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Environmental Security and India This book examines environmental issues through the lens of security studies and presents a comprehensive analysis of Indian policy in dealing with threats posed by climate change. This book • Puts forward theoretical base for securitization of environmental issues, incorporating different schools of thought; • Presents a survey of global environmental politics in general and the effects of climate change and its consequences for India’s national security in particular; • Examines the politics involved in India’s environmental policy at both the domestic and international levels; • Outlines key policy takeaways and possibilities for action that can help contain the threat of environmental change. A comprehensive guide to a new and emerging dimension in Indian security policy, this book will be essential reading for students and researchers of international relations; security studies, especially non-traditional security; public policy, especially environmental policy; and area studies. Satabdi Das is Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science, South Calcutta Girls’ College, India. She has completed her Ph.D. in Environmental Security and India: Global Concerns and National Interest at the Department of International Relations, Jadavpur University, India. She has publications with several major publishers and in UGC-enlisted peer-reviewed journals. She has presented papers at many national and international conferences organized within the country and abroad. Her paper on Sustainability Education in Agriculture: The Prospect of Digital Green in India was considered among the frst fve papers in the International Conference on Sustainability Education organized by the Mobius Foundation, the Climate Reality Project and UNESCO in New Delhi, during 9–10 September 2019. Presently, she is working on sustainable development, environmental movements and climate politics. Environmental Security and India Global Concerns and National Interest Satabdi Das First published 2023 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 Satabdi Das The right of Satabdi Das to be identifed as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifcation and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book ISBN: 978-1-032-20586-1 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-22111-3 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-27119-2 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003271192 Typeset in Sabon by Apex CoVantage, LLC This book is dedicated to my parents, my husband and my daughter for their endless love, support and encouragement Contents List of fgures viii List of tables ix Acknowledgements x Introduction 1 1 Global Environmental Risks and Their Various Manifestations 6 2 Effects of Environmental Change and Its Negative Consequences in India 43 3 Global Response to the Environmental Degradation and Climate Change 76 4 Indian Response to Environmental Degradation and Climate Change 117 Concluding Remarks 154 Bibliography 162 Index 191 Figures 1.1 Extent and Distribution of Susceptible Drylands by Continents 10 1.2 The Ten Most Affected Countries From Natural Disasters From 2000 to 2019 27 1.3 Internal Displacements by Disasters in 2020 29 1.4 Environmental Degradation at Various Levels 35 2.1 Emissions of CO From Fossil Fuel Combustion in India 57 2 2.2 The Doubled Cyclone Frequency in Last 20 Years 60 2.3 Economic Conditions of a Country Under Two Scenarios 68 Tables 1.1 Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources 13 2.1 The Grim Situation of Agriculture in 2012 Across India 44 3.1 Landmark Conferences of Parties (COPs) Pertain to Kyoto and Post Kyoto Processes and Post-2020 Process 77 3.2 Steps to Combat Desertifcation 89 3.3 Offcial Recognitions of Climate Migrations 104 4.1 Steps Taken by Government of India to Conserve Biodiversity 135