Environmental Analysis Laboratory Handbook

301 Pages·2020·6.594 MB·English

by  Anshul Nigam and Rupal Gupta

Environmental Analysis
Laboratory Handbook
Scrivener Publishing
100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J
Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Scrivener Publishing
100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J
Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected]) Environmental Analysis
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Laboratory Handbook
Anshul Nigam
and
Rupal Gupta
This edition first published 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-119-72480-3
Cover image: Planet Earth – Larichev89 | Dreamstime.com, Land and sea images courtesy of the
authors
Cover design by Kris Hackerott
Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines
Printed in the USA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface xxi
Acknowledgement xxiii
Table of Abbreviations xxv
Table of Symbols xxvii
List of Figures xxix
List of Tables xxxiii
List of Chemicals and Respective Molecular Weight xxxv
1 Air, Water and Soil: An Environmental Perspective 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Air 2
1.2.1 Composition of Air 2
1.2.2 Air Pollution 3
1.2.3 Air Pollutants 3
1.2.4 Adverse Effect of Contaminants 5
1.3 Water 6
1.3.1 Properties of Water Molecule 6
1.3.2 Global Significance of Water 8
1.3.3 Environmental Monitoring 9
1.3.4 Water Quality Assessment in Recycling 10
1.3.5 Wastewater Treatment Plant 10
1.3.6 Working of Sewage Treatment Plant 11
1.4 Soil 12
1.4.1 Importance of Soil 13
1.4.2 Types of Soil 13
1.4.3 Soil Pollution 14
1.4.4 Types of Soil Pollution 14
1.4.5 Anthropogenic Activities 15
v
vi Contents
1.4.6 Health Effects 16
1.4.7 Ecosystem Effects 16
1.4.8 Methods to Reduce Soil Pollution 17
References 18
2 Determination of Physical Properties of Environmental
Samples 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Determination of Specific Gravity or Density in the
Given Water Sample 22
2.2.1 Principle 22
2.2.2 Material Required 25
2.2.3 Procedure for Specific Gravity Measurements
Using Pycnometer/Volumetric Flask 26
2.2.4 Observation Table 26
2.2.4.1 Measurement of Specific Gravity
of Water Sample 26
2.2.4.2 Readings of Pycnometer 26
2.2.5 Calculations 27
2.2.6 Results 27
2.2.7 Notes 27
2.3 Determination of Turbidity of Given Water Sample 28
2.3.1 Principle 28
2.3.2 Nephelometric Method 28
2.3.3 Material Required 29
2.3.4 Procedure 30
2.3.5 Standard Curve 30
2.3.6 Calculation 31
2.3.7 Note 31
2.4 Determination of Total Suspended Solids 31
2.4.1 Principle 31
2.4.2 Material Required 32
2.4.3 Procedure 32
2.4.4 Observation 33
2.4.5 Observation Table 33
2.4.6 Calculation 34
2.4.7 Results 34
2.4.8 Notes 34
2.5 Determination of Total Dissolved Solids 34
2.5.1 Principle 34
2.5.2 Material Required 35
Contents vii
2.5.3 Procedure 36
2.5.4 Observations Table 36
2.5.5 Calculation 36
2.5.6 Result 36
2.5.7 Notes 37
2.6 Determination of the Moisture Content of Soil 37
2.6.1 Principle 37
2.6.2 Material Required 37
2.6.3 Procedure 38
2.6.4 Observation 38
2.6.5 Calculations 38
2.6.6 Result 38
2.7 Determination of pH Using Universal Indicator 39
2.7.1 Principle 39
2.7.2 pH of Natural Water Bodies 40
2.7.3 Effects of pH Variation on Aquatic Life 40
2.7.4 Universal Indicator 40
2.7.5 Dyes 40
2.7.5.1 Methyl Orange 40
2.7.5.2 Methyl Red 41
2.7.5.3 Bromothymol Blue 41
2.7.5.4 Phenolphthalein 42
2.7.6 Material Required 43
2.7.7 Reagents Preparations 43
2.7.8 Procedure 43
2.7.9 Observations 43
2.7.10 Results 44
2.7.11 Notes 44
2.8 pH Determination by Using pH Meter 45
2.8.1 Principle 45
2.8.2 Material Required 47
2.8.3 Reagent Preparation 47
2.8.4 Procedures 48
2.8.5 Result 48
2.8.6 Notes 48
2.9 pH Determination of Soil 48
2.9.1 Principle 48
2.9.2 Materials Required 49
2.9.3 Procedure 49
viii Contents
2.9.4 Observation 50
2.9.5 Results 50
2.10 Determination of pH of Soil by Using pH Meter 50
2.10.1 Principle 50
2.10.2 Material Required 50
2.10.3 Procedure 50
2.10.4 Result 51
2.11 Determination of pH of Soil by Using Universal Indicator 51
2.11.1 Principle 51
2.11.2 Reagent Preparation 51
2.11.3 Procedure 52
2.11.4 Observation Table 52
2.12 Determination of Conductivity of Water 53
2.12.1 Principle 53
2.12.2 Calibration of the Instrument 54
2.12.3 Reagent Preparation 54
2.12.4 Steps to be Followed for Calibration 54
2.12.5 Notes 55
References 55
3 Analysis of Organic Matter in Environmental Samples 61
3.1 Introduction 61
3.2 Determination of the Organic Content in Soil 62
3.2.1 Principle 62
3.2.2 Material Required 63
3.2.3 Reagent Preparation 63
3.2.4 Procedure 63
3.2.5 Observation Table 64
3.2.6 Calculations 64
3.2.7 Notes 65
3.3 Determination of Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) of Soil 65
3.3.1 Principle 65
3.3.2 Importance of CEC 66
3.3.3 Material Required 66
3.3.4 Reagent Preparation 66
3.3.5 Procedure 66
3.3.6 Calculations 67
3.3.7 Note 67
3.4 Rapid Method for the Determination of Cation Exchange
Capacity (CEC) of Soil 68
3.4.1 Material Required 68
Contents ix
3.4.2 Reagent Preparation 68
3.4.3 Procedure 68
3.4.4 Calculations 69
3.4.5 Notes 69
3.5 Determination of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) by
Winkler’s Method 69
3.5.1 Principle 69
3.5.2 Material Required 71
3.5.3 Reagents Preparation 71
3.5.4 Procedure 71
3.5.5 Observation Table 72
3.5.5.1 Dissolved Oxygen Initial or DO 0 72
3.5.5.2 Dissolved Oxygen After 5 Days or DO 5 72
3.5.6 Calculation 73
3.5.7 Result 73
3.5.8 Notes 73
3.6 Determination of Biological Oxygen Demand by Dilution/
Seeding Method 74
3.6.1 Material Required 74
3.6.2 Reagent Preparation 75
3.6.3 Sample Preparation 76
3.6.4 Procedure 76
3.6.5 Observations 77
3.6.6 Observations Table 78
3.6.6.1 Dissolved Oxygen Initial or DO 0 78
3.6.6.2 Dissolved Oxygen After 5 Days or DO 5 78
3.6.7 Calculations 78
3.6.8 Result 79
3.6.9 Note 79
3.7 Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand by Potassium
Permanganate Method 79
3.7.1 Principle 79
3.7.2 Material Required 80
3.7.3 Reagent Preparation 80
3.7.4 Procedure 81
3.7.5 Observation Table 81
3.7.6 Calculations 81
3.7.7 Result 82
3.7.8 Notes 82