Ergonomics : Foundational Principles, Applications, and Technologies PDF
Preview Ergonomics : Foundational Principles, Applications, and Technologies
Ergonomics and Human Factors M c C a ERGONOMICS u l e y B u Foundational Principles, s h Applications, and Technologies FE o uR n A complete introduction to the field, Ergonomics: Foundational Principles, d G Applications, and Technologies discusses scientific principles, research, a t applications, and emerging trends in technology. The text covers basic ergonomic i oO principles from research and application perspectives. It includes hands-on n laboratory activities to complement classroom instruction and cases studies that a lN demonstrate application of ergonomic knowledge. Using an approach that P highlights the physical over the cognitive, the author focuses less on kinesiology r iO principles and more on applied kinesiology in ergonomics. n c i • Provides a basic explanation of the systems of the body to establish a pM foundation for understanding and consistently applying ergonomic le principles s ,I • Covers the human senses and the sensory process for each, including AC tools and techniques for assessing sensory impact p pS • Explains the functionality, relationship, and elements of the integrated l i roles of the muscular system and nervous system c a • Introduces the study of anthropometrics and the principles that can t i be used to support anthropometric design, including data collection, o n calculation of statistics, and identification of appropriate data sources s • Examines the basic ergonomic principles of work place design and , a evaluation of hand tools n • Discusses the origin, nature, and impact of work-related musculoskeletal d disorders (WMSDs) in the global community T e • Includes coverage of the concepts of information processing, c measurement of mental workload, and an introduction to ergonomic h design of controls and displays n o The text builds the foundation students and professionals need to understand l o and improve the environments, equipment, and systems with which humans g interact in the workplace, recreational environment, and home. i e s K10245 ISBN: 978-1-4398-0445-2 90000 9 781439 804452 K10245_COVER_final.indd 1 11/10/11 8:50 AM ERGONOMICS Foundational Principles, Applications, and Technologies Ergonomics Design and Management: Theory and Applications Series Editor Waldemar Karwowski Industrial Engineering and Management Systems University of Central Florida (UCF) – Orlando, Florida Published Titles Ergonomics: Foundational Principles, Applications, and Technologies Pamela McCauley Bush Aircraft Interior Comfort and Design Peter Vink and Klaus Brauer Ergonomics and Psychology: Developments in Theory and Practice Olexiy Ya Chebykin, Gregory Z. Bedny, and Waldemar Karwowski Ergonomics in Developing Regions: Needs and Applications Patricia A. Scott Handbook of Human Factors in Consumer Product Design, 2 vol. set Waldemar Karwowski, Marcelo M. Soares, and Neville A. Stanton Volume I: Methods and Techniques Volume II: Uses and Applications Human–Computer Interaction and Operators’ Performance: Optimizing Work Design with Activity Theory Gregory Z. Bedny and Waldemar Karwowski Trust Management in Virtual Organizations: A Human Factors Perspective Wiesław M. Grudzewski, Irena K. Hejduk, Anna Sankowska, and Monika Wan´tuchowicz Forthcoming Titles Knowledge Service Engineering Handbook Jussi Kantola and Waldemar Karwowski Manual Lifting: A Guide to the Study of Simple and Complex Lifting Tasks Daniela Colombiani, Enrico Ochipinti, Enrique Alvarez-Casado, and Thomas R. Waters Neuroadaptive Systems: Theory and Applications Magalena Fafrowicz, Tadeusz Marek, Waldemar Karwowski, and Dylan Schmorrow Organizational Resource Management: Theories, Methodologies, and Applications Jussi Kantola ERGONOMICS Foundational Principles, Applications, and Technologies Pamela McCauley Bush, PhD,CPE CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20111026 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-9783-6 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com This book is dedicated to my parents, Maurice Sr. and LaFrance McCauley. Daddy, thank you for making me take Algebra in the 7th grade, which began my love for math, science, and ultimately engineering. Mom, thanks for your eternal faith in me, constant encouragement, and steadfast optimism. Contents Preface....................................................................................................................xvii Acknowledgments....................................................................................................xix Author......................................................................................................................xxi Chapter 1 Foundational.Ergonomics.....................................................................1 1.1. Learning.Goals...........................................................................1 1.2. Key.Topics..................................................................................1 1.3. Introduction.and.Background.....................................................1 1.4. Ergonomics.Defined...................................................................2 1.4.1. Human.Factors.and.Ergonomics.Society......................2 1.4.2. Dictionary.of.Human.Factors.and.Ergonomics.............2 1.4.3. National.Aeronautics.and.Space.Administration..........3 1.4.4. CETENA.(The.Italian.Ship.Research.Company).........3 1.4.5. Ergonomics.and.Safety..................................................3 1.4.6. Ergonomics.Domains....................................................3 1.4.7. Interdisciplinary.Nature.of.Ergonomics........................4 1.4.8. Classification.of.Ergonomic.Problems..........................5 1.4.9. History.of.the.Field.......................................................7 1.4.10. Federal.Agencies.and.Ergonomics................................8 1.4.11. Ergonomics.and.Human.Factors.Professional. Organizations..............................................................10 1.4.12. Legislative.and.Regulatory.Issues.Impacting. Ergonomics..................................................................11 1.4.12.1. OSHA..........................................................12 1.4.12.2. OSHA.Standards.........................................13 1.4.12.3. National.Institute.for.Occupational. Safety.and.Health.(NIOSH).........................13 1.4.12.4. Mine.Safety.and.Health.Administration.....15 1.4.12.5. Nuclear.Regulatory.Commission.................15 1.4.12.6. Department.of.Defense.Military. Standard.(MIL-STD).1472,.1999.(F)..........16 1.4.12.7. ISO9000.Series............................................16 1.4.13. Human-Centered.and.Human-Integrated.Design.......17 1.4.14. Cost.Justification.for.Ergonomic.Program..................18 1.4.15. Role.of.the.Ergonomist................................................20 1.5. Summary..................................................................................21 Exercises..............................................................................................24 References...........................................................................................25 Listing.of.Ergonomic.Resources.........................................................26 vii viii Contents Ergonomics.and.Related.Associations................................................26 Additional.Societies.and.Professional.Organizations.........................28 Government.Organizations.................................................................28 Standards.............................................................................................29 Chapter 2 Systems.of.the.Human.Body...............................................................31 2.1. Learning.Goals.........................................................................31 2.2. Key.Topics................................................................................31 2.3. Introduction.and.Background...................................................31 2.4. Systems.of.the.Body.................................................................32 2.4.1. Circulatory.System......................................................32 2.4.1.1. Heart............................................................32 2.4.1.2. Arteries........................................................33 2.4.1.3. Arterioles.....................................................33 2.4.1.4. Capillaries....................................................34 2.4.1.5. Veins............................................................34 2.4.2. Respiratory.System.....................................................36 2.4.3. Skeletal.System...........................................................37 2.4.3.1. Function.of.the.Bones..................................39 2.4.3.2. Bone.Failure.................................................41 2.4.3.3. Vertebral.Column........................................42 2.4.3.4. Connective.Tissue........................................43 2.4.3.5. Joints............................................................44 2.4.4. Muscular.System.........................................................47 2.4.4.1. Skeletal.Muscle............................................47 2.4.4.2. Cardiac.Muscle............................................47 2.4.4.3. Smooth.Muscle............................................47 2.4.5. Nervous.System...........................................................48 2.4.5.1. Central.Nervous.System..............................48 2.4.5.2. Peripheral.Nervous.System..........................48 2.4.6. Integumentary.(Skin).System......................................51 2.4.6.1. Skin..............................................................51 2.4.6.2. Hair.and.Nails..............................................51 2.4.6.3. Glands..........................................................51 2.5. Summary..................................................................................51 Exercises..............................................................................................54 References...........................................................................................55 Chapter 3 Senses.of.the.Human.Body.and.Measurement. of.Environmental.Factors....................................................................57 3.1. Learning.Goals.........................................................................57 3.2. Key.Topics................................................................................57 3.3. Introduction.and.Background...................................................57
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