Environmental Hazard Evaluation (EHE, RI Report Appendix E)

564 Pages·2012·28.38 MB·English

by  Tt User

Environmental Hazard Evaluation

Hickam Communities Remedial Action Site
Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam
Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi

June 7, 2012
Environmental Hazard Evaluation

Hickam Communities Remedial Action Site
Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam
Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi

Prepared for:

Hickam Communities, LLC

211 Mercury Street
Honolulu, HI 96818

Prepared by:

Tetra Tech

737 Bishop Street, Suite 3020
Honolulu, HI 96813
[phone]
Fax [phone]
Tetra Tech Project No. T26535

June 7, 2012

DCN: 2653505.0002.F02
Environmental Hazard Evaluation (T26535) Hickam Communities, LLC
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................... 1
2.0 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................... 6
2.1 Site History ................................................................................................................ 6
2.2 Site Description ......................................................................................................... 7
2.3 Climate ...................................................................................................................... 8
2.4 Soils/Geology ............................................................................................................ 8
2.5 Surface Water ........................................................................................................... 9
2.6 Groundwater .............................................................................................................. 9
3.0 SUMMARY OF INVESTIGATION HISTORY....................................................................... 10
3.1 Hickam Air Force Base (HAFB) Investigations ........................................................ 10
3.2 Previous Investigations of the Site ........................................................................... 10
3.2.1 Pre-Construction Sampling (2004 – 2007) ................................................ 11
3.2.2 Post-Construction Sampling (2006 and 2010) ........................................... 12
3.3 Analytical Data to Support the Environmental Hazard Evaluation ............................ 13
4.0 CONTAMINANTS OF CONCERN ...................................................................................... 16
4.1 Contaminants of Potential Concern ......................................................................... 16
4.2 Contaminants of Concern ........................................................................................ 16
5.0 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS ...................................................................... 18
5.1 Direct Exposure ....................................................................................................... 18
5.2 Vapor Intrusion from Soil ......................................................................................... 19
5.3 Leaching .................................................................................................................. 20
5.4 Ecotoxicity ............................................................................................................... 21
5.4.1 Impacts to Terrestrial Habitats .................................................................. 21
5.4.2 Impacts to Aquatic Habitats ...................................................................... 23
5.5 Contamination of Drinking Water Supplies .............................................................. 23
5.6 Gross Contamination ............................................................................................... 24
5.7 Retained Potential Environmental Hazards ............................................................. 24
6.0 EXPOSED POPULATIONS AND EXPOSURE PATHWAYS .............................................. 26
6.1 Potentially Affected Human Populations .................................................................. 26
6.2 Retained Potentially Affected Human Populations ................................................... 26
6.3 Exposure Media and Exposure Pathways ................................................................ 27
6.4 Identification of Exposure Areas .............................................................................. 27
6.5 Exposure Concentrations ........................................................................................ 28
7.0 PREVIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION LEVELS ............................................................. 35
7.1 Applicable Site-Specific Environmental Action Levels .............................................. 35
7.2 2006 Site-Specific Environmental Action Levels ...................................................... 35
7.3 Comparison of 2006 HHRA Standard to Site Data .................................................. 36
7.3.1 Earhart I-2 Neighborhood.......................................................................... 38
7.3.2 Earhart I-3 Neighborhood.......................................................................... 38
7.3.3 Onizuka II-1 Neighborhood ....................................................................... 44
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
7.3.4 Hale Na Koa I-1 Neighborhood .................................................................. 44 
8.0 2011 AND 2012 REVISED ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION LEVELS ..................................... 48 
8.1 Quantitative Exposure Analysis ................................................................................ 48 
8.1.1 General Exposure Assumptions ................................................................. 50 
8.1.2 Exposure Parameters for Ingestion of Soil ................................................. 51 
8.1.3 Exposure Parameters for Dermal Contact with Soil ................................... 51 
8.1.4 Exposure Parameters for Inhalation of Airborne Particulates..................... 52 
8.2 Evaluation of Toxicity ................................................................................................ 54 
8.2.1 Cancer Slope Factors for Aldrin and Dieldrin ............................................. 55 
8.2.2 Noncancer Toxicity Criteria for Aldrin and Dieldrin ..................................... 57 
8.2.3 Noncancer Toxicity Criteria for chlordane .................................................. 57 
8.3 Target Risk Levels .................................................................................................... 57 
8.4 Derivation of Site-Specific EALs for Direct Exposure to Soil ..................................... 58 
8.5 Risk Characterization – Comparison of Site Concentrations to 2012 EHE
Standard .............................................................................................................. 60 
8.5.1 Exposure Point Concentrations .................................................................. 63 
8.5.2 Risk and Hazard Calculations .................................................................... 63 
8.5.3 Target Risk and Hazard Levels – 2012 EHE Standard .............................. 63 
9.0 SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS ............................................. 64 
9.1 Direct Exposure Evaluation ....................................................................................... 64 
9.1.1 Earhart I-2 Neighborhood ........................................................................... 64 
9.1.2 Earhart I-3 Neighborhood ........................................................................... 71 
9.1.3 Onizuka II-1 Neighborhood ........................................................................ 71 
9.1.4 Hale Na Koa I-1 Neighborhood .................................................................. 71 
9.2 Summary of Principal Environmental Hazards .......................................................... 72 
10.0 POST-REMOVAL SITE CONDITIONS ............................................................................... 77 
10.1 Earhart I-2 Neighborhood ........................................................................................ 77 
10.2 Earhart I-3 Neighborhood ........................................................................................ 79 
10.3 Onizuka II-1 Neighborhood ..................................................................................... 79 
10.4 Hale Na Koa I-1 Neighborhood ............................................................................... 79 
10.5 Potential Future Exposures to PI Soil Remaining at the Site .................................. 81 
11.0 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................. 83 
12.0 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 85 
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Environmental Hazard Evaluation (T26535) Hickam Communities, LLC
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4-1. Contaminants of Potential Concern .......................................................................... 16
Table 5-1. Potential Environmental Hazard ............................................................................... 18
Table 5-2. Physio-Chemical Properties ..................................................................................... 19
Table 5-3. Conceptual Site Model for Organochlorine Pesticides .............................................. 25
Table 7-1. 2006 Environmental Action Levels (EALs) for Soil – ................................................ 36
Table 8-1. Summary of Parameters Used to Derive Site-Specific EALs for Hickam
Neighborhoods .................................................................................................. 49
Table 8-2. Toxicity Criteria and Dermal Absorption Factors Used to Derive 2012
Site-Specific EALs ............................................................................................. 53
Table 8-3. 2012 Site-Specific Environmental Action Levels (EALs)
Equations and Parameters ................................................................................ 61
Table 8-4. 2012 Site-Specific Environmental Action Levels (EALs)
for Soil - Child and Adult Residents.................................................................... 62
Table 9-1. Evaluation of Decision Units with Cumulative ECRs
and Hazard Indices Exceeding Target Levels .................................................... 65

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1. Site Location Map ..................................................................................................... 3
Figure 6-1. Decision Unit (DU) Boundaries, Earhart I-2 and Earhart I-3 .................................... 30
Figure 6-2. Decision Unit Boundaries, Onizuka II-1 ................................................................... 31
Figure 6-3. Decision Unit Boundaries, Hale Na Koa I-1............................................................. 32
Figure 7-1. DUs with Cumulative Risks Exceeding Target Risk
(0-12 inches) - 2006 EALs, Earhart I-2 and Earhart I-3 ...................................... 39
Figure 7-2. Earhart I-2: Distribution of Estimated Cumulative Risks for DUs
(0-12 inches) – 2006 EALs ................................................................................. 40
Figure 7-3. Earhart I-3: Distribution of Estimated Cumulative Risks for DUs
(0-12 inches) – 2006 EALs ................................................................................. 40
Figure 7-4. DUs with Hazard Index Exceeding Target Hazard
(0-12 inches) - 2006 EALs, Earhart I-2 and Earhart I-3 ...................................... 42
Figure 7-5. Earhart I-2: Distribution of Hazard Indices for DUs
(0-12 inches) – 2006 EALs ................................................................................ 43
Figure 7-6. Earhart I-3: Distribution of Hazard Indices for DUs
(0-12 inches) – 2006 EALs ................................................................................ 43
Figure 7-7. Onizuka II-1: DUs with Cumulative Risks Exceeding Target Risk
(0-12 inches) – 2006 EALs ................................................................................ 45
Figure 7-8. Onizuka II-1: Distribution of Estimated Cumulative Risks for DUs
(0-12 inches) – 2006 EALs ................................................................................ 46
Figure 7-9. Hale Na Koa: Distribution of Cumulative Risks for DUs
(0-12 inches)- 2006 EALs .................................................................................. 46
Figure 7-10. Hale Na Koa: Distribution of Hazard Indices for DUs
(0-12 inches)- 2006 EALs .................................................................................. 47
Figure 9-1. Earhart I-2 and I-3: DUs with Cumulative Risks Exceeding Target Risk
(0-12 inches) – 2012 EALs ................................................................................ 66
Figure 9-2. Earhart I-2: Distribution of Estimated Cumulative Risks for DUs ................................ 67
(0-12 inches) – 2012 EALs ................................................................................. 67
Figure 9-3. Earhart I-3: Distribution of Estimated Cumulative Risks for DUs ................................ 67
(0-12 inches) – 2012 EALs ................................................................................. 67
Figure 9-4. Earhart I-2 and I-3: DUs with Hazard Index Exceeding Target Hazard
(0-12 inches) – 2012 EALs ................................................................................ 69
Figure 9-5. Earhart I-2: Distribution of Hazard Indices for DUs ................................................. 70
(0-12 inches) – 2012 EALs ................................................................................ 70
Figure 9-6. Earhart I-3: Distribution of Hazard Indices for DUs ................................................. 70
(0-12 inches) – 2012 EALs ................................................................................ 70
Figure 9-7. Onizuka II-1: Distribution of Estimated Cumulative Risks for DUs .......................... 72
(0-12 inches) – 2012 EALs ................................................................................ 72
Figure 9-8. Earhart I-2: DUs Requiring Remediation/Mitigation – 2012 EALs ........................... 74
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LIST OF FIGURES (continued)
Figure 9-9. Hale Na Koa: Distribution of Cumulative Risks for DUs .......................................... 75
0-12 inches) – 2012 EALs ................................................................................. 75
Figure 9-10. Hale Na Koa: Distribution of Hazard Indices for DUs ............................................ 75
(0-12 inches) – 2012 EALs ............................................................................... 75
Figure 10-1. Earhart I-2: Distribution of Post-Removal Cumulative Risks for DUs
(0-12 inches) – 2012 EALs ................................................................................ 78
Figures 10-2. Earhart I-3: Distribution of Post-Removal Cumulative Risks for DUs
(0-12 inches) – 2012 EALs ................................................................................ 78
Figure 10-3. Earhart I-3: Distribution of Post-Removal Cumulative Risks for DUs
(0-12 inches) – 2012 EALs ................................................................................ 80
Figure 10-4. Earhart I-3: Distribution of Post-Removal Hazard Indices for DUs
(0-12 inches) – 2012 EALs ................................................................................ 80

LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A. Results of Leachability Testing for Organochlorine Pesticides in Soil
– Earhart I-4
Appendix B. 2006 Hickam EAL Development Memorandum
Appendix C. Analytical Results and Risk/Hazard Calculations for Decision Units
– 2006 HHRA Standard
Appendix D. Hazard and Dose Response Assessment of Aldrin and Dieldrin
Appendix E. Analytical Results and Risk/Hazard Calculations for Decision Units
– 2012 EHE Standard
Appendix F Hazard and Dose Response Assessment of Chlordane

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
µg/m3 microgram per cubic meter

AFB Air Force Base
atm-m3/mole atmospheres-cubic meter per mole
ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry

BASH Bird-Aircraft Strike Hazard
BHC benzene hexachloride

°C Degrees Celsius
Cal/EPA California Environmental Protection Agency
CIH Certified Industrial Hygienist
cm2 square centimeter
cm3/g cubic centimeter per gram
COC Contaminants of concern
COPC Chemical of potential concern
CPSC Consumer Products Safety Commission
CSF Cancer slope factor
CSM conceptual site model

DDD Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane
DDE Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene
DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
DoD Department of Defense
DU decision unit

EAL Environmental Action Level
ECR excess cancer risk
EHE Environmental Hazard Evaluation
EHMP Environmental Hazard Management Plan
EPA US Environmental Protection Agency
EPC exposure point concentration
ESA Environmental site assessment

°F Degrees Fahrenheit

g/mole grams per mole

HAFB Hickam Air Force Base
HASP Health and Safety Plan
HC Hickam Communities LLC
HDOH Hawaiʻi Department of Health
HEAST Health Effects Assessment Tables
HEER Hazard Evaluation and Emergency Response
HHRE human health risk evaluation
HI Hazard index
HQ Hazard quotient

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS (continued)
IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer
IRIS Integrated Risk Information System
IRP Installation Restoration Program

JBPHH Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam

Kd Soil-water partition coefficient
kg kilogram
KJC Kennedy, Jenks, Chilton
Koc Soil organic carbon-water partitioning coefficient (

Lend Lease Lend Lease Americas LLC
LOAEL lowest observed adverse effect level

m3/hr cubic meter per hour
m3/kg cubic meter per kilogram
MAC maximum acceptable concentration
MDL method detection limit
ME Ministry for the Environment
mg/cm milligrams per square centimeter
mg/day milligrams per day
mg/kg milligrams per kilogram
mg/L milligrams per liter
MI Multi-incremental
MRL minimal risk level
MS/MSD matrix spike/matrix spike duplicate

NFA no further action
NOAEL no observed adverse effect level

OEHHA Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment

PCB Polychlorinated biphenyl
PEF Particulate emission factor
PI pesticide-impacted
PPE personal protective equipment
PPRTV Provisional Peer Reviewed Toxicity Value
PQL practical quantitation limit

RAA Remedial Alternatives Analysis
RAM Response Action Memorandum
RAR Removal Action Report
RCI Residential Communities Initiative
REC recognized environmental condition
REL Reference exposure level
RfD Reference dose
RO Removal Action
RPD relative percentage difference
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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS (continued)
RSD relative standard deviation

SAP Sampling and Analysis Plan
SMP Soil Management Plan
sq ft square feet

TGM Technical Guidance Manual

USACE United States Army Corps of Engineers
USAF US Air Force
USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Voluntary Voluntary Agreement for Environmental Response Actions
Agreement

WHO World Health Organization
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