and applying
for money to support innovative projects in mathematics and science
education.
2
IsEST-COPY-MAILABLF
34 Why Use Calculators (and Other Technologies)
in the High Sr.hoOl'Math ClaisrooM?
by,. Judy Spicer
Focus On: Integrating Technology in the Classroom
Check this article for, insights from experienced teachers
This section presents articles on the theme of this issue.
who approaCh technology with,a sense of adventure.
16 Technology in the Classroom:
Fintadditional resources to help you use technology
Asking the Right Questions
creatively at: http://www.enc.org/focus/edtects/
by Lynne Schrum
37 UsingTechnology to Help Chiklren Form
The president of the International Society for Technology
in Education believes that teachers must take the lead to find the
Representations of Mathematical ConceptS'
best ways to use technology to enhance teaching and learning.
by Stephen
This teacher ethicator describes how technology can be
18 ISTE National Educational Technology Standards
used to support,the development otmathematicaliunder-
and Student Profiles
standing in:students.,
from the International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE)
39 Students Go Wireless to Save Creek
Concrete guidelines on building technology know-how in
youngsters from preschool through grade 12.
by Steve Paulson
A Montana middle school science class helps clean up a
20 Help! I just got my first computer!
polluted creek using computer interfacing and wireless
technology.
by Gay Gordon
ENC's Associate Director of Publishing offers advice for novices
to the world of educational technology.
1Vvo additional articles about Integrating Technology
in the Classroom are available online:
23 Beyond Point and Click:
The Search for Gender Equity in Computer Games
Evolving with the Internet:
by Megan Murray and Marlene Kliman
Taking Technology for GrantedFinally
Computer games have the power to educate. What does a good
by Kristine Mueh
gamefor both boys and girlslook like?
A science teacher in Boulder, Colorado, who has used
computers with students for years, reflects on how
28 Diary of an Educational Technologist
advances in technology have increased its value in the class-
by Judith DavidsonWasser; Kevin McGillivray,
room. See it now at:
http://www.enc.org/focus/edtech/
and Elizabeth T McNamera
Excerpts from an article originally published in the
Using Technology and Real-World Connections to
TERC newsletter Hands On! help define the new role
Teach Secondary Mathematics Concepts
of educational technologist.
by Hollylynne Stohl Drier, Kara M. Dawson, and Joe Garofalo
Some specific advice on how to use technology to make
Link to the complete article "Diary of an Educational Technologist"
math relevant to students. See it now at:
as originally published in Hands On! by visiting:
http://www.enc.org/focus/edtech/
http://www.enc.org/focus/edtech/
30 Want a Web Site?
Let Students Take Charge!
by Jessica Byrd and Cara Spicer
A high school student in Idaho and a high school student intern
at ENC describe how they have benefitted from creating web
sites.
Focus On: The Collection
31 The Shape of Things to Come
This section presents abstracts of materials from the ENC
by Linda S. Hallenbeck
Collection chosen to illustrate this issue's theme, Integrating
A fifth grade teacher in Ohio shows how collaboration eases the
Technology in the Classroom.
use of geometry software in the classroom.
40 Choosing Educational Technology to Promote
e., For more details on how this teacher uses geometry software with
Learning Excitement
her fifth graders, visit: http : //www.enc.org/focus/edtech/
by Terese Herrera
33 Teachers Connect Online: Professional-Development
42 List of Featured Resources
Through Collaborative Networks'
by Leah Poynter
74 Software Evaluation Criteria
Teachers who use technology for their own learning quickly find
ways`to use it for the benefit of students in their elassroorn.§.
You'll find more information on how these networks operate when
AMIABLE
MT COPY.
you access this article at: http://www.enc.org/focUs/edtech/
Around the Clearinghouse
Len Simutis
DIRECTOR:
and the Nation
editorial
ASSOCIATE DIRECTORS
Thomas Gadsden
Collaboration:
Kimberly S. Roempler
Instructional Resources:
Tf_mailamom
Publishing:
Gay Gordon
OEM
Publications Manager:
Tracy Crow
by Annette Thorson and Tracy Cron; ENC Publishing
Doug Line
Manager of Electronic Production:
The medium is the message.
Editor:
Annette Thorson
Production Editor:
Julia Harris
Terese Herrera
Content Specialist:
When this phrase was first plucked from Marshall McLuhan's sem-
Graphic Designer:
Lisa McLymont
inal 1964 book Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man, few
Interactive Media Specialist:
Nagarajan Gopalan
understood what he meant by media, let alone how meaning
Juyong Pae, Leah Poynter
Contributing Editors:
Senior Abstractors:
Judy Spicer, Lynda Titterington
embedded in the method by which a message is transmitted might
Karen Plummer, Nima Shafaieh, Linda Trombetti
Catalogers:
supercede the message itself. There was perhaps even greater con-
Dennis Beaudry, Pam Bentley, Kelvin Tref',
Acquisitions Specialists:
fusion when, in 1967, McLuhan took his ideas one step further in
Deb Schneider
Electronic Publishing:
The Medium is the Massage.
Information Services:
Laura Brendon, Orville Martin
Collaboration:
Gail Hoskins, Steve Weaver
Although McLuhan's writings remain controversialand difficult
Computer & Network Services:
Karen Abhari, Roger Cunningham,
Richard Huggins,Tom Marker
to understandhis ideas have recently gained renewed interest.
Ayanna Bandele,Vickie Shepard
Fiscal Services:
Clearly, he was ahead of his time in his thinking about the way elec-
Administrative Support:
Frances Burkett, Joyce Francis,
tronic communication shapes meaning. One can't help but wonder
Linda Price, Carol West
what McLuhan (who died in 1980) would think of the potent com-
ENC MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE ADVISORY BOARDS
bination of personal computer and Internet that we face today.
Mathematics Consultant to the Michigan State
Charles Allan,
Department of Education
Certainly, no one can ignore the impact of that medium on the way
Senior Editor, SciLINKS; National Science
Erma Anderson,
its messages are understood. This is especially true for educators
Teachers Association
trying to integrate technology in their classrooms, and it is an
Researcher and Teacher Educator,
Ronald Anderson,
University of Colorado
underlying message in many of the articles in this issue.
Researcher and Teacher Educator,
Jerry Becker,
Southern Illinois University
It is difficult for those of us who grew up before the computer age
Director, Center for Instructional
Jo Ann Carr,
to understand how technology is perceived by youngsters who
Materials and Computing,
know how to program the VCR while they are still in diapers.
University of Wisconsin, Madison
(Teletubbies coming on during naptime? No problem, Daddy! You
Joan Countryman,
Head, Lincoln School,
pop in a tape, and little Courtney will show you what buttons to
Providence, Rhode Island
push.)
Coordinator, ENC Capital Collection &
Shirley DeLaney,
Demonstration Site, George Washington
University
In a recent conversation, Lynne Schrum, president of the
Researcher and Teacher Educator,
Susan Friel,
International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE), remarked
University of North Carolina
that the school children of today are the first generation to have
Arlene Hambrick,
Program Associate, Midwest Consortium
learned the language of technology at that magical stage when lan-
for Mathematics and Science Education
guage is so easily acquired. Teachers, and all current adults, learned
Presidential Awardee and Retired
Elizabeth Horsch,
Teacher of High School Science, Wyoming
technology as a second language, with all the struggles that entails.
Director, Futures Academy,
Patricia Hosken,
(See her article and the ISTE National Educational Technology
Redondo Beach, California
Standards starting on page 16.)
Director, Merck Institute for Science Education
Carlo Parravano,
Presidential Awardee and
Vast}aRosenblum,
Teacher of Elementary Mathematics, Alabama
Let us know how ENC can serve you by calling or sending a message
via email or US mail to the following departments:
Director of Publications,
Harry Tunis,
National Council of Teachers of Mathematics
Acquisitions
General Information
Reference Desk
Telephone: [phone]
Monday-Friday:
Telephone: [phone]
Hours:
[email protected]
Email:
[email protected]
8 a.m.-5 p.m. ET
Email:
ENC Focus is published by the Eisenhower National Clearinghouse for Mathematics and
Toll free:
(800) 621 -5785
Science Education. ENC is funded at least in part through Contract No. RJ97071001 with the
U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and improvement (DER!).
Publishing
Technical Help Desk
Telephone: [phone]
The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S.
Telephone: [phone]
Telephone: [phone]
[phone]
Fax:
Department of Education nor does the mention of tradenames, commercial products, or
[email protected]
Email: [email protected]
[email protected]
Email:
Email:
organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. ENC welcomes readers'
comments and questions. Please address them to:
For the most up-to-date information on our latest projects,
Eisenhower National Clearinghouse
visit ENC's web site: http://www.enc.org/
for Mathematics and Science Education
The Ohio State University, 1929 Kenny Road,
4 a
Columbus, OH 43210-1079
AVAUBLE
BEV QNWNI
Calk
UPDATE
CilasSFOOND finGTOUeOTS:
FO
IEHCai
\YNN
rE
ERIC invites readers to contribute articles
That struggle is very much in evidence here at ENC. At the same time that
for upcoming issues of
E6 5C Focus:
we have been improving our print products, like ENC Focus, we have also
A Ecenzakine for Cilassroom Mammal:tors.
been finding better ways to deliver our content online. Even as this magazine
is published, ENC Online is undergoing a major revision to make it easier
Topics and Deadlines:
for teachers to use, more loaded with the content they need. We wrestle
Math and Science in the Real World
with what it really means to have both a print presence for ENC Focus and a
Submissions due December 1, 1999
web site that delivers much of the same content but in a very different form.
Educational Equity
In her column "Using the Internet in the Classroom: Becoming a Critical
Submissions due March 1, 2000
Consumer of the Web" (page 11), Kim Roempler points out that those who
publish on the Internet should be expected to make best use of the medium.
School-Business Partnerships
Defining best use and making it happen is ENC's ongoing challenge.
Submissions due June 1, 2000
As our print and online products mature, and as editorial and technical staff
Topics and deadlines subject to change without notice.
learn more about the Internet as a publishing medium, we are making
progress. We have learned that it would be a terrible waste of the web to just
Submission Guidelines:
plunk a print page, unchanged, on the computer screen, even if that would
Articles should be of interest to teachers of K-12
be most comfortable for many K-12 teachers, not to mention easier for us.
mathematics and science. Content should be
grounded in the new educational standards while
We have also come to appreciate the boundless capacity of the World Wide
being short (500 to 2000 words) and compelling.
Web, which allows us to share everything ENC createsincluding Resource
We particularly invite teachers to write about
Finder, the database of ENC's huge collection of educational materials
their classroom experiences, using first person and a
with educators all over the world. If we tried to print and mail all of this
conversational tone. Please note that library research
papers written in academic language for graduate
material, your copy would not fit in a postal service truck, let alone your
school courses are unlikely to be selected for publica-
mailbox, and the paper used would be fatal to our forests. The Internet
tion. We do, however, encourage you to include a
removes these concerns, giving us enormous freedomand a challenge to
few, carefully selected references. All content must
be original, and all quotations must be properly cited.
organize the vast content ENC puts online in a way that will make it accessi-
ble and useable, no matter what route teachers take to get there.
We also publish essays by K-12 students about their
successes in mathematics and science. Teachers are
encouraged to assist students in writing and submitting
So what will you find when you come to ENC Online and click on the topic
materials for publication.
Integrating Technology in the Classroom?You will find everything that you
hold in your hands, plus more. Much of the content published only online
Photos or other illustrations add interest, and good
illustrations increase your chances for publication.
wouldn't make as much sense in a print magazine. For example, although we
However, we can use photos of students only if we
do include lists of web sites here in the print version, online you will find
receive written parental permission for those under
longer lists complete with active links, plus other material that is specifically
18 years of age.
about the web.
Those considering submission of unsolicited manu-
scripts are encouraged to send a proposal via email:
We welcome your comments as we work to define what content is best for
[email protected]
the web site and what is best for the print magazine. With your help, we
hope that each medium will serve your needs in its own unique way.
Or by letter:
FocusEditor
Meanwhile, when you see invitations in this print publication to come
ENC
to for more, we hope you will take
http: //www.enc.org/focus/edtech/
The Ohio State University
advantage of this opportunity to explore a medium where the message is
1929 Kenny Road
Columbus, OH 43210-1079
truly limitless. 0
Questions? Email [email protected] or
Email the writers at [email protected] or [email protected]
call [phone] and ask for Annette Thorson.
aS§VO 7API
References
McLuhan, M. and Fiore, Q., (1967). The Medium is the Massage. NewYork: Random House.
McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding Media:The Extensions of Man. NewYork: McGraw-Hill.
Coma to hatp://ammenc.orgNocusiedtschi
For more information about McLuhan, visit the following web sites.
to find live Oinks to all the web sites
mentioned in this publication.
Marshall McLuhan Center on Global Communications: http://vvvvw.mcluhanmedia.com/
The McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology, University ofToronto:
http://wwvv.mcliihan.utoronto.ca/mm.htm
focus
voLd, no.3
ell
BO
I