Environmental Data Management

312 Pages·1998·8.521 MB·English

by  N. B. Harmancioglu, M. N. Alpaslan, V. P. Singh (auth.), Nilgun B. Harmancioglu, Vijay P. Singh, M. Necdet Alpaslan (eds.)

ENVIRONMENTAL DATA MANAGEMENT
Water Science and Technology Library
VOLUME 27
Editor in Chief
V. P. Singh, Louisiana State University,
Baton Rouge, USA
Editorial Advisory Board
M. Anderson, Bristol, UK.
L. Bengtsson, Lund, Sweden
A. G. Bobba, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
S. Chandra, New Delhi, India
M. Fiorentino, Potenza, Italy
W. H. Hager, Zürich, Switzerland
N. Hannancioglu, Izmir, Turkey
A. R. Rao, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
M. M. Sherif, Giza, Egypt
Shan Xu Wang, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
D. Stephenson, Johannesburg, South Africa
ENVIRONMENTAL
DATA MANAGEMENT
edited by
NILGUN B. HARMANCIOGLU
Civil Engineering Department,
Dokuz Eylul University,
lzmir, Turkey
VIJA Y P. SINGH
Department 0/ Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Louisiana State University,
Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A.
and
M. NECDET ALPASLAN
Environmental Engineering Department,
Dokuz Eylul University,
lzmir, Turkey
Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.
A c.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
ISBN 978-90-481-4951-3 ISBN 978-94-015-9056-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1 007/978-94-015-9056-3
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Acadernic Publishers in 1998.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1998
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface....................................................................................................................... XI
List of Contributors ................................................................................................... Xlii
CHAPTERI
Needs for Environmental Data Management 1
N. B. Harmancioglu, M N. Alpaslan and V P. Singh
1.1. Changing Attitudes Towards Environmental Management... ... ...... ...... ... ....... 1
1.2. Information Needs for Integrated Environmental Management.............. .... .... 2
1.2.1. Current Status ofInformation Systems... ... ..... . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2
1.2.2. Basic Tools ofIntegrated Management. .. ... .. . . .. ... .. . . .. ... ... ... ... ..... 3
1.3. Environmental Data Management Systems... ...... ... ...... ... ...... ... ... ... ..... ..... 4
1.3.1. Need for Data .................................................................... 4
1.3.2. Need for Data Management................................................ .... 5
1.3.3. Basic Elements ofData Management Systems....................... ....... 7
1.4. Purpose and Scope of This Book ... ... ... ... ... ......... ... ... ......... ...... ... ........ 10
CHAPTERII
Air Quality Modeling and Measurement 13
G. C. Edwards and P. K. Misra
2.1. Introduction ................................................................................ 13
2.2. Conservation ofMass ............... ................................................. .... 14
2.2.1. Derivation of the Conservation of Mass Equation:
Eulerian Framework ............................................................ 15
2.2.2. Lagrangian Form ................................................................ 16
2.3. Concentration Distribution in a Turbulent Fluid................................ ...... 17
2.4. Solution to Mass Conservation Equation in a Turbulent Fluid Medium... ........ 18
v
vi
2.5. Statistical Treatment...................................................................... 20
2.6. Atmospheric Boundary Layer ............................................................ 23
2.7. Examples ofModel Applications ........................................................ 25
2.7.1. Pasquill-Gifford Methods ...................................................... 25
2.7.2. Similarity Models ............................................................... 26
2.7.3. Dispersion ofPollutants Inside a Convective Boundary Layer:
Nature ofthe Convective Boundary Layer ................................... 28
2.7.4. Stable Layers .................................................................... 29
2.7.5. Complex Terrain and Building Wake Models ............................... 32
2.7.6. Coastal Fumigation .............................................................. 34
2.8. Measurement Methods ........................ '" ......................................... 35
2.8.1. Measurement Objectives ....................................................... 35
2.8.2. Measurement Constraints ...................................................... 38
2.8.3. Data Requirements .................. ......................................... ... 38
2.8.4. Measurement Techniques ...................................................... 40
2.8.5. Instrumental and Analytical Methods ................. ....................... 43
CHAPTER III
Data Needs for Solid Waste Management 49
M. N. Alpaslan
3.1. Introduction .................................................................................. 49
3.2. Need for Solid Waste Data / Objectives of Solid Waste Data Collection ........... 51
3.3. Types ofSolid Waste Data ................................................................. 52
3.4. Sampling Solid Wastes ..................................................................... 55
3.4.1. Nature ofSolid Wastes .......................................................... 55
3.4.2. Selection ofSampling Sites ..................................................... 56
3.4.3. Determination ofSampling Frequency ........................................ 58
3.4.4. Variables to be Measured ....................................................... 58
3.5. Shortcomings ofSolid Waste Data Collection .......................................... 60
CHAPTERIV
Water Quality Monitoring and Network Design 61
N. B. Harmancioglu, S. D. Ozkul and M. N. Alpaslan
4.1. Introduction ......................................................... '" ....................... 61
4.2. Water Quality Monitoring ................................................................. 62
vii
4.2.1. Definition .............................................................................. 62
4.2.2. Complexity ofWater Quality Monitoring .................................... 63
4.2.3. Significance of Water Quality Monitoring ................................... 64
4.2.4. Water Quality Monitoring Networks ........................................... 64
4.3. Existing Networks ...................................................................................... 65
4.3.1. Background .................................................................................. 65
4.3.2. Networks in Developing Countries .............................................. 66
4.3.3. Examples ofNetworks in Developing Countries ............................ 67
4.3.4. Networks in Developed Countries ................................................ 69
4.3.5. Examples ofNetworks in Developed Countries ............................. 70
4.3.6. Further Shortcomings ofExisting Networks ................................. 73
4.4. Current Methods in the Design ofWater Quality Monitoring Networks ............ 75
4.4.1. Review ofthe General Approach ................................................. 75
4.4.2. Site Selection ............................................................................... 78
4.4.3. Selection of Temporal Frequencies .............................................. 80
4.4.4. Selection of Combined Space/Time Frequencies ........................... 82
4.4.5. Selection ofVariables .................................................................. 83
4.4.6. Sampling Duration ....................................................................... 84
4.5. Shortcomings ofCurrent Design Methodologies ....................................... 85
4.6. Needs for Better Designs ..................................................................... 86
4.6.1. Information Needs ....................................................................... 86
4.6.2. General Guidelines for Improvement ........................................... 88
4.6.3. Proposed Approaches to Improvement ........................................ 89
4.7. Redesign ofExisting Networks ............................................................. 92
4.7. I. A Current Approach ............................................................... 92
4.7.2. Rules Proposed for the Redesign Process ..................................... 95
4.7.3. Conclusion ................................................................................... 100
CHAPTER V
Risk in Water Quality Monitoring 107
I. Goulter and A. Kusmulyono
5. I Introduction ................................................................................ 107
5.2 Conservation of Mass ..................................................................... 108
5.3 Components ofRisk in Water Quality Monitoring ................................... 109
5.4 Risk in Data Collection ................................................................... 111
5.5 Risk in Data Processing and Analysis .................................................. 116
5.6 Summary ..................................................................................... 119
viii
CHAPTERVI
Environmental Data Management: Storage, Handling and Retrieval 123
A. E. Hindrichs
6.1. Introduction ................................................................................. 123
6.1.1. Overview ofEnvironmental Data Management Requirements .......... 123
6.1.2. Environmental Data Management Systems Currently in Use ............ 124
6.2. AState Agency Approach to Water Quality Data Management .................... 127
6.2.1. Main Frame Requirements ................................................ .... 127
6.2.2. Menu System ofData Entry, Verification and Retrieval .................. 128
6.3. Summary ofEnvironmental Data Management ....................................... 140
CHAPTER VII
Data Analysis 141
N. B. Harmancioglu, S. D. Ozkul and 0. Fistikoglu
7.1. Selection of the Appropriate Data Analysis Methodology ........................... 141
7.2. The Nature ofWater Quality Data ..................................................... 142
7.3. Analysis ofWater Quality Means ...................................................... 143
7.4. Determination ofExtremes in Water Quality ......................................... 153
7.5. Determination ofTrends in Water Qua1ity ............................................ 159
7.5.1. Objectives ofTrend Assessment ............................................. 159
7.5.2. Parametric Methods ofTrend Detection .................................... 160
7.5.3. Application ofParametric Tests to Messy Water Quality Data .......... 165
7.5.4. Problems Associated with Parametric Methods
in Case of Water Quality ...................................................... 170
7.5.5. Nonparametric Methods ....................................................... 171
7.5.6. Nonparametric Tests Proposed for Water Quality Time Series .......... 175
7.6. Data Correlations .......................................................................... 179
7.6.1. Analysis by Regression and Entropy-Based Measures .................... 179
7.6.2. Analysis ofUSGS-PES Data Set ............................................. 184
7.6.3. Analysis ofDES Data Set ..................................................... 188
7.6.4. Analysis ofSTORET Data Set ............................................... 189
7.6.5. General Results ofthe Correlation Analyses ............................... 192
7.7. Conclusions ................................................................................. 194
ix
CHAPTER VIII
Stochastic Environmental Modeling 197
E. McBean, K. Ponnambalam and W. Curi
8.1. Introduction ................................................................................ 197
8.2. Models and Interactions with Data ..................................................... 198
8.3. Examples ofStochastic Environmental Models ...................................... 199
8.3.1. Methods of Analysis ........................................................... 199
8.3.2. Fokker-Planck and Moment Equation Methods ............................ 204
8.3.3. First-order Analysis ....................................................................... 204
8.3.4. The Probability Density Function Method .................................. 206
8.3.5. Monte Carlo Simulation and Latin Hypercube ............................. 207
8.3.6. First-Order and Second Moment Method ................................... 209
8.4. Summary ................................................................................... 210
CHAPTERIX
Modeling of Environmental Processes 213
N. B. Harmancioglu, 0. Fistikoglu and V P. Singh
9.1. Trends in Hydrologie Modeling ........................................................ 213
9.1.1. Basic Approaches Until the 90's ............................................. 213
9.1.2. Recent Trends ................................................................... 218
9.2. The Role ofModels in Environmental Decision Making ............................ 221
9.2.1. Purpose of Modeling ........................................................... 221
9.2.2. Environment-Modeling-Decision Making Relationships ................. 222
9.3. Classification of Hydrologie Simulation Models ..................................... 223
9.3.1. General Classification ......... ... ... ... .. . ........ . .. .. . . .. ... ....... ... ... ... 223
9.3.2. Process-Based Classification ................................................. 225
9.3.3. Deterministic Versus Stochastie Modeling ................................. 225
9.3.4. Classification Based on Time Scales ........................................ 227
9.3.5. Classification Based on Space Scales ....................................... 227
9.3 .6. Further Types of Classification .............................................. 228
9.3.7. Model Development .......................................................... 230
9.4. Available Environmental Models ....................................................... 231
9.4.1. Watershed Models ............................................................. 231
9.4.2. Groundwater Contamination Models ....................................... 233
9.4.3. Soil Erosion Models ........................................................... 234
9.4.4. Climate Change Models ....................................................... 235
9.5. Future Expectations in Modeling ........................................................ 237