Environmental Concerns and Sustainable Development: Volume 2: Biodiversity, Soil and Waste Management PDF
Preview Environmental Concerns and Sustainable Development: Volume 2: Biodiversity, Soil and Waste Management
Vertika Shukla · Narendra Kumar Editors Environmental Concerns and Sustainable Development Volume 2: Biodiversity, Soil and Waste Management Environmental Concerns and Sustainable Development (cid:129) Vertika Shukla Narendra Kumar Editors Environmental Concerns and Sustainable Development Volume 2: Biodiversity, Soil and Waste Management Editors VertikaShukla NarendraKumar SchoolofEnvironmentalSciences DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciences BabasahebBhimraoAmbedkar BabasahebBhimraoAmbedkarUniversity University Lucknow,UttarPradesh,India Lucknow,UttarPradesh,India ISBN978-981-13-6357-3 ISBN978-981-13-6358-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6358-0 #SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2020 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Foreword During the last two centuries, most parts of the world have witnessed significant depletion in natural resources, due to increasing urbanization and industrialization. Majordrawbackassociatedwithrapid/unplannedurbanizationandindustrialization involves loss of biodiversity and generation of different types of hazardous toxic wastes to the ecosystem, while with the population rise, demand for food has resulted in over-exploitation of soil for agricultural purposes. Recent extreme cli- maticeventshavegrabbedconsiderableattentionofthescientificfraternityregard- ingconservationofnaturalresources. Conservationistheprotection,preservation,managementorrestorationofnatural resources such as forests and water, which involves integrated perspective from in situtoexsituconservationstrategiesinvolvinginterdisciplinaryapproaches.Forest canopies support about 40% of extant species, of which 10% are predicted to be canopy confined. The epiphytic environment represents a unique habitat, which containsamultitudeofmicroniches. The present book Environmental Concerns and Sustainable Development: Bio- diversity, Soil and Waste Management is the compilation of topics contributed by experts of their respective fields. The book intends to address the environmental issuestogeneratetheinformationonvariousaspectsofbiodiversity,soilconserva- tion and waste management primarily important for developing conservation and managementstrategies. v vi Foreword Icongratulatetheeditorsfortheirendeavourforbringingoutthiscomprehensive compilationonenvironmentalaspects,relevanttoensuresustainabledevelopment. INSA-Sr.Scientist R.C.Sobti DepartmentofBiotechnology,PanjabUniversity Chandigarh,India FormerViceChancellor PunjabUniversityChandigarh& BabasahebBhimraoAmbedkar(Central)University Lucknow,India e-mail:[email protected] 16October2018 Preface Natural and human-induced adverse environmental factors pose a threat to the continuityoftheecosystemequilibrium.Hemerobicevents,suchasarapidclimate change, should be taken into account while framing environmental protection strategies. Thedeclineinbiodiversityislargelytheresultoftheriseintheglobalpopulation, rapid industrialization, indiscriminate deforestation, overexploitation of natural resources, pollution, and rapid change in global climate. Therefore, it is of utmost importance that plant biodiversity be preserved including angiosperms and lower plant groups to provide future structural diversity and lead compounds for the sustainabledevelopmentofhumancivilizationatlarge. Thestudyoffloristicdiversityplaysacrucialroletounderstandplantcommunity structureandfunction.Thestudyofplantcommunitydynamicsandspeciesdiversity is an important aspect of forest ecology, which entails the contribution of various species in determining the structure of specific habitat type. To generate the infor- mation on diversity and distribution of tree and shrub species is of primary impor- tancefordevelopingtheconservationandmanagementstrategies. Biodiversityconservationbecomesevenmoreimportantfordevelopingnations, wherewell-plannedbioprospectioncoupledwithnondestructivecommercialization couldhelpintheconservationofbiodiversity.AccordingtoarecentWorldHealth Organization (WHO) report, around 80% of the global population still relies on medicinalplantsforprovidingdrugs.Itisinterestingtonotethattheethnomedicinal uses of plants is one of the most successful criteria used by the pharmaceutical industryinfindingnewtherapeuticagentsforthevariousfieldsofbiomedicine. With increasing food demand and hazards associated with conventional techniques of synthetic fertilizers, designing the blueprint of next green revolution requires the application of effective and sustainable inoculants, which enhance the yield ofplantsensuringthe decorum ofsustainability.Soil microbes play a crucial role in plant growth promotion and also in stress management. Several bacterial, fungal-based inoculants along with genetically modified organisms have been discussedaskeyplayersoffuturegreenrevolution. Sodicsoilisanimportantproblemthataffectssoilquality.Sodicconditionsare expectedtoadverselyaffectsoilproductivitybecausetheseconditionsleadtopoor ventilation,limitedrootdevelopment,andincreasedrootdiseases. vii viii Preface Soil formation is facilitated by lichens and mosses capturing organic residues such as dust coming with the wind, plant fibers, seeds, dead insects, and animal residues on rocks. Biodeterioration (biological weathering) of stone monuments is one of the main interests of researchers working on the conservation of cultural heritage.Themostparticularbiologicalagentsofdeteriorationonstonesurfacesin nature and also on stone monuments and works of art are lichens, mosses, algae, fungi,bacteria,andothermicroorganisms. Improper waste management leads to environmental pollution and ultimately to diseases. Waste is classified into five broad categories including solid, industrial, plastic, e-waste, and biomedical wastes. Each class requires specific approach for management, environmental protection, and sustainable development. Organic wasterecyclingcanbringtremendousbenefitstocropmanagementandsoilconser- vationwithcleanenvironmentaldevelopment. With the increasing demand of electronic equipment by the rapidly growing digitalpopulation,theproblemofe-wasteandremediationaregainingattention.A propermanagementsystemfore-wasteisrequiredtobedevelopedalongwithstrict legalframeworkforindustriesandconsumers. The process of upcycling the agricultural waste into an efficient and a multipollutant adsorbing material is an ecosustainable approach of agricultural wastedisposal.Adsorbentsmadefromagriculturalwastesupportthe“3R”(reduce, reuse,andrecycle)ruleofwastemanagementstrategyandprovetobeefficientand revenuegenerating. The present book will be beneficial for students, researchers, conservators, and policy-makers. Lucknow,UttarPradesh,India VertikaShukla 04-10-2018 NarendraKumar Contents 1 ThreatsandConservationStrategiesforOverlooked Organisms:TheCaseofEpiphyticLichens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 PaoloGiordani,RenatoBenesperi,ElisabettaBianchi, PaolaMalaspina,andJuriNascimbene 2 BiodiversityandTherapeuticPotentialofMedicinalPlants. . . . . . . 27 PrachiSharma,RituManchanda,RajeshGoswami, andSanjeevChawla 3 TreeFernsandGiantFernsinIndia:TheirSignificance andConservation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 NiranjanMishraandSandipKumarBehera 4 StatusofMedicinalPlantsinContextofArunachalPradesh. . . . . . 63 TonlongWangpanandSumpamTangjang 5 NutrientEnrichmentinLakeEcosystemandItsEffects onAlgaeandMacrophytes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 DivyaDubeyandVenkateshDutta 6 Land-UseChangeasaDisturbanceRegime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 EktaPurswani,BhawanaPathak,DhananjayKumar, andSatyamVerma 7 FloristicDiversity,DistributionandConservationStatus intheVicinityofCoalMinesofKachchhDistrict inGujarat,India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 RohitkumarM.Patel,Ashishkumar,andMitalJ.Kaneria 8 SodicSoil:ManagementandReclamationStrategies. . . . . . . . . . . . 175 PriyankaGangwar,RachanaSingh,MalaTrivedi, andRajeshK.Tiwari 9 Microbe-basedInoculants:RoleinNextGreenRevolution. . . . . . . 191 NaveenKumarArora,TahmishFatima,IshaMishra, andSushmaVerma ix x Contents 10 EnvironmentalSignificanceofLichensandBiodeterioration. . . . . . 247 GülşahÇobanoğluÖzyiğitoğlu 11 ReclamationofSalineandSodicSoilThrough Phytoremediation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 NeerjaSrivastava 12 SoilPollutionbyFluorideinIndia:Distribution, ChemistryandAnalyticalMethods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 GayatriSingh,GeetgovindSinam,Kriti,ManeeshaPandey, BabitaKumari,andMahiyaKulsoom 13 MultielementAnalysisUsingED-XRFandICP-MS fromCouroupitaguianensisforSustainableAgriculture bySoilReclamation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 KalpnaD.RakholiyaandMitalJ.Kaneria 14 WasteManagement:AParadigmShift. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 MalaTrivedi,ManishMathur,ParulJohri,AditiSingh, andRajeshK.Tiwari 15 RecyclingofAgricultureWasteintoEfficientAdsorbent. . . . . . . . . 365 SucharitaTandonandNandiniSai 16 EnvironmentalHazardsandManagementofE-waste. . . . . . . . . . . 381 ShaluRawat,LataVerma,andJiwanSingh 17 GreenhouseGasEmissionsfromMunicipalSolidWaste ManagementPractice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 NemitVerma,ManpreetKaur,andA.K.Tripathi 18 IntroductiontoFastFashion:EnvironmentalConcerns andSustainabilityMeasurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 PoojaGarg
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