Equality: The Legal Framework

280 Pages·2014·1.155 MB·English

by  Bob Hepple

Preface to the Second Edition
This second edition, within four years of the fi rst, has been necessitated by
changes made to the Equality Act under the Conservative-Liberal Democrat
Coalition Government since 2010, including the reduction in the powers of
the Equality and Human Rights Commission, and the making of regulations
under various provisions of the Equality Act 2010. There are commentaries
on the effect on law enforcement of the drastic reduction in the budget and
staffi ng of the Commission, and the imposition in 2013 of tribunal fees.
Several important decisions by the Supreme Court and European Court of
Human Rights since 2010 which clarify and, in a few cases, confuse equality
law, are discussed. I am encouraged by the citation of the fi rst edition of
this book in some of these judgments.
As far as possible the law is stated as at 30 June 2014. The Deregulation
Bill was carried over from the 2013–14 parliamentary session to 2014–15
and is likely to become law in the near future. Unless otherwise stated, the
book has been written as if all parts of the legislation, as amended, are
in force, but the reader needs to check whether any particular sections are
operative. The basic structure of the book remains unchanged, but there
are new sections on developments since 2010, including caste discrimination
and intersectional or multiple discrimination, and an expanded section on
the public sector equality duty.
I am grateful to all those who have spared the time to provide me with
information, and to Joshua Hepple for his effi cient research assistance. As
always, I have had the inspiration and encouragement of my wife, Mary
Coussey, and the benefi t of her enormous knowledge and experience of
equal opportunities.
EXTRACT FROM PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION (2011)
Equality law is a socially important and intellectually challenging subject. It
is important because it seeks to use law as a means of changing entrenched
attitudes, behaviour and institutions in order to secure the fundamental
human right to equality. The subject is a challenging one because it involves
the construction and development of novel legal concepts and procedures.
It is necessary to understand these concepts and the technical structure of
the law in order to appreciate their social signifi cance and to use them effec-
tively in the struggles for equal rights. One cannot simply skirt around the
hard professional core of the law and procedure. But equality law is not an
v
vi Preface to the Second Edition
intellectual game played in court by clever barristers or in universities by
philosophers and academic lawyers. It is shaped by and has a vital impact
on people in their everyday lives. One has to understand the historical and
social contexts and the values on which the law is based.
I have written this book for anyone who wants to understand the Equality
Act 2010 in those contexts. This is not a legal practitioners’ textbook, but
I hope it will be read by students of law and social sciences, human rights
activists, lawyers and others who will use and shape the law in future, and
that it will also be comprehensible to the general reader who wants to know
more about the subject. With that in mind I have tried, wherever possible,
to explain the law without digressing into too much technical detail.
The book is dedicated to all those working for equal rights.
List of Abbreviations
ACAS Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service
ADR alternative dispute resolution
BME Black and Minority Ethnic
BSL British Sign Language
CABx Citizens Advice Bureaux
CARD Campaign Against Racial Discrimination
CBI Confederation of British Industry
CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination
Against Women
CEHR Commission for Equality and Human Rights (now EHRC)
CERD Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination
CFA conditional fee agreement
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
CLS Community Legal Service
CMD Case Management Discussion (mediation)
CRC Community Relations Commission
CRE Commission for Racial Equality
CRPWD Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
DBA damages-based agreement
DDA Disability Discrimination Act 1995
DRC Disability Rights Commission
EA Equality Act (note: ‘EA’ refers to the 2010 Act except where
specifi ed, eg EA 2006)
EAT Employment Appeal Tribunal
ECHR European Convention on Human Rights
ECJ Court of Justice of the European Union
ECNI Equality Commission for Northern Ireland
EEC European Economic Community
EHRC Equality and Human Rights Commission
EN Explanatory Notes to the Equality Act 2010 (rev edn August
2010)
EOC Equal Opportunities Commission
EOR Equal Opportunities Review
EqLR Equality Law Reports
ERA Employment Rights Act 1996
vii
viii List of Abbreviations
ERRA Employment and Regulatory Reform Act 2013
ERT Equal Rights Trust
ESC European Social Charter 1961 (rev 1996)
EU European Union
FEC Fair Employment Commission (Northern Ireland)
GAD Government Actuary’s Department
GEO Government Equalities Offi ce
HC House of Commons
HL House of Lords
ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights
ILO International Labour Organization
IRLR Industrial Relations Law Reports
JCHR House of Commons and House of Lords Joint Committee on
Human Rights
NDPB non-departmental government body
OCR Offi ce of the Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew
Congregation of the Commonwealth
ODI Offi ce for Disability Issues
ONS Offi ce for National Statistics
PBC (EB) House of Commons Public Bill Committee (Equality Bill)
PEP Political and Economic Planning
RRA Race Relations Act 1976
RRB Race Relations Board
SDA Sex Discrimination Act 1975
TCNs Third Country Nationals
TFEU Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
TUC Trades Union Congress
UNCRC UN Convention on the Rights of the Child
UNDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Table of Cases
Abbey Life Assurance v Tansell [2000] IRLR 387 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Abrahamsson v Fogelqvist (Case C–407/98) [2000] ECR I–5539, ECJ . . . . . .157, 160
Allen v GMB [2008] IRLR 690, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Allonby v Accrington and Rossendale College (Case C–256/01) [2004] IRLR
224, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107, 124
Amnesty International v Ahmed [2009] IRLR 884, EAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73–74
Application for Judicial Review by the Christian Institute and others [2007]
NIQB 66; [2008] IRLR 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Armstrong v Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Hospital Trust [2006] IRLR 124 . . . . 127–28
Arnold v Beecham Group Ltd [1982] IRLR 307 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Azmi v Kirklees Metropolitan BC [2007] IRLR 484 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Badeck v Hessische Ministerpräsident (Case C–158/97) [2000] ECR I–1875,
ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157
Bahl v Law Society [2004] EWCA Civ 1070; [2004] IRLR 799 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77–78
Barber v Guardian Royal Exchange Assurance Group (Case C–262/88) [1990]
ECR I–1899, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
BBC Scotland v Souster [2001] IRLR 150, CS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Bebb v Law Society [1914] 1 Ch 286, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Bent’s Brewery Co Ltd v Hogan [1945] 1 All ER 570 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Bilka-Kaufhaus v Weber von Hartz (Case 170/84) [1986] IRLR 317, ECJ . . . . . . . 128
Birmingham City Council v Abdullah [2012] EqLR 1147 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Birmingham Schools see R v Birmingham City Council, ex parte EOC
Black v Wilkinson [2013] EWCA Civ 820; [2013] EqLR 894 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Blake v Pashun Care Homes Ltd [2011] EqLR 1293 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Bracking v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions [2013] EWCA Civ 1345;
[2014] EqLR 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170–72
Bressol v Gouvernement de la Commaunté Française (Case C–73/08) [2010] 3
CMLR 559, ECJ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
British Airways plc v Starmer [2005] IRLR 862, EAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
British Coal Corp v Smith [1996] IRLR 404, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
British Gas v Sharma [1991] IRLR 530, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Brown v Board of Education 347 US 483 (1954) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Bull v Hall [2013] UKSC 73; [2014] EqLR 76, SC . . . . . . . . . . 56–57, 64, 66, 72–74
Burton v De Vere Hotels Ltd [1996] IRLR 596, EAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Cadman v HSE [2004] EWCA Civ 1317; [2004] IRLR 971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Canniffe v East Riding of Yorkshire CC [2006] IRLR 555, EAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Chaplain v United Kingdom [2013] EqLR 264, ECtHR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56, 85
Cheshire & Wirral NHS Trust v Abbott [2006] EWCA Civ 523; [2006] IRLR
546, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police v Khan [2001] UKHL 48; [2001] ICR
1065 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Clark v Novacold Ltd [1999] EWCA Civ 1091; [1999] ICR 951 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Clarke v Redcar & Cleveland BC [2006] IRLR 324, EAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
xv
xvi Table of Cases
Coleman v Attridge Law (Case C–303/06) [2008] ECR I–5603; [2008] IRLR
722, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76–77
Coloroll Pension Trustees v Russell (Case C–200/91) [1993] ECR I–4389, ECJ . . . . 70
Commission of the European Communities v United Kingdom (Case 61/81)
[1982] ECR 578, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Commission for Racial Equality v Dutton [1989] IRLR 8, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Coventry City Council v Nicholls [2009] IRLR 345, EAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128, 131
Da’Bell v National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children [2010] IRLR
19, EAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Danfoss (Case 109/89) [1989] IRLR 532, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Dawkins v Department of the Environment [1995] IRLR 284 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Defrenne v Sabena SA (Case 43/75) [1976] ECR 455, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117, 124
Dekker v Stichting Vormingscentrum Voor Jonge Volwassen (VJV Centrum) Plus
(Case C–177/88) [1990] ECR I–3941, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Department for Work and Pensions v Thompson [2004] IRLR 348, EAT . . . . . . . . 59
Dockers’ Labour Club & Institute Ltd v Race Relations Board [1976] AC 285,
HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Ealing LBC v Race Relations Board [1972] AC 342, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Edwards v London Underground (No 2) [1999] ICR 494, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Enderby v Frenchay Health Authority (Case C–127/92) [1993] IRLR 591,
ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128–29
Equal Opportunities Commission v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry
[2007] EWHC 483 (Admin); [2007] IRLR 327 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Equality and Human Rights Commission v Griffi n [2010] EqLR 42, Central
London CC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Eweida v British Airways plc [2010] EWCA Civ 80; [2010] IRLR 322, CA . . . . . . 85
Eweida v United Kingdom [2013] EqLR 264, ECtHR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56, 85
Fuchs and another v Land Hessen (Joined Cases C–159/10 and C–160/10)
[2011] 3 CMLR 1299, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79–80
Gallop v Newport City Council [2013] EWCA Civ 1583; [2014] IRLR 211 . . . . . . 94
Gerogiev v Technicheski Universitet Sofi a (Joined Cases C–250/09 and C–268/09)
[2011] 2 CMLR 178, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Gill v El Vino Co Ltd [1983] QB 425; [1983] IRLR 206, CA . . . . . . . . . .62, 68, 140
Goodwin v United Kingdom (2002) 35 EHRR 447, ECtHR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Grainger plc v Nicholson [2010] IRLR 4, EAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53–54
Grant v South-West Trains Ltd (Case C–249/96) [1998] IRLR 206, ECJ . . . . . . . . . 58
Hall v Bull see Bull v Hall
Harris v Haringey LBC [2010] EWCA Civ 703; [2010] EqLR 98 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Harrods Ltd v Remick [1997] IRLR 583, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Hennigs v Eisenbahn-Bundesamt Land Berlin v Mai (Joined Cases C–297/10 and
C–298/10) [2012] 1 CMLR 18, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(cid:10) 80
Hewage v Grampian Health Board [2012] UKSC 37; [2012] EqLR 884 . . . . . . . . 203
Hillingdon LBC v Commission for Racial Equality [1982] AC 779, HL . . . . .183, 186
HK Danmark, acting on behalf of Ring v Dansk almennyttigh Boligselskab
(Case C–335/11) [2013] EqLR 528, ECJ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Homer v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police [2012] UKSC 15; [2012]
EqLR 594 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79–81, 85, 89, 115
Table of Cases xvii
Hounga v Allen [2012] EWCA Civ 609; [2012] EqLR 679, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Hurley v Mustoe [1981] IRLR 208, EAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Igen Ltd v Wong [2005] EWCA Civ 142; [2005] IRLR 258, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
James v Eastleigh BC [1990] 2 AC 751; [1990] IRLR 288, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71–74
Jessemey v Rowstock Ltd [2014] EWCA Civ 185; [2014] EqLR 930 . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Jewish Free School (JFS) see R (E) v Governing Body of JFS
Johnston v Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary [1987] 1 QB 129 . . . .106
Jones v Tower Boot Co Ltd [1997] IRLR 168, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152–53
Kalanke v Freie Hansestadt Bremen (Case C–450/93) [1993] ECR I–3051, ECJ . . .157
KB v National Health Service Pensions Agency (Case C–117/01) [2004] IRLR
240, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Kenny v Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform (Case C–427/11) [2013]
EqLR 380, ECJ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
King v Great Britain China Centre [1991] IRLR 513 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198, 203
Kirby v Manpower Services Commission [1980] IRLR 229 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Kücükdeveci v Swedex GmBH & Co KG (Case C–555/07) [2011] CMLR 703,
ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Kuddus v Chief Constable of Leicestershire Police [2001] UKHL 29;
[2002] AC 122 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Ladele v United Kingdom [2013] EqLR 264, ECtHR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56, 85, 140
Lana v Positive Action Training in Housing (London) Ltd [2001] IRLR 501,
EAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153
Laskey, Jaggard and Brown v United Kingdom (1997) 24 EHRR 39, ECtHR . . . . . 65
Lawrence v Regent Offi ce Care Ltd (Case C–320/00) [2002] IRLR 822, ECJ . . . . 124
Leverton v Clwyd CC [1980] AC 706; [1989] IRLR 28, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Levez v TH Jennings (Harlow Pools) Ltd (Case C–326/96) [1999] IRLR 36,
ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198
Lewisham LBC v Malcolm [2008] UKHL 45; [2008] IRLR 700 . . . . . . . . . .92–93, 97
Lister v Helsey Hall Ltd [2001] UKHL 22; [2001] IRLR 472 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Lommers v Minister van Landbouw, Natuurbeheer an Visserij (Case C–476/99)
[2002] ECR I–2891; [2002] IRLR 430, ECJ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157, 221
Maccarthys Ltd v Smith [1980] ICR 672 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122, 126
MacFarlane v Relate Avon plc [2010] IRLR 196, EAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Macfarlane v United Kingdom [2013] EqLR 263, ECtHR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
MacLennan v Gypsy Traveller Education and Information Project,
ET (Scotland) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Madrassay v Nomura [2007] EWCA Civ 33; [2007] IRLR 246, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Mandla v Dowell Lee [1983] 2 AC 548, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47–48, 76
Marschall v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen (Case C–405/95) [1997] ECR I–6363,
ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Marshall v Southampton and South West Area Health Authority (No 2) (Case
C–271/91) [1993] ECR I–4367; [1993] IRLR 445 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Mba v Merton LBC [2013] EWCA Civ 1562; [2014] EqLR 51 . . . . . . . . . . . . .56, 85
Ministry of Defence v Cannock [1994] IRLR 509 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Ministry of Defence v De Bique [2010] IRLR 271, EAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Ministry of Defence v Jeremiah [1980] QB 287, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Ministry of Defence v Wheeler [1998] IRLR 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
xviii Table of Cases
Moyhing v Barts & London NHS Trust [2006] IRLR 860, EAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Nagarajan v London Regional Transport [2000] 1 AC 501, HL . . . . . .73–74, 78, 103
National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality v Minister of Justice 1998
(12) BCLR 1517 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Nimz v Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg (Case C–184/89) [1991] IRLR 222,
ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
North v Dumfries and Galloway Council [2013] UKSC 45;
[2013] EqLR 817 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124–25
Northern Joint Police Board v Power [1997] IRLR 610 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
O’Donoghue v Redcar and Cleveland BC [2001] EWCA Civ 701; [2001] IRLR
615, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
O’Flynn v Adjudication Offi cer (Case C–237/94) [1996] ECR I–2617, ECJ . . . . . . 83
O’Leary v Allied Domeq Inns Ltd, July 2000, Central London CC . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
O’Reilly v BBC [2011] EqLR 225 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Ojutiku v Manpower Services Commission [1982] ICR 661 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
P v S and Cornwall CC (Case C–13/94) [1996] IRLR 347, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
P: Unmarried Couple, re [2008] UKHL 38; [2009] 1 AC 173 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Palacios de la Villa v Cortefi eld Servicios SA (Case C–411/05) [2009] ICR 111,
ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79, 114
Panesar v Nestle Co Ltd [1980] ICR 144, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Pearce v Governing Body of Mayfi eld Secondary School; Macondald v Ministry
of Defence [2003] UKHL 34; [2003] IRLR 512 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 99, 102
Perera v Civil Service Commission [1983] ICR 428, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Petersen v Berufungsausschuss für Hahnärtze etc (Case C–341/08) [2010] 2
CMLR 830 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Pieretti v Enfi eld LBC [2010] EWCA Civ 1104; [2010] EqLR 312 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Pothecary Witham Weld v Bullimore [2010] IRLR 572, EAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
R (Age Concern England) v Secretary of State for Business, Enterprise and
Regulatory Reform (Case C–388/07) [2009] IRLR 173, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . .81, 114
R (Amicus—MSF section) v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry [2004]
EWHC 860 (Admin); [2004] IRLR 430 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65, 112
R (Baker) v Secretary of State for the Environment [2008] EWCA Civ 141 . . . . . . 170
R (Begum) v Head Teacher and Governors of Denbigh School [2006] UKHL 15;
[2007] 1 AC 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
R (Boyejo) v Barnet LBC [2009] EWHC 3261(Admin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
R (Brown) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions [2008] EWHC 3158
(Admin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
R (E) v Governing Body of JFS [2009] UKSC 15;
[2010] IRLR 136 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48–49, 73–75, 81, 89, 147,
170, 173, 216, 220
R (Eisai) v National Institute for Clinical Excellence [2007] EWHC 1941
(Admin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
R (Elias) v Secretary of State for Defence [2006] EWCA Civ 1293; [2006]
IRLR 934 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49, 81, 88–89, 170, 173, 216
R (European Roma Rights Centre) v Immigration Offi cer at Prague Airport
[2004] UKHL 55; [2005] 2 AC 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 70, 138, 220
Table of Cases xix
R (G) v Head Teacher and Governors of St Gregory’s Catholic Science College
[2010] EWCA Civ 703; [2011] PTSR 931 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
R (Gillan) v Commissioner of Police of Metropolis [2006] UKHL 12; [2006] 2
AC 307 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
R (Hodkin and another) v Registrar General of Births, Deaths and Marriages
[2013] UKSC 77; [2014] AC 610 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
R (Hurley and Moore) v Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills
[2012] EWHC 201 (Admin); [2012] EqLR 447 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
R (Kaur) v Ealing LBC [2008] EWHC 2062 (Admin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171, 173–74
R (Lunt) v Liverpool City Council and EHRC (Intervener) [2009] EWHC 2356
(Admin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171, 173
R (Reynolds) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions [2005] UKHL 37;
[2006] 1 AC 173 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
R (South West Care Homes) v Devon CC [2012] EWHC 2967 (Admin) . . . . . . . . 173
R (Watkins-Singh) v Governing Body of Aberdare High School [2008] EWHC
1865 (Admin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
R (Williamson) v Secretary of State for Education and Employment [2005]
UKHL 15; [2005] 2 AC 245 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
R v Birmingham City Council, ex parte EOC [1989] AC 1155; [1989] IRLR
173, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 71, 74, 141
R v Commission for Racial Equality, ex parte Amari Plastics [1982] QB 1194,
CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
R v Commission for Racial Equality, ex parte Prestige Group Ltd [1984] ICR
473, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183–84, 186
R v Commission for Racial Equality, ex parte Westminster City Council [1985]
ICR 627, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
R v D (R) [2013] EqLR 1134 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (cid:10). . . . . . . . . 57
R v Secretary of State for Employment, ex parte EOC [1994] IRLR 194, HL . . . . 90
R v Secretary of State for Employment, ex parte Seymour–Smith [1997] IRLR
315, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Race Relations Board v Applin [1975] AC 259, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Redcar & Cleveland BC v Bainbridge (No 1) [2007] EWCA Civ 929; [2007]
IRLR 984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127, 129–30
Redcar & Cleveland BC v Bainbridge (No 2) see Surtees v Middlesbrough BC
Redfearn v Serco [2006] EWCA Civ 659; [2006] IRLR 623 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Redfearn v United Kingdom [2013] IRLR 51, ECtHR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7, 54
Rhys–Harper v Relaxion Group plc [2003] UKHL 33; [2003] IRLR 484 . . . . . 104–5
Robertson v DEFRA [2005] EWCA Civ 138; [2005] IRLR 363 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Rolls-Royce plc v Unite Union [2009] EWCA Civ 387; [2009] IRLR 576 . . . . . . . 116
S v Makawanyane 1995 (6) BCLR 665 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Schnorbus v Land Hessen (Case C–79/99) [2000] ECR I–10997, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Seide v Gillette Industries Ltd [1980] IRLR 427 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Seldon v Clarkson, Wright and Jakes [2012] UKSC 16; [2012] EqLR 579 . . . .79, 115
Serge Briheche v Ministre de l’Intérieur, Ministre de l’Éducation nationale and
Ministre de la Justice (Case C–319/03) [2004] ECR I–8807, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Simmons v Castle [2013] EWCA Civ 1288, [2013] 1 WLR 1239 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Singh v Rowntree Mackintosh Ltd [1979] ICR 554 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
xx Table of Cases
Smith v Safeway plc [1996] IRLR 456, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Social Science Research Council v Nassé [1979] 1 QB 144, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
South Lanarkshire Council v Scottish Information Commissioner [2013] UKSC
55; [2013] EqLR 1066 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Steel v Union of Post Offi ce Workers [1978] ICR 181, EAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Stewart v Cleveland Guest (Engineering) Ltd [1994] IRLR 440, EAT . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Strathclyde Regional Council v Wallace [1998] IRLR 164, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Surtees v Middlesbrough BC; Redcar & Cleveland BC v Bainbridge (No 2)
[2008] EWCA Civ 885; [2008] IRLR 776, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129–30, 200
Tejani v Superintendent Registrar for the District of Peterborough [1986] IRLR
502, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Tele Danmark A/S v Handels- og Kontorfunktionernes Forbund i Danmark
(Case C–109/00) [2001] IRLR 853, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Tirkey v Chandok (2014) 246 EOR 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Todorova v Bulgaria (app 37193/07) 25 March 2010, ECtHR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Turley v Allders Department Stores Ltd [1980] ICR 66, EAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Vento v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police (No 2) [2002] EWCA Civ 1871;
[2003] IRLR 102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Walker Ltd v Hussain [1996] IRLR 11, EAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Weathersfi eld v Sargent [1999] IRLR 94, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Webb v EMO Air Cargo (UK) Ltd (Case C–32/93) [1994] IRLR 482, ECJ . . . . . . 69
Webb v EMO Air Cargo (UK) Ltd (No 2) [1995] IRLR 645, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Wilson v HSE [2009] IRLR 282, EAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Wippel v Peek & Coppenburg GmbH & Co KG (Case C–313/02) [2005] IRLR
211, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
X v Mid-Sussex Citizens’ Advice Bureau [2012] UKSC 59; [2013] EqLR 154 . . . 107
Zafar v Glasgow City Council [1998] IRLR 36, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203