Environmental Change, Adaptation and Migration: Bringing in the Region PDF
Preview Environmental Change, Adaptation and Migration: Bringing in the Region
Environmental Change, Adaptation and Migration Environmental Change, Adaptation and Migration Bringing in the Region Editedby Felicitas Hillmann Professor,TechnischeUniversitätBerlinandIRS(InstituteforRegional DevelopmentandStructuralPlanning),Germany Marie Pahl ResearchAssociate,UniversityofCologne,Germany Birte Rafflenbeul ResearchAssociate,UniversityofCologne,Germany Harald Sterly ScientificCoordinator,UniversityofCologne,Germany Selection,introduction,conclusionandeditorialmatter©Felicitas Hillmann,MariePahl,BirteRafflenbeulandHaraldSterly2015 Individualchapters©Respectiveauthors2015 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthis workinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2015by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-55979-4 ISBN 978-1-137-53891-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137538918 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. Contents ListofIllustrations x Preface xii Acknowledgements xiv NotesonContributors xv Introduction:(Re-)locatingtheNexusofMigration, EnvironmentalChangeandAdaptation 1 FelicitasHillmann,MariePahl,BirteRafflenbeulandHaraldSterly Threepitfallsunderconsideration:Disastersonly,blurred terminologiesandjumpingscales 2 Adaptationandresilienceinthecontextofclimatechange 6 Thesocial,thetemporalandthespatialthrougharegionallens 7 Previewofthepresentedchapters 11 Part I FramingtheDebate 1 ClimateMobilitiesfromaHumanGeographyPerspective: ConsideringtheSpatialDimensionsofClimateChange 21 JohannesHerbeck Introduction:Climatechange–Betweenglobaltrendandlocal manifestation 21 Placesandregions–Centralspatialcategoriesinclimate changeresearch 24 Imaginativegeographiesofclimatemobilities 29 Climatemobilitiesinaspatialperspective–Translocalityasa conceptualloophole? 33 2 HumanMobilityandAdaptation:ReducingSusceptibility toClimaticStressorsandMainstreaming 41 KokoWarner,JuanHoffmaisterandAndreaMilan Introduction 41 Understandinghumanmobilityasaclimaterisk managementstrategy 42 v vi Contents Thekeytoknowingwhethermigrationcontributes toorundermineshumanwelfare 43 Mainstreaminghumanmobilityindecision-making andimplementationofadaptation 47 Challengesandreflectionsformainstreaminghumanmobility withinadaptationpolicies 49 Conclusions 53 Part II UnderstandingRegionalVulnerabilities 3 “MigrationasAdaptation”:NewPerspectiveforMigration ResearchorDead-End? 59 SabineDorlöchter-Sulser Introduction 59 Theadaptationconcept 60 MigrationintheSahelandthecase-studycharacteristics 62 Researchmethodology 65 Researchresults 65 Conclusions 73 4 MigrationandSocialProtectionasAdaptationinResponse toClimate-RelatedStressors:TheCaseofZacatecasin Mexico 80 MustafaAksakalandKerstinSchmidt Introduction 80 Approachestotheclimatechange–migrationnexus 82 Theroleofcross-borderactivitiesforinformalsocialprotection 83 Formalsocialprotectionmeasures 88 ThecaseofZacatecas 91 Conclusion 93 5 TheRoleofAPrioriCross-BorderMigrationafterExtreme ClimateEvents:TheCaseofthePhilippinesafterTyphoon Haiyan 98 CleoviMosuelaandDeniseMargaretMatias Introduction:ThePhilippineIslandsanditsclimate vulnerabilityprofile 98 TyphoonHaiyanandothertyphoonsinthePhilippines 100 Methodology 103 Resultsanddiscussion 103 Discussion 110 Conclusion 113 Contents vii 6 MigrationasFutureAdaptiveCapacity:TheCaseofJava– Indonesia 117 WiwandariHandayaniandNoviaRiskaKumalasari Introduction 117 UrbanisationinJava:Unduedevelopment? 119 EnvironmentalchangeandadaptationstrategiesinJava: Isitanissuewhichleadstomigration? 126 Somefindingsandpolicychallenges 132 Part III ExtremeRegionalSituations:Bangladesh 7 IndigenousWomen’sMigrationtoCities:RootCauses, CopingMechanismsandGenderedTransformations 141 MeghnaGuhathakurta Introduction 141 Theregionalcontext 143 Socio-economiccontextoftheregion 144 Politicalcontext 148 Ethnicmigrationtocities 149 Methodologyofthestudy 149 Characteristicsofthesamplepopulation 150 Observations 151 Analysisoffindings 152 ShomaChakma:Astoryofdetermination 153 NiharikaSangma:Losingfamilyandfindingsocialcapital 154 RipaChakma:Strugglingyouth 156 MousumiRangdi:Aneternalquestforstability 157 AjantaChakma:Workingtomakeadreamcometrue 158 SoniaMaraak:Carvingoutadream 159 Conclusion 160 8 Disaster-InducedMigrationandAdaptationDiscoursein Bangladesh 164 BishawjitMallickandTamannaSiddiqui Introduction 164 Stateoftheart 166 Conceptualframework 167 Materialsandmethods 170 Results 174 Natureofmigrationdecision:Mandatory(reactive) orvoluntary(proactive) 174 Migrationasadaptation–Successorfailure? 178 Policygapandoutlook 181 viii Contents 9 ClimateChange-InducedMigrationandPost-Disaster RemittanceResponsesthroughaGenderLens 186 PriyankaDebnath Introduction 186 Literaturereview 187 Data:Methodology,descriptionofthestudysites andthecharacteristicsofthemigrantsinterviewed 188 Resultsanddiscussion 192 Conclusions 196 Part IV ExtremeRegionalSituations:Ghana 10 ChangingReproductiveBehaviourandMigrationin ResponsetoEnvironmentalChange:EvidencefromRural NorthernGhana 203 StephenA.Adaawen Introduction 203 Theoryofagencyandmultiphasicresponses 205 Climatevariabilityandenvironmentalchangeinnorthern Ghana 207 Studyareaandresearchmethodology 208 Findings 212 Discussionandconclusion 216 11 DealingwithClimateChangeintheCoastalSavannah ZoneofGhana:InSituAdaptationStrategiesandMigration 223 JosephKofiTeyeandKwadwoOwusu Introduction 223 Conceptualisingadaptationtoclimatechange 224 Researchmethodology 227 Changesinrainfallandtemperature 229 Effectsofclimatechangeandvariabilityonlivelihoods 231 Autonomousadaptationstrategiestoclimatechange 233 Adoptionofirrigation 233 Integrationoflivestockrearingintocropproduction 235 Applicationoffertiliserandotherinputsonfarms 236 Changesintillagepractices 236 Shiftfromfarmingtooff-farmjobs 237 Migrationasadaptationclimatechangeincoastalsavannah zoneofGhana 238 Conclusions 240 Contents ix 12 FindingtheRightPath:ClimateChangeandMigrationin NorthernGhana 245 FrancisXavierJarawuraandLotharSmith Introduction 245 Contextofthestudy 247 Methods 249 Pathwaysofmigration 250 Perceptionsandresponsestoclimatechange 252 Suddenonsetversusslowchangesanddirectversus indirectimpactstriggeringmigration 253 Mediationofnon-climate-relatedfactorsandmigration outcomes 256 Towardsatypologyofmigrationpathways 259 Conclusions 262 13 BeyondAdaptation?TheChangingNatureofSeasonal MigrationinNorthernGhanaintheContextofClimate Change,AgriculturalDeclineandFoodInsecurity 267 BenjaminSchravenandChristinaRademacher-Schulz Introduction 267 Methodology 268 NorthernGhana:Underdevelopmentandenvironmental change 270 SeasonalmigrationinNorthernGhanaanditstraditional meaning 271 Thedecouplingofmigrationfromtheagriculturalcycle anditscircumstances 274 Conclusion 277 Part V BringingThingsTogether:Conclusions Conclusion:LinkingMigration,EnvironmentalChangeand Adaptation–LessonsLearnt 283 FelicitasHillmann,MariePahl,BirteRafflenbeulandHaraldSterly Linkingclimatechangeandmigration:Whatarethelessons learntsofar? 283 Generatingmeaningfulknowledge–Approachestowards thenexusofmigrationandclimatechange 285 Politicalandethicalfallacy?Alessonlearnedsofar 288 Index 291
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