Enhancing Self-Esteem in the Classroom PDF
Preview Enhancing Self-Esteem in the Classroom
Lawrence_Enhancing SE in the CR app.qxd 04/10/2005 17:09 Page 1 Enhancing Self-Esteem in the classroom 3rd Edition Denis Lawrence 8468pre.qxd 17/01/2006 18:26 Page i Enhancing Self-Esteem in the Classroom 8468pre.qxd 17/01/2006 18:26 Page ii Dr Denis Lawrence is a chartered educational psychologist and qualified teacher with experience in primary and secondary schools as well as uni- versity departments and colleges of education. He is now in private prac- tice as a counsellor and educational consultant. This book is based on research he has carried out over the last three decades both in Australia and in the United Kingdom. 8468pre.qxd 17/01/2006 18:26 Page iii Enhancing Self-Esteem in the Classroom Third edition DENIS LAWRENCE 8468pre.qxd 17/01/2006 18:26 Page iv (cid:1)Denis Lawrence 2006 First edition published 1988 Second edition published 1996 This third edition published 2006 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. Paul Chapman Publishing A SAGE Publications Company 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP SAGE Publications Inc 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd B-42, Panchsheel Enclave Post Box 4109 New Delhi 110 017 Library of Congress Control Number: 2005934897 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 10 1-4129-2110-4 ISBN 13 978-1-4129-2110-7 ISBN 10 1-4129-2111-2 ISBN 13 978-1-4129-2111-4 (pbk) Typeset by Dorwyn Ltd, Wells, Somerset Printed in Great Britain by T.J. International, Padstow, Cornwall Printed on paper from sustainable resources 8468pre.qxd 17/01/2006 18:26 Page v For my grandchildren, Sophie, Eve, Patrick, Lula and Lochie whose joyful enthusiasm continually serves to enhance my own self-esteem 8468pre.qxd 17/01/2006 18:26 Page vi Learning begins in pleasure and thrives on curiosity. (Baughman, 1919) Through the enhancement of self-esteem we can achieve this goal and also ensure effective learning. 8468pre.qxd 17/01/2006 18:26 Page vii Contents Acknowledgements xi Foreword xii Introduction xiv l WHAT IS SELF-ESTEEM? 1 Clarifying the terminology 1 How self-esteem operates 8 The self-esteem hierarchy 11 The evidence for self-esteem enhancement 13 2 THE ROLE OF THE SELF-CONCEPT INSELF-ESTEEM ENHANCEMENT 19 Misapprehension over the nature of self-esteem 20 Can children have too much self-esteem? 22 The child with the undeveloped self-image 23 The child with unrealistic self-image 25 The child with the weak ideal self 26 3 SELF-ESTEEM AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 31 Origins of differences 32 Children’s reactions to individual differences 32 Physical differences 33 Specific learning difficulties 34 vii 8468pre.qxd 17/01/2006 18:26 Page viii ENHANCING SELF-ESTEEM IN THE CLASSROOM Hearing difficulties 35 Visual difficulties 36 General learning difficulty 36 Gender differences 37 Different ethnic groups 38 4 SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCES ON THE SELF-CONCEPT 41 Parental influences 41 Changes in family structure 43 Peer and sibling influences 43 Failure experiences 45 Media influences 46 Adolescence 46 Cultural identity 49 Other crises 50 5 ASSESSING SELF-ESTEEM 53 Measuring self-esteem 53 Behavioural checklist 56 The Lawrence self-esteem questionnaire (the Lawseq) 57 Other methods of assessment 62 6 ENHANCING SELF-ESTEEM WHILST TEACHING 67 Desirable personal qualities 68 Teacher self-esteem 74 Communication 74 Teacher’s preferred teaching style 79 Expectancy effects 80 Everyday contacts 80 7 SMALL GROUP ACTIVITIES TOENHANCESELF-ESTEEM 83 Aims and rationale 84 Introducing the activities 85 Trust activities 87 Recognizing and describing emotions 88 viii 8468pre.qxd 17/01/2006 18:26 Page ix CONTENTS Expression of emotions 89 Positive feedback 91 Taking risks 92 8 WHOLE-SCHOOL AND WHOLE-CLASS APPROACHES TO ENHANCING SELF-ESTEEM 95 Whole-school approaches 95 Curriculum activities 97 Developing internal locus of control 97 Active tutorial work 98 Developing critical thinking skills 100 Developing a self-image 101 Respect for individual differences 101 Bullying 102 Cooperative behaviour 103 Assertive behaviour 104 Conflict resolution 107 Teaching relaxation 107 Setting goals 108 9 INDIVIDUAL PROGRAMME FOR ENHANCING SELF-ESTEEM 111 Rationale 112 Who should conduct the programme? 112 Using non-professionals 113 Selecting the child 114 Seeking parental permission 115 The status of the programme provider and the setting 115 Introducing the sessions to the child 115 Principles of the programme 116 Terminating the programme 121 A ten-week programme 122 Peer support and befriending programmes 124 ix
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