Contents Go to page: Front Matter Preface Acknowledgments Table of Cases Table of Statutes Table of Statutory Instruments Table of International Legislation Part I Introduction to Equity and Trusts 1. Introduction to Equity 2. Introduction to Trusts Part II Express Private Trusts Part III Purpose Trusts 5. Charitable Purpose Trusts 6. NonCharitable Purpose Trusts Part IV NonExpress Trusts 7. Constructive Trusts 8. Resulting Trusts 9. Informal Arrangements Relating to Property Part V Beneficiaries 10. Beneficiaries Part VI Trustees 11. General Principles Relating to Trustees 12. The Administration of Trusts 13. Dispositive Powers and Duties 14. Fiduciary Obligations Part VII Variation 15. Variation of Trusts Part VIII Breach 16. Liability for Breach 17. Personal Claims and Remedies 18. Proprietary Claims and Remedies 19. Third Party Liability Part IX Orders 20. Equitable Orders End Matter Index Preface This book has emerged, like a butterfly from a chrysalis, from Maudsley and Burn’s Trusts and Trustees: Cases and Materials, the seventh edition of which was published in 2008. The aim of the book continues the tradition set by Maudsley and Burn: extracts from key cases, articles, and other materials are pieced together to provide the reader with a clear understanding of a complex body of law. But whereas the previous work contained only cases and materials with some commentary, this new book includes a significant amount of our own text. We have sought to explain, analyse, and criticize the law by weaving extracts from relevant cases and materials into the text, presenting an accessible and coherent account of Equity and trusts. The trust is at the heart of the book, and is the most significant contribution of Equity to the law. But other aspects of Equity’s contribution, including breach of fiduciary duty and equitable orders, are also covered. Equity and trusts is a body of law that is traditionally considered to be difficult to understand. This is partly because it is sometimes, unfairly, considered to be a subject that is oldfashioned and not relevant today. It is true that much of the law derives from old cases, but its modern significance cannot be doubted. The contemporary and commercial importance of the subject is reflected in the wide variety of new cases, statutes, and law reform proposals that we have been able to include in this new edition. At the time of writing, the Supreme Court is due to hear Pitt v Holt1 in Spring 2013, and has also granted permission to appeal in Williams v Central Bank of Nigeria.2 These decisions and other future developments will be covered in the online resource centre, where further commentary can also be found. At the end of each chapter we have included a hypothetical question to encourage the reader to think about the application of the law that has been considered earlier in the chapter and in the book. Guidance is given in the online resource centre as to the issues raised in these questions and the cases and materials that might be used in an answer. Consistent with the goals of the Text, Cases, and Materials series, this book can be used as a freestanding book in its own right. But it also complements a ‘traditional’ textbook that Graham Virgo has recently written for OUP, The Principles of Equity and Trusts. Both books adopt broadly the same structure, although sometimes different perspectives are adopted and different material considered. Although we have each taken primary responsibility for the preparation of particular chapters, we share joint responsibility for the book as a whole. We are both delighted that Edward Burn, who celebrated his 90th birthday in November 2012, has remained involved with the book in his capacity as consultant editor, and would also like to thank Marilyn KennedyMcGregor, his wife, for her encouragement. We have appreciated the assistance of the publishers, who have compiled the Table of Cases, Statutes and Statutory Instruments, and the Index. We have greatly benefited from the advice and feedback of our students, particularly William Day and James Goodwin. Graham Virgo would like to thank Cally, Elizabeth, and Jonathan for their support and encouragement, and Paul Davies is similarly grateful to his family, particularly Marine, who has continued to support the writing of this book amidst the chaos of organizing their move from Cambridge to Oxford. (p. vi) This edition purports to state the law as it was on 31 October 2012, but it has been possible to incorporate some more recent developments where space has permitted. Paul S. Davies St Catherine’s College Oxford Graham Virgo Downing College Cambridge 28 January 2013 Notes: 1. On appeal from the decision of the Court of Appeal: [2011] EWCA Civ 197; [2012] Ch 132. See Chapter 11.7(g), pp. 559–65. 2. [2012] EWCA Civ 415; [2012] 3 WLR 1501. See Chapter 16.9(b), pp. 765–6. Acknowledgments Grateful acknowledgement is made to all the authors and publishers of copyright material which appears in this book, and in particular to the following for permission to reprint material from the sources indicated:Extracts from Law Commission and Charity Commission Reports, Consultation Papers, and Discussion Papers are Crown copyright material and are reproduced under Class Licence Number C2006010631 with the permission of the Controller of OPSI and the Queen’s Printer for Scotland Bloomsbury Professional: extract from Trust Law International (TLI): Edelman and Elliott, Money Remedies against Trustees (2004) 18 TLI 116; Lord BrowneWilkinson,Equity and its Relevance to Superannuation Schemes Today (1992) 62 TLI 119; Vinelott J, Re Beatty’s WT (No. 2) (1997) 11 TLI 77; Judge Paul Baker QC, Anker Petersen v AnkerPetersen (1998) 12 TLI 166. Cambridge University Press via the authors: extracts from The Cambridge Law Journal: Lord Neuberger, The Stuffing of Minerva’s Owl? Taxonomy and Taxidermy in equity(2009) 68 CLJ 537–549; Etherton, Constructive Trusts: A New Model for Equity and Unjust Enrichment (2009) 67 CLJ 265–287; Nolan, Vandervell v IRC: A Case of Overreaching (2002) 61 CLJ 169–188; Thornton Ethical Investments: A Case of Disjointed Thinking (2009) 67 CLJ 396–422. Columbia Law Review Association Inc.: extract from Fuller, Consideration and Form, 41 Columbia Law Review 799 (1941) reproduced with permission of Columbia Law Review Association, Inc.; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. Hart Publishing: extracts from Birks and Pretto, Breach of Trust; Conaglen, Fiduciary Loyalty; Cornish, Nolan, O’Sullivan, and Virgo, Restitution: Past Present and Future; Gardner, Reliancebased Constructive Trusts in Mitchell (ed.) Constructive and Resulting Trusts; Garton, National AntiVivisection Society v IRC in Mitchell and Mitchell (eds.) Landmark Cases in Equity; Mitchell, Constructive and Resulting Trusts; Swadling, The Quistclose Trust. Harvard Law Review Publishing Association: extract from Scott, Conveyances upon Trusts Not Properly Declared 37 Harvard L. Rev. 653 (1924) republished with permission of Harvard Law Review Publishing Association; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. Hebrew University of Jerusalem: extract from Goldstein, Equity: Contemporary Legal Developments. Informa UK Ltd: extracts from Lloyd’s Maritime and Commercial Law Quarterly: Goode, Are Intangible Assets Fungible? [2003] LMCLQ 379; and from Lloyd’s Law Reports:Mareva Compania Naviera SA v International Bulkcarriers SA [1975] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 509. Also extracts from Birks and Rose (eds.) Restitution and Equity Volume 1: Resulting Trusts and Equitable Compensation. Legalease Ltd: extracts from Wills and Trusts Law Reports (WTLR): Nestlé v National Westminster Bank plc. [2000] WTLR 795; Richard v The Hon A. B. Mackay [2008] WTLR 1667; Kasperbauer v Griffith [2000] 1 WTLR 333; Lohia v Lohia [2001] WTLR 101. LexisNexis Australia: extracts from Australian Law Reports: Queensland Mines v Hudson (1978) 18 ALR 1. Also via the authors, extracts from the Journal of Equity: McFarlane and Stevens, The nature of equitable property (2010) 4 JoE 1; Edelman, Money Awards of the Cost of Performance (2010) 4 JoE 122; (p. xiv) Conaglen,Explaining Target Holdings v Redferns (2010) 4 JoE 288; and S. Hiebendaal, The Recipient Has No Clothes: Conscience, Conduits and Knowing Receipt (2011) 5 JoE 43. Marenex Press: extracts from Restitution Law Review: Lord Millett, Bribes and S0et Commission [1993] RLR 7; Sheehan, Disentangling Equitable Personal Remedies for Receipt and Assistance [2008] RLR 41. Ottawa Law Review: extracts from Battersby, Some Thoughts on the Statute of Frauds (1975) 7 Ottawa LR 483. Oxford University Press: extract from Matthews, The New Trust: Obligation Without Rights? in Oakley (ed.) Trends in Contemporary Trust Law. Rating Publishers Ltd: extracts from Rating and Valuation Reporter (RVR): R v District Auditor, ex parte West Yorkshire Metropolitan County Council [1986] RVR 24. Reed Elsevier (UK) Limited trading as LexisNexis: extracts from law reports including All England Law Reports (All ER), Butterworths Company Law Cases (BCLC),Encyclopaedia of Forms and Precedents (EF&P), New Law Journal (NLJ), and Simon’s Tax Cases (STC). Thomson Reuters: extracts from Australian Law Journal Reports (ALJR); British Company Cases (BCC); Commercial Law Cases (CLC); Conveyancer; Fleet Street Reports(FSR); Law Quarterly Review (LQR); Property and Compensation Reports (P & CR); Property and Compensation Reports Digest (P & CR D); Property, Planning and Compensation Reports (PPC); and Scots Law Times (SLT). Also extracts from Goff and Jones, The Law of Restitution; Hodge, Rectification: The Modern Law and Practice Governing Claims for Rectification for Mistake; Lord Millett, Proprietary Restitution in Degeling and Edelman (eds.) Equity in Commercial Law; Megarry and Wade, The Law of Real Property; and McGhee (ed.), Snell’s Equity. Trust Law Committee: extracts from papers Consultation Paper on Trustee Exemption Clauses and Rights of Creditors against Trustees and Trust Funds. University of Western Australia: extracts from The University of Western Australia Law Review (UWALR): Tarant, Property Rights to Stolen Money (2005) 32 UWALR 234. Yale Law Journal Company Inc.: extracts from Langbein, Questioning the Trust Law Duty of Loyalty: Sole Interest or Best Interest? 114 Yale L J 929 and Langbein, The Contractarian Basis of the Law of Trusts 105 Yale LJ 625: Copyright 2005 by Yale Law Journal Company, Inc. Reproduced with permission of Yale Law Journal Company, Inc. in the format ‘republish in a textbook’ via Copyright Clearance Center. Every effort has been made to trace and contact copyright holders prior to going to press but this has not been possible in every case. If notified, the publisher will undertake to rectify any errors or omissions at the earliest opportunity. Table of Cases Page references in bold type indicate where a case is set out in part or full. A v A (St George Trustees Ltd) Intervening [2007] EWHC 99 (Fam) 70–2 A v C (No. 2) [1981] QB 961n 946 AG for Hong Kong v Reid [1994] 1 AC 324, [1994] 1 All ER 1, [1993] 3 WLR 1143, [1993] NLJR 1569, 137 Sol Jo LB 251, PC 19, 347, 686, 689–92, 695, 696 AG for the Dominion of Canada v Ritchie Contracting and Supply Co. Ltd [1919] AC 999 927 AG of the Bahamas v Royal Trust Co. [1986] 3 All ER 423, [1986] 1 WLR 1001, 130 Sol Jo 526, [1986] LS Gaz R 2487, PC 252 AG of the Cayman Islands v WahrHansen [2001] 1 AC 75, [2000] 3 All ER 642, [2000] 3 WLR 869, PC 252 AG v Alford (1855) 4 De GM & G 843, 3 Eq Rep 952, 1 Jur NS 361, 102 RR 406, 3 WR 200, 24 LTOS 265 804, 805 AG v Blake (Jonathan Cape Ltd third party) [1997] Ch 84, [1996] 3 All ER 903, [1996] 3 WLR 741, [1996] FSR 727, [1996] EMLR 382, revsd [1998] Ch 439, [1998] 1 All ER 833, [1998] 2 WLR 805, [1998] NLJR 15, [1998] EMLR 309, sub nom. AG v Blake [1998] 04 LS Gaz R 33, 142 Sol Jo LB 35, CA; affd sub nom.AG v Blake (Jonathan Cape Ltd third party) [2001] 1 AC 268, [2000] 4 All ER 385, [2000] 3 WLR 625, [2000] NLJR 1230, [2000] EMLR 949, [2000] 2 All ER (Comm) 487, sub nom.AG v Blake [2001] IRLR 36, [2000] 32 LS Gaz R 37, 144 Sol Jo LB 242, HL 9, 649 AG v Cocke [1988] Ch 414, [1988] 2 All ER 391, [1988] 2 WLR 542, 132 Sol Jo 418 761, 768 AG v Ross [1985] 3 All ER 334, [1986] 1 WLR 252, 130 Sol Jo 184, [1985] LS Gaz R 869 254 AG v The Cordwainers’ Co. (1833) 3 My & K 534 46 A Roberts & Co. Ltd v Leicestershire CC [1961] Ch 555 960 Abacus Trust Co. (Isle of Man) Ltd v National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children [2001] STC 1344, [2001] 35 LS Gaz R 37 564 Abbott Fund Trusts, Re, Smith v Abbott [1900] 2 Ch 326, 69 LJ Ch 539, 48 WR 451 391 Abbott v Abbott [2007] UKPC 53 425, 426, 436, 437, 446 Aberdeen Rly Co. v Blaikie Bros (1854) 2 Eq Rep 1281, [1843–60] All ER Rep 249, 23 LTOS 315, 1 Macq 461, HL 654 Abergavenney’s (Marquess) Estate Act Trusts, Re, Marquess of Abergavenny v Ram [1981] 2 All ER 643, [1981] 1 WLR 843, 125 Sol Jo 291 634 AbouRahmah v Abacha [2006] EWCA Civ 1492, [2007] 1 All ER 827 867, 893, 895, 896, 902, 912, 913 Abrahams v Abrahams’ Trustee in Bankruptcy [1999] 31 LS Gaz R 38, [1999] BPIR 637 359, 362 A’Court v Cross (1825) 3 Bing 329 759 Adam & Co. International Trustees Ltd v Theodore Goddard [2000] 13 LS Gaz R 44, 144 Sol Jo LB 150, [2000] WTLR 349 526 Adams and Kensington Vestry, Re (1884) 27 Ch D 394, 54 LJ Ch 87, 32 WR 883, 51 LT 382, CA 68 Addis v Gramophone Co. Ltd [1909] AC 488 807 Adekunle v Ritchie [2007] WTLR 1505 442 Affréteurs Réunis SA v Leopold Walford (London) Ltd [1919] AC 801, 88 LJKB 861, 14 Asp MLC 451, 24 Com Cas 268, 121 LT 393, 35 TLR 542, HL 167 Agip (Africa) Ltd v Jackson [1990] Ch 265, [1992] 4 All ER 385, [1989] 3 WLR 1367, [1990] BCC 899, 134 Sol Jo 198, [1990] 2 LS Gaz R 34; affd [1991] Ch 547, [1992] 4 All ER 451, [1991] 3 WLR 116, 135 Sol Jo 117, CA 827, 828, 829, 833, 882, 890, 904–6 Agip SpA v Navgazione Alta Italia SpA [1984] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 353 960 Agricultural Mortgage Corpn plc v Woodward (1994) 70 P & CR 53, [1996] 2 FCR 796, [1996] 1 FLR 226, [1996] Fam Law 149, [1995] 1 BCLC 1, [1994] BCC 688, [1995] 1 EGLR 1, [1995] 04 EG 143, CA 73 Aid/Watch Incorporated v Commissioner of Taxation [2010] HCA 42 200 Air Jamaica Ltd v Charlton [1999] 1 WLR 1399, 143 Sol Jo LB 158, PC 34, 35, 312, 321, 377, 388, 389, 401 AITC Foundation’s Application for Registration as a Charity [2005] WTLR 1265 201 A.J. Bekhor & Co. v Bilton [1981] QB 923 946, 951 Ali and Fahd Shobokshi Group Ltd v Moneim [1989] 1 WLR 710 945 Allcard v Skinner (1887) 36 Ch D 145, 56 LJ Ch 1052, 36 WR 251, [1886–90] All ER Rep 90, 57 LT 61, 3 TLR 751, CA 14 AllenMeyrick’s Will Trusts, Re, Mangnall v AllenMeyrick [1966] 1 All ER 740, [1966] 1 WLR 499, 109 Sol Jo 957 548, 617 Allen, Re, Faith v Allen [1953] Ch 810, [1953] 2 All ER 898, [1953] 3 WLR 637, 97 Sol Jo 606, CA 91 Allen v Distillers Co. (Biochemicals) Ltd [1974] QB 384, [1974] 2 All ER 365, [1974] 2 WLR 481, 118 Sol Jo 242 827, 843 Allen v Jambo Holdings Ltd [1980] 1 WLR 1252 941 Allsop, Re [1968] Ch 39 107 Alsop Wilkinson (a firm) v Neary [1955] 1 All ER 431, [1996] 1 WLR 1220, [1995] NLJR 52n 538, 540–1, 608 American Cyanamid Co. v Ethicon Ltd [1975] AC 396 936, 937, 938, 939, 940, 944, 945 (p. xvi) Ames’ Settlement, Re, Dinwiddy v Ames [1946] Ch 217, [1946] 1 All ER 689, 115 LJ Ch 344, 90 Sol Jo 188, 175 LT 222, 62 TLR 300 377 Anfield (UK) Ltd v Bank of Scotland plc [2010] EWHC 2374 (Ch), [2011] 1 WLR 2414 863 AnkerPetersen v AnkerPetersen [1990], reported [1998] 12 TLI 170 705–6 Anson v Potter (1879) 13 Ch D 141, 41 LT 582 503 Anstis, Re, Chetwynd v Morgan (1886) 31 Ch D 596, 34 WR 483, 54 LT 742, 2 TLR 335, CA 18 Anton Piller KG v Manufacturing Process Ltd [1976] Ch 55 953, 954 Antoni v Antoni [2007] UKPC 10; [2007] WTLR 1335 363 Aquaculture Corpn v New Zealand Green Mussels Ltd [1990] 3 NZLR 299 807 Araci v Fallon [2011] EWCA Civ 668 932 Argyll (Duchess) v Argyll (Duke) 1967] Ch 302 17 Armitage v Nurse [1998] Ch 241, [1997] 2 All ER 705, [1997] 3 WLR 1046, [1997] PLR 51, 74 P & CR D13, CA 469, 470, 512, 553, 556, 725–7, 730–5, 738, 739, 741,761 ARMS (Multiple Sclerosis Research) Ltd, Re, Alleyne v AG [1997] 2 All ER 679, [1997] 1 WLR 877, [1997] 1 BCLC 157 259 Armstrong v Sheppard & Short Ltd (1959) 2 QB 384 18, 926 Armstrong DLW GmbH v Winnington Networks Ltd [2012] EWHC 10 (Ch); [2012] 3 WLR 835 817, 869, 912, 913 Armstrong GmbH v Winnington Networks Ltd [2012] EWHC 10 (Ch), [2012] 3 WLR 835 328 Arthur v Attorney General of the Turks and Caicos Islands [2012] UKPC 30 877, 907, 912 Ashburn Anstalt v Arnold [1989] Ch 1, [1988] 2 All ER 147, [1988] 2 WLR 706, 55 P & CR 137, 132 Sol Jo 416, [1987] 2 EGLR 71, [1988] 16 LS Gaz R 43, 284 Estates Gazette 1375, CA 333, 334 Astor’s Settlement Trusts, Re, Astor v Scholfield [1952] Ch 534, [1952] 1 All ER 1067, 96 Sol Jo 246, [1952] 1 TLR 1003 279, 280, 282, 285 AT & T Istel Ltd v Tully [1993] AC 15 956 Atkinson’s Will Trusts, Re, Atkinson v Hall [1978] 1 All ER 1275, [1978] 1 WLR 586, 122 Sol Jo 148… 252 Attenborough (George) & Son v Solomon (1913) AC 76, 82 LJ Ch 178, [1911–13] All ER Rep 155, 57 Sol Jo 76, 107 LT 833, 29 TLR 79, HL 48 AttorneyGeneral v Charity Commission for England and Wales, 20 February 2012, FTC/84/2011 206 AttorneyGeneral v Colney Hatch Lunatic Asylum (1868) 4 Ch App 146 926 AttorneyGeneral of Zambia v Meer Care & Desai [2007] EWHC 952 (Ch) 905 BA Peters Ltd, Re [2008] EWCA Civ 1604, [2010] 1 BCLC 142 844 Babanaft International Co. SA v Bassatne [1990] Ch 13 942 Baddeley v IRC [1953] Ch 504, [1953] 2 All ER 233, [1953] 3 WLR 135, 31 ATC 524, 46 R & IT 44, [1953] TR 485, 97 Sol Jo 436, CA; revsd sub nom. IRC v Baddeley [1955] AC 572, [1955] 1 All ER 525, [1955] 2 WLR 661, 34 ATC 22, 48 R & IT 157, 99 Sol Jo 166, HL 238 Baden v Société Générale pour Favoriser le Développement du Commerce et de l’Industrie en France SA [1992] 4 All ER 161, [1983] BCLC 325, [1993] 1 WLR 509n; affd [1992] 4 All ER 279n, [1985] BCLC 258n, CA 876, 882 Baden’s Deed Trusts (No. 2), Re [1972] Ch 607, [1971] 3 All ER 985, [1971] 3 WLR 475, 115 Sol Jo 488; affd [1973] Ch 9, [1972] 2 All ER 1304, [1972] 3 WLR 250, 116 Sol Jo 356, CA 94–7, 104, 106, 612 Baden’s Deed Trusts, Re, Baden v Smith [1967] 3 All ER 159, [1967] 1 WLR 1467, 111 Sol Jo 773; affd [1969] 2 Ch 388, [1969] 1 All ER 1016, [1969] 3 WLR 12, 113 Sol Jo 149, CA; revsd sub nom. McPhail v Doulton [1971] AC 424, [1970] 2 All ER 228, [1970] 2 WLR 1110, 114 Sol Jo 375, HL 20, 21, 53, 66, 91– 4, 97, 98, 102, 105,478, 611, 613, 615 Bahin v Hughes (1886) 31 Ch D 390, 55 LJ 472, 34 WR 311, 54 LT 188, 2 TLR 276, CA 753, 756 Baillie, Re, Fitzgerald v Noad (1886) 2 TLR 660 131, 337 Bainbridge v Firmstone (1838) 8 A&E 743 660 Baird v Baird [1990] 2 AC 548, [1990] 2 All ER 300, [1990] 2 WLR 1412, [1990] ICR 525, [1991] Fam Law 96, 134 Sol Jo 725, [1990] 23 LS Gaz R 28, PC 488 Bairstow v Queen’s Moat Houses plc [2001] 2 BCLC 531 802 Baker v ArcherShee [1927] AC 844 38 Baker v JE Clark and Co. [2006] EWCA Civ 464 738 Baker (GL) Ltd v Medway Building and Supplies Ltd [1958] 3 All ER 540, [1958] 1 WLR 1216, 102 Sol Jo 877, CA 914 Baldry v Feintuck [1972] 2 All ER 81, [1972] 1 WLR 552, 115 Sol Jo 965 222 Ball’s Settlement, Re [1968] 2 All ER 438, [1968] 1 WLR 899, 112 Sol Jo 445 708–9 Balls v Strutt (1841) 1 Hare 146 558 Baltic Shipping Co. v Translink Shipping Ltd [1995] 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 673 948 Bank of America v Arnell [1999] Lloyd’s Rep Bank 399 828, 911 Bank of Credit and Commerce International (Overseas) Ltd v Akindele [2001] Ch 437, [2000] 4 All ER 221, [2000] 3 WLR 1423, [2000] 26 LS Gaz R 36, [2000] NLJR 950, [2000] All ER (D) 798, CA 880, 908– 11, 912, 917 Bank Mellat v Nikpour [1985] FSR 87 954 Bankers Trust Co. v Shapira [1980] 3 All ER 353, [1980] 1 WLR 1274, 124 Sol Jo 480, CA 951 Banner Homes Group plc v Luff Developments Ltd [2000] Ch 372, [2000] 2 All ER 117, [2000] 2 WLR 772, [2000] 2 BCLC 269, [2000] 06 LS Gaz R 35, [2000] EGCS 15, 144 Sol Jo LB 83, 79 P & CR D29, CA 449, 453 (p. xvii) Bannister v Bannister [1948] 2 All ER 133, [1948] WN 261, 92 Sol Jo 377, CA 121–2, 123 Banque Belge pour L’Etranger v Hambrouck [1921] 1 KB 321, 90 LJKB 322, 26 Com Cas 72, 65 Sol Jo 74, 37 TLR 76, CA 827, 829 Banque Bruxelles Lambert SA v Eagle Star Insurance Co. Ltd [1997] AC 191 796 Banque Financière de la Cité v Parc (Battersea) Ltd [1999] 1 AC 221, [1998] 1 All ER 737, [1998] 2 WLR 475, [1998] 15 LS Gaz R 31, [1998] NLJR 365, [1998] EGCS 36, 142 Sol Jo LB 102, HL 14, 853, 862 Banks v Sutton (1732) 2 P Wms 700 18 Barbados Trust Co. v Bank of Zambia [2007] EWCA Civ 148, [2007] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 495 45, 473 BarclayJohnson v Yuill [1980] 1 WLR 1259 946 Barclays Bank Ltd v W J Simms Son and Cooke (Southern) Ltd [1979] 3 All ER 522 398 Barclays Bank plc v Quistclose Investments Ltd [1970] AC 567 40, 74, 403, 404–6, 407–10, 414–17 Barclays Bank plc v Willowbrook International Ltd [1987] BCLC 717n, [1987] 1 FTLR 386, CA 167 Baring’s Settlement Trusts, Re, Baring Bros & Co. Ltd v Liddell [1940] Ch 737, [1940] 3 All ER 20, 109 LJ Ch 337, 84 Sol Jo 382, 163 LT 403, 56 TLR 777 32 Barker v Peile (1865) 2 Drew & Sm 340, 34 LJ Ch 497, 11 Jur NS 436, 5 New Rep 425, 143 RR 150, 13 WR 573, 12 LT 50 627 Barlow Clowes International Ltd v Eurotrust International Ltd [2005] UKPC 37, [2006] 1 WLR 1476 891, 892, 893, 897, 898 Barlow Clowes International Ltd (in liquidation) v Vaughan [1992] 4 All ER 22, [1992] BCLC 910, CA 839–42 Barlow’s Will Trusts, Re [1979] 1 All ER 296, [1979] 1 WLR 278, 122 Sol Jo 646 88–90, 97 Barnes v Addy (1874) 9 Ch App 244, 43 LJ Ch 513, 22 WR 505, 30 LT 4 875, 876, 878, 879, 880 Barnes v Tomlinson [2006] EWHC 3115, [2007] WTLR 377 557 Barney, Re, Barney v Barney [1892] 2 Ch 265, 61 LJ Ch 585, 40 WR 637, 67 LT 23 332, 512, 518 Barralet v AG [1980] 3 All ER 918, sub nom. Re South Place Ethical Society, Barralet v AG [1980] 1 WLR 1565, 54 TC 446, [1980] TR 217, 124 Sol Jo 744 209, 223 Barrett v Barrett [2008] EWHC 1061 (Ch), [2008] 2 P & CR 17 374 Bartlett v Barclays Bank Trust Co. Ltd [1980] Ch 515, [1980] 1 All ER 139, [1980] 2 WLR 430, 124 Sol Jo 85 569, 588, 803
Description: