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Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering Zbigniew Zembaty · Zbigniew Perkowski · Damian Beben · Maria Rossella Massimino · Oren Lavan Editors Environmental Challenges in Civil Engineering II Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering 322 SeriesEditors MarcodiPrisco,PolitecnicodiMilano,Milano,Italy Sheng-HongChen,SchoolofWaterResourcesandHydropowerEngineering,Wuhan University,Wuhan,China IoannisVayas,InstituteofSteelStructures,NationalTechnicalUniversityofAthens, Athens,Greece SanjayKumarShukla,SchoolofEngineering,EdithCowanUniversity,Joondalup, WA,Australia AnujSharma,IowaStateUniversity,Ames,IA,USA NageshKumar,DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IndianInstituteofScience Bangalore,Bengaluru,Karnataka,India ChienMingWang,SchoolofCivilEngineering,TheUniversityofQueensland, Brisbane,QLD,Australia LectureNotesinCivilEngineering(LNCE)publishesthelatestdevelopmentsinCivil Engineering—quickly,informallyandintopquality.Thoughoriginalresearchreported in proceedings and post-proceedings represents the core of LNCE, edited volumes of exceptionallyhighqualityandinterestmayalsobeconsideredforpublication.Volumes publishedinLNCEembraceallaspectsandsubfieldsof,aswellasnewchallengesin, CivilEngineering.Topicsintheseriesinclude: (cid:129) ConstructionandStructuralMechanics (cid:129) BuildingMaterials (cid:129) Concrete,SteelandTimberStructures (cid:129) GeotechnicalEngineering (cid:129) EarthquakeEngineering (cid:129) CoastalEngineering (cid:129) OceanandOffshoreEngineering;ShipsandFloatingStructures (cid:129) Hydraulics,HydrologyandWaterResourcesEngineering (cid:129) EnvironmentalEngineeringandSustainability (cid:129) StructuralHealthandMonitoring (cid:129) SurveyingandGeographicalInformationSystems (cid:129) IndoorEnvironments (cid:129) TransportationandTraffic (cid:129) RiskAnalysis (cid:129) SafetyandSecurity To submit a proposal or request further information, please contact the appro- priate Springer Editor: - Pierpaolo Riva at [email protected] (Europe and Americas);- Swati Meherishi at [email protected] (Asia—except China, Australia,andNewZealand);[email protected](China). 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Zbigniew Zembaty · Zbigniew Perkowski · Damian Beben · Maria Rossella Massimino · Oren Lavan Editors Environmental Challenges in Civil Engineering II Editors ZbigniewZembaty ZbigniewPerkowski FacultyofCivilEngineeringandArchitecture FacultyofCivilEngineeringandArchitecture OpoleUniversityofTechnology OpoleUniversityofTechnology Opole,Poland Opole,Poland DamianBeben MariaRossellaMassimino FacultyofCivilEngineeringandArchitecture FacultyofCivilEngineeringandArchitecture OpoleUniversityofTechnology UniversityofCatania Opole,Poland Catania,Italy OrenLavan FacultyofCivilandEnvironmental Engineering Technion–IsraelInstituteofTechnology Haifa,Israel ISSN 2366-2557 ISSN 2366-2565 (electronic) LectureNotesinCivilEngineering ISBN 978-3-031-26878-6 ISBN 978-3-031-26879-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26879-3 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicense toSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2023 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsorthe editorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrors oromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaimsin publishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface DearReaders, WepresenttoyouamonographentitledEnvironmentalChallengesinCivilEngineer- ingII,whichisacollectionofselectedoriginalpaperspresentedatthe5thInternational ScientificConferenceonEnvironmentalChallengesinCivilEngineering(ECCE2022). TheeventtookplaceinOpole,Poland,onSeptember26–28,2022. TheconferencesinthisseriesareorganizedbytheOpoleBranchofthePolishAsso- ciationofCivilEngineersandTechnicians(PACET),theFacultyofCivilEngineering andArchitectureoftheOpoleUniversityofTechnology,theOpoleDistrictChamberof CivilEngineers,andtheCommissionofCivilEngineeringoftheKatowiceBranchof thePolishAcademyofSciences.TheECCE2022washeldunderhonorarypatronage of:Prof.MariaKaszyn´ska,theChairwomanofPACET,Prof.MarcinLorenc,theRector of the Opole University of Technology, Mr. Andrzej Buła, the Marshal of the Opole Voivodeship, and Mrs. Aleksandra Drescher, the President of the Provincial Fund for EnvironmentalProtectionandWaterManagementinOpole. The ECCE conferences have been held cyclically every 2 years since 2014, and starting from the 3rd one, i.e., the ECCE 2018, they have an international dimension. Thepapersfromthe3rdECCE2018werepublishedbyMatecWebofConferences(Vol. 174,2018),andthecontributionsfromthe4thECCE2020werepublishedbySpringer (Environmental Challenges in Civil Engineering, Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, Vol.122,2021). InlinewiththeintentionoftheorganizersandthetraditionoftheECCEconferences, they focus on the results of interdisciplinary scientific research in the field of sustain- ablecivilengineering,especiallyindesigning,durability,diagnostics,andmaintenance of building structures and materials, including also environmental impact assessment andsomearchitecturalissues.Hence,thebasicpurposeoftheECEEmeetingsfollows. Thankstosuchaspecific“integration”oftheabove-mentionedtopicsinoneplaceand fromaninternationalperspective,theorganizershavealwaysexpectedandwillexpect also in the future for the effect of synergy, which allows for an effective exchange of interestingideas,technicalknowledge,andexperiencebetweenthescientistsandpracti- tionersofdifferentplatforms,contributingtothedeepeningofinternationalcooperation betweenresearchcenterspresentattheConferenceinviewoftoday’sbroad,modern, sustainable,andecologicalchallengesforcivilengineering. AttheinvitationoftheorganizersoftheECCE2022,fourspecialplenarylectures werepreparedanddelivered,which,onemightsay,determinedthemainframeworkof thiseventin2022.Thesewerethefollowingones: (cid:129) Zbigniew GiergicznyfromSilesianUniversityofTechnology, Poland: Cementand ConcreteinaLow-CarbonEconomy. (cid:129) Oren Lavan and Ohad Idels from Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Israel: Seismic Retrofitting and Seismic Design Using Advanced Technologies: An EnvironmentalPoint-of-View. vi Preface (cid:129) MariaRossellaMassimino,GlendaAbate,AngelaFiamingofromUniversityofCata- nia, Italy, and Dimitris Pitilakis from Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece: Seismic Risk and Environmentally Friendly Solutions: The Geotechnical Point of View. (cid:129) Mariusz Pustelnik from Pracownia Projektowa MOSTOPOL sp. z o.o., Poland: TechnicalAspectsoftheDesignedRailwayBridgeovertheOdraRiverinOpole. Wearepleasedtoinformyouthattwooftheseinterestinglectures,afterextensive elaboration by their authors, have been also published in the form of chapters in this monograph. Theentiremonographconsistsoftwenty-fourchapters,basedontheselectedpapers presentedand,importantly,oftenwidelydiscussedbytheparticipantsoftheECCE2022 Conference.Duetotheirthematicscope,theyhavebeendividedintofiveparts: (cid:129) SeismicEngineeringandGeotechnics–sevenchapters (cid:129) BridgeEngineering–fourchapters (cid:129) ConcreteEngineering–fourchapters (cid:129) ArchitectureandUrbanPlanning–fourchapters (cid:129) OtherIssues:WindEngineering,InnovativeSolutions,Reconstruction,andOrgani- zationofBuildingSite–fivechapters Atthispoint,wewouldliketothankalltheauthorsofsubmittedpapersandchapter proposals,giventhedifficulttimeinwhichwehadtomeetin2022duetothechallenges posedbythepandemic,armedconflict,andeconomicuncertainties.Inadditiontothe authors,wealsowouldliketoespeciallythanktheScientificandOrganizingCommittees (listedonthenexttwopages),theHonoraryPatrons,andhostinginstitutionsoftheECCE 2022. Without the invaluable contributions of all of you, this book simply would not havebeenpossible. Invitingyoutoreadthismonograph. ZbigniewPerkowski DamianBe˛ben ZbigniewZembaty MariaRossellaMassimino OrenLavan The Scientific Committee of the ECCE 2022 Conference Chairman ZbigniewPerkowski OpoleUniversityofTechnology,Poland Members GlendaAbate UniversityofCatania,Italy MonikaAdamska OpoleUniversityofTechnology,Poland DamianBe˛ben OpoleUniversityofTechnology,Poland DariuszBajno BydgoszczUniversityofTechnology,Poland MirosławBogdan OpoleUniversityofTechnology,Poland GiovanniBosco UniversityofL’Aquila,Italy JacekDomski KoszalinUniversityofTechnology,Poland ZbigniewGiergiczny SilesianUniversityofTechnology,Poland StefaniaGrzeszczyk OpoleUniversityofTechnology,Poland Boz˙enaHoła WrocławUniversityofTechnology,Poland Elz˙bietaJanowska-Renkas OpoleUniversityofTechnology,Poland ZbyneˇkKeršner BrnoUniversityofTechnology,CzechRepublic StanislavKmet’ TechnicalUniversityofKošice,Slovakia SewerynKokot OpoleUniversityofTechnology,Poland PeterKoteš UniversityofŽilina,Slovakia TomaszKrykowski SilesianUniversityofTechnology,Poland OrenLavan Technion–IsraelInstituteofTechnology,Israel MaciejMajor Cze˛stochowaUniversityofTechnology,Poland AndrzejMarynowicz OpoleUniversityofTechnology,Poland MariaRossellaMassimino UniversityofCatania,Italy JaroslavOdrobinˇák UniversityofŽilina,Slovakia MiguelJoséOliveira UniversityofAlgarve,Portugal ShehataE.AbdelRaheem AssiutUniversity,Egypt AdamRak OpoleUniversityofTechnology,Poland AndreaSegalini UniversityofParma,Italy HalilSezen OhioStateUniversity,USA AleksandrShymanowskiy V.N.ShimanovskyUkrainianInstituteofSteel Construction,Ukraine ElisadaSilva UniversityofAlgarve,Portugal IvetaSkotnicová TechnicalUniversityofOstrava,CzechRepublic viii TheScientificCommitteeoftheECCE2022Conference PranshooSolanki CollegeofAppliedScienceandTechnology– IllinoisStateUniv.,USA LucaTrabattoni UniversityofPavia,Italy JanVaslestad NorwegianUniversityofLifeSciences,Norway AmerWadi ViaConInternationalAB,Sweden RobertWójcik UniversityofWarmiaandMazury,Poland JerzyWyrwał OpoleUniversityofTechnology,Poland ZbigniewZembaty OpoleUniversityofTechnology,Poland ScientificSecretaries DominikaBysiec OpoleUniversityofTechnology,Poland MariuszCzabak OpoleUniversityofTechnology,Poland KrystianJurowski OpoleUniversityofTechnology,Poland The Organizing Committee of the ECCE 2022 Conference Chairman WiesławBaran OpoleUniversityofTechnology/Polish AssociationofCivilEngineersand Technicians,OpoleBranch Members DamianBe˛ben OpoleUniversityofTechnology DominikaBysiec OpoleUniversityofTechnology ZbigniewPerkowski OpoleUniversityofTechnology/Commissionof CivilEngineering,KatowiceBranchofPolish AcademyofSciences AdamRak OpoleUniversityofTechnology/OpoleDistrict ChamberofCivilEngineers Secretaries MałgorzataGodyn´ OpoleDistrictChamberofCivilEngineers KrzysztofIrek OpoleUniversityofTechnology