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DOCUMENT RESUME ED 370 563 IR 055 016 AUTHOR Silverstein, Ora TITLE Multimedia and Hypermedia: An Invitation for Discussion. PUB DATE 93 NOTE 7p.; In: Visual Literacy in the Digital Age: Selected Readings from the Annual Conference of the International Visual Literacy Association (25th, Rochester, New York, October 13-17, 1993); see IR 055 055. PUB TYPE Reports Evaluative/Feasibility (142) -- Speeches/Conference Papers (150) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Computer Assisted Instruction; Educational Media; Educational Technology; *Hypermedia; *Multimedia Instruction; Museums; Natural Sciences; Science Instruction; *Visual Literacy IDENTIFIERS Multimedia Materials; *Multimedia Technology ABSTRACT This paper draws attention to the different applications of multimedia. There are various types of media technologies for communication and information. Museums use visuals which combine video, statues, and static pictures to produce a multimedia display. Multimedia applications are also present in education, more specifically in natural sciences. Computer multimedia is growing in both home and institutional environments. (Contains 7 references.) (JLB) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER IERIC) 0 This document has bean reproduced as reCeiyed from the person Or organization Originating it 0 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality Points of view or Opinions stated in this dOCtr merit do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy Multimedia and Hypermedia: An Invitation for Discussion by Ora Silverstein Hebrew University 77 Hamesilla Street 46580 Herzeliya B Israel "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY 2 TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION BEST COPY AVAILABLE CENTER (ERIC)." Multimedia and Hypermedia: An Invitation for Discussion Ora Silverstein The use of the term before our eyes as static visuals or is more and more "Multimedia" in motion. These are considered widespread various in contexts. visual media, though lately they are This creates confusion among non- supported by an audio dimension professionals, namely the general as well. Television, video and public and also among experts in cinema are audio-visual-motion the field of education and media, transmitting pictures and communication. Even experts use voice in sophisticated methods. phrases such as: "compute, -based hypermedia (or multimedia)", The use of many different or "hypertext or hypermedia types of media for creating multimedia" 1990), terms (Dana, experiences which combine which require definition and pleasure and learning, in mass- clarification. The purpose of this media and advertising, is becoming paper is to draw attention and to more and more popular. a discussion and future initiate research in this important subject Distance education as that will result better in through the open university, which understanding and basic uses video and computer software, terminology. cable TV,etc., is enormously popular. Computer games, visits to The media technologies for museums, exhibitions and communication and informa:, tion playgrounds, activities which which are used today are numerous display human knowledge in all and varied. When we say that "we possible fields, are attend by live in the era of multimedia", we are individuals, families and large referring to the extensive use of groups. Disneyland and various media in our civilization. Disneyworld in the United States Perhaps the most widespread and Eurodisney near Paris, France, media in our day is the printed are the most distinct examples of media - we all read newspapers, amusement cities where visitors magazines, books and professional make use of all the communication printed literature, using diverse and media existing in the world today. A various technologies. Audio media to these places generates visit is also widespread. Radio and pleasure accompanied by learning various vocal instruments are used experiences. The sensual for communication, using music, experience at such sites, assisted sound and words. Advertisements by the senses of sight, hearing, and advertising gimmicks pop-up smelling and touch are brought about by the use of multimedia. Multimedia has been used in finds its art Modern education for the last thirty years. I expression in multimedia (Search, shall mention some examples from art modern most In 1993). the field of natural sciences. The museums we find visuals where a teaching of biology, chemistry and combination of a few elements such physics has developed in the USA as video, a statue and a static and Great Britain since the fifties, picture create a wonderful blend of until becoming a unique academic vision, movement and voice. Last called Science itself within field August, the Tel-Aviv Museum of Art Education. an Sherman, Cindy exhibited in New York and American living In new educational science belonging to a group of artists who programs developed in the sixties, have tried to turn photography into such as the BSCS in biology, the center of artistic discussion. various combined media were used the enormous represent They as an biology teaching aid in has occurred change which in subjects, phenomena or processes. expressed in art, contemporary In the sixties, the Tel-Aviv of photographic use wide University together with the Israeli further This is technologies. Educational Television developed a supported by another exhibition which took place at the same time multimedia system for teaching the called museum, same the in "human body". This system dealt "Paradox of the Material Dream". with five main subjects: self-identity, This exhibition focused on two sites. movement, breathing, blood and At one, the "Absolut Vodka" and includes: a digestion. Each unit "Benetton" advertising campaigns booklet with group activities for examination were demonstrated for individual work sheets students, of the material dream, while the and a teacher's booklet, all of them huge are components artistic and pictures many containing pictures synchronically projected by tables. For each unit two black and In this case, we eight monitors. white TV films were produced, as multimedia about talk cannot well as a demo and experiments kit. advanced means, since a variety of The term multimedia was used for technologies was used in order to the project from the very beginning create a visual dynamic show. At of its development. the second site, the experience was of use of audiovisual a result A few years later, color TV multimedia in a most sophisticated and became available in Israel visuals way. Visitors watched the TV began Educational Israeli through windows located on the films science broadcasting four walls of a black cube. In each produced in Great Britain, in color, was window a visual different on the human body, as part Of the shown, composed of holograms Hebrew program*. multimedia and various video screenings from subtitles were added at first, and four different points. The objective only later a Hebrew voiceover. As a was reached visuals these of a dynamic process took result, of projection the through place over a five year period in such as messages, contrasting black and which broadcasts in pictures of violence and prosperity white as well as color concerning and of windows, the one in the human body could be seen on messages in complementary television, part of them in English another. The intensification of the and others in Hebrew. Today, some messages was immense. 4 of the scientific movies shown on order to get students acquainted educational TV in Israel are in with educational messages, in a English with Hebrew and Arabic way both pleasant and full of new subtitles. eitthusiasting experiences. The "Life" Story animation Since teaching of sciences is the human series, dealing with a field in which illustration helps body, produced in France, has also learning, the use of multimedia is been broadcasted in Israel for the widespread also in fields where kits last five years, in Hebrew.This series as those described above do not substantially differs from the exist. In Israel, a science teacher documentary broadcasts would normally use the following concerned with the human body aids class: in student's book, (Silverstein, Tamir, 1991). For teachers book, laboratory teaching the human body and also sessions, observations, video films, in all other cases, biology teachers computer aids, newspaper articles in Israel use TV, as well as video and information centers, as programs addition in to the mentioned above. This the is traditional teaching tools. They also description of a multimedia system. use the press, illustrated work Professional training provided by sheets, experiments and regional information centers assist observations. Today's learning teachers in their science teaching resources for the subject the human activity. body allow for major diversity. The French "Prosidis" company, who Personal computers were produced the series "Life", also introduced for widespread use in 1981, and recently, the average illustrated produced booklets personal computer's a6ility is TV each accompanying to getting close containing the stickers and a episode,including of volume data required for plastic puzzle regarding the organ computer-multimedia. This is a new discussed in that particular episode. The British Phillip Harris company technology incorporated in all has recently prepared a data base computers of the major companies: of the human body on a compact Apple's Mackintosh, Commodore's disk and supplementary models Amiga, IBM computers and IBM to connected sensors and compatible PCs. This technology computer software. All these add enables the use of various media in for new more possibilities order to create new products and experiences. them a display on computer monitor: visual text, voice, picture- a new Africa, South In drawing, animation, and video of multimedia program, science - on tape or disk, or analog origin "Spiders Place", is being developed of digital origin, hardware or using the radio, dolls of the size of software supported (Lockard, comics video films, children, The computer, 1990). being a magazines and a variety of other digital system, can presently display activities. This method is meant to pictures of analog origin, but cannot meet the needs of a poor, urban process them. The need for a huge to whom exact and population, memory for the processing of sciences seem such a natural pictures and voice, still forms a children and that field, strange serious developmental problem in adults as one, feel threatened by it. this field (Renzer, 1992). _Multimedia instruments are used in of the development to given is Computer-multimedia hardware and software computer- for learning used presently in a world which is multimedia enables It 1993). (Peterson, becoming saturated with computers students to listen to music while for purposes of office organization explanations, illustrations and notes and accumulation of information. are displayed, and games and an supplied in are information This is a new turning point Multimedia way. interesting possibilities the of because are being libraries electronic available for using visual, audio and developed and available in various printed data bases in numerous technologies, and are beginning to combinations and three dimension be used in all academic fields. Thic one PC interacting graphics in of course a technology in is system. creation. It is used in many other sectors as well, such as industry, Today, the term "multimedia" and education army, business, computer- for being used is consumption of culture. Hi-Tech as well, technology multimedia companies offer operating systems, without clear distinction. The term software and hardware instruments, justly used for is "hypermedia" sections various develop describing other special computer of production in specializing abilities. programs and data educational advertising addition, in bases; the that seems It video and TV also companies, as multimedia of phenomenon make use of this new technology described above, meaning many (Lockard, 1990). different media, is not acadelnically discussed. Computer-multimedia is citizen The enlightened is not only "another technology". It is computer- to use beginning going to play an important role in multimedia products. People who Computer- century. 21st the create in various fields already use multimedia is added to the many it new instrument, is and this other media interacting with human more become to expected perception. It is very important to widespread in the future. open a discussion and define new terms so as to avoid confusion. This Today educational programs will enable educators, hi-tech and displaying various subjects through communication media professionals computer-multimedia are available and the general public as well, to (Botto, 1992). Many children around the world use these computer- attain a more accurate the multimedia programs within understanding of the multimedia framework of nursery-schools or at phenomenon occurring today. home, in order to learn how to read. Since the beginning of 1993, more than half of the nursery-schools in lsre.el have computers. can you Furthermore, purchase software programs and computer- own your produce multimedia in home and institutional environments. Computer and hi- tech companies are the reason for _this advancement. High priority is 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY Botto, F. (1992). Multimedia, CD- (1993). The Art and Search, P. ROM Compact Disk: A Guide for Science of Hypermedia. In R.A. users and developers. Sigma Baca, J.C. D. Braden, Press, Wilmslow; England. & Science Art, Beauchamp. Selected Literacy. Visual (1990). A Visu-ti Dana, A. S. Readings from the 24th Annual Experience with Hyper Media /V the Learning Toor. D. G. In Conference of the International C. Baca, R.A. Beauchamp, J. Visual Literacy Association. Braden (Eds.), Investigating Visual Literacy. Selected Silverstein, 0., Tamir, P. (1991). The Readings from the 22nd Annual of Biological Perception Conference of the International Through Story Concepts Visual Literacy Association. Animated Movies. In J.C. Baca, D.G. Beauchamp, R.A. Braden Lockard, Computer- (1990). Y. (Eds.), Visual Communications: Based Multimedia: A New User's Across Countries. Bridging View of IBM's "Audio Visual Selected Readings from the 23rd Connection". In D.G. of Conference Annual the C. Baca, R.A. Beauchamp, J. International Visual Literary Braden (Eds.), Investigating Association. Visual Literacy. Selected Readings from the 22nd Annual Conference of the International Visual Literacy Association. Peterson, A. Y. (1993). Multimedia Science Education, Visual Literacy and the Structure cf R.A. Braden, J.C. Intellect. In Baca, Beauchamp. D. Art, Science & Visual Literacy. Selected Readings from the 24th Annual Conference of the International Visual Literacy Association. Renzer, (1990). M. Visualizing Cognitive Processes in Hypermedia Systems. In D. G. C. Baca, R.A. Beauchamp, J. Bradcn (Eds.), Investigating Visual Literacy. Selected Readings from the 22nd Annual Conference of the International Visual Literacy Association. 7