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Energy, Environment, and Sustainability Series Editor: Avinash Kumar Agarwal Gautam Kalghatgi Avinash Kumar Agarwal Felix Leach Kelly Senecal Editors Engines and Fuels for Future Transport Energy, Environment, and Sustainability SeriesEditor AvinashKumarAgarwal,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,IndianInstitute ofTechnologyKanpur,Kanpur,UttarPradesh,India AIMSANDSCOPE Thisbooksseriespublishescuttingedgemonographsandprofessionalbooksfocused on all aspects of energy and environmental sustainability, especially as it relates to energy concerns. The Series is published in partnership with the International Society for Energy, Environment, and Sustainability.The books in these series are editedorauthoredbytopresearchersandprofessionalacrosstheglobe.Theseries aimsatpublishingstate-of-the-artresearchanddevelopmentinareasincluding,but notlimitedto: (cid:129) RenewableEnergy (cid:129) AlternativeFuels (cid:129) EnginesandLocomotives (cid:129) CombustionandPropulsion (cid:129) FossilFuels (cid:129) CarbonCapture (cid:129) ControlandAutomationforEnergy (cid:129) EnvironmentalPollution (cid:129) WasteManagement (cid:129) TransportationSustainability ReviewProcess The proposal for each volume is reviewed by the main editor and/or the advisory board.Thechaptersineachvolumeareindividuallyreviewedsingleblindbyexpert reviewers(atleastfourreviewsperchapter)andthemaineditor. Ethics Statement for this series can be found in the Springer standard guidelines herehttps://www.springer.com/us/authors-editors/journal-author/journal-author-hel pdesk/before-you-start/before-you-start/1330#c14214 Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttps://link.springer.com/bookseries/15901 · · Gautam Kalghatgi Avinash Kumar Agarwal · Felix Leach Kelly Senecal Editors Engines and Fuels for Future Transport Editors GautamKalghatgi AvinashKumarAgarwal Oxford,UK DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering IndianInstituteofTechnologyKanpur FelixLeach Kanpur,India DepartmentofEngineeringScience UniversityofOxford KellySenecal Oxford,UK ConvergentScience Madison,WI,USA ISSN2522-8366 ISSN2522-8374 (electronic) Energy,Environment,andSustainability ISBN978-981-16-8716-7 ISBN978-981-16-8717-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8717-4 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature SingaporePteLtd.2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface Transportandmobilityarecentraltomodernsocieties.Transportaccountsforaround 20%ofglobalprimaryenergyuseandcontributesaround23%ofglobalCO emis- 2 sionsbut14%ofgreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsifothergasessuchasmethane andnitrousoxidearetakenintoaccount.Incidentally,thisisthesameshareofGHG emissionsasfromlivestockfarmingformeatanddairy.Therearearound1.3billion light-duty vehicles (LDVs) in the world, with this number expected to go up to 1.7billionby2040becauseofgrowthinthedevelopingcountries.However,LDVs accountforonlyaround45%globaltransportenergydemandwhichisverylarge; theworldusesover11billionlitersofliquidfueleachday.Currently,around99.7% ofalltransportrunsoncombustionenginesand95%oftransportenergycomesfrom petroleum-basedliquidfuels.Thealternativestothecurrenttransportenergysystem suchasbatteryelectricvehiclesstartfromaverylowbaseandfaceverysignificant barriers to unlimited and fast growth. Hence, internal combustion engines (ICEs) willcontinuetoplayaverycentralroleinrunningglobaltransportandneedtobe continuouslyimprovedintermsofefficiencyandemissions. ThisbookhasfifteenchaptersaddressingvariousissuesimportanttoICEs,and wehopeitwillbeusefultointerestedprofessionalsandstudents. The International Society for Energy, Environment and Sustainability (ISEES) was founded at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IIT Kanpur), India, in January 2014 to spread knowledge/awareness and catalyze research activities in thefieldsofenergy,environment,sustainability,andcombustion.Society’sgoalisto contributetothedevelopmentofclean,affordable,andsecureenergyresourcesanda sustainableenvironmentforsociety,spreadknowledgeintheareasmentionedabove, andcreateawarenessoftheenvironmentalchallengestheworldisfacingtoday.The uniquewayadoptedbyISEESwastobreaktheconventionalsilosofspecializations (engineering,science,environment,agriculture,biotechnology,materials,fuels,etc.) totackletheproblemsrelatedtoenergy,environment,andsustainabilityinaholistic manner.Thisisquiteevidentbytheparticipationofexpertsfromallfieldstoresolve theseissues.ISEESisinvolvedinvariousactivitiessuchasconductingworkshops, seminars, and conferences in the domains of its interests. Society also recognizes v vi Preface the outstanding works of young scientists, professionals, and engineers for their contributionsinthesefieldsbyconferringthemawardsundervariouscategories. The Fifth International Conference on ‘Sustainable Energy and Environmental Challenges’(V-SEEC)wasorganizedundertheauspicesofISEESfromDecember 19to21,2020,invirtualmodeduetorestrictionsontravelbecauseoftheongoing COVID-19 pandemic situation. This conference provided a platform for discus- sions between eminent scientists and engineers from various countries, including India, Spain, Austria, Bangladesh, Mexico, USA, Malaysia, China, UK, Nether- lands, Germany, Israel, and Saudi Arabia. At this conference, eminent interna- tionalspeakerspresentedtheirviewsonenergy,combustion,emissions,andalterna- tive energy resources for sustainable development and a cleaner environment. The conferencepresentedtwohigh-voltageplenarytalksbyDr.V.K.Saraswat,Honor- ableMember,NITIAyog,on‘TechnologiesforEnergySecurityandSustainability’ andProf.SandeepVerma,Secretary,SERB,on‘NewandEquitableR&DFunding OpportunitiesatSERB.’ Theconferenceincludedninetechnicalsessionsontopicsrelatedtoenergyand environmentalsustainability.Eachsessionhad6–7eminentscientistsfromallover the world, who shared their opinion and discussed the trends for the future. The technical sessions in the conference included emerging contaminants: monitoring and degradation challenges; advanced engine technologies and alternative trans- portation fuels; future fuels for sustainable transport; sustainable bioprocessing for biofuel/non-biofuel production by carbon emission reduction; future of solar energy; desalination and wastewater treatment by membrane technology; biotech- nologyinsustainabledevelopment; emergingsolutionsforenvironmental applica- tions,andchallengesandopportunitiesforelectricvehicleadoption.Fivehundred plus participants and speakers from all over the world attended this three days conference. Theconferenceconcludedwithahigh-voltagepaneldiscussionon‘Challenges and Opportunities for Electric Vehicle Adoption,’ where the panelists were Prof. GautamKalghatgi(UniversityofOxford),Prof.AshokJhunjhunwala(IITMadras), Dr. Kelly Senecal (Convergent Science), Dr. Amir Abdul Manan (Saudi Aramco), andDr.SayanBiswas(UniversityofMinnesota,USA).Prof.AvinashK.Agarwal, ISEES, moderated the panel discussion. This conference laid out the roadmap for technologydevelopment,opportunities,andchallengesinenergy,environment,and sustainabilitydomain.Allthesetopicsareveryrelevantforthecountryandtheworld inthepresentcontext.Weacknowledgethesupportreceivedfromvariousagencies andorganizationsforthesuccessfulconductoftheFifthISEESconferenceV-SEEC, where these books germinated. We want to acknowledge SERB (special thanks to Dr.SandeepVerma,Secretary)andourpublishingpartnerSpringer(specialthanks toMs.SwatiMeherishi). Preface vii The editors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the authors from all overtheworldforsubmittingtheirhigh-qualitywork.Wewouldliketoexpressour gratitude to the reviewers, who reviewed various chapters of this monograph and providedtheirvaluablesuggestionstoimprovethemanuscripts. Oxford,UK GautamKalghatgi Kanpur,India AvinashKumarAgarwal Oxford,UK FelixLeach Madison,USA KellySenecal Contents 1 IntroductiontoEnginesandFuelsforFutureTransport .......... 1 GautamKalghatgi, AvinashKumarAgarwal, KellySenecal, andFelixLeach 2 SustainableTransportation .................................... 7 CarlHergart 3 AReviewofEmissionsControlTechnologiesforOn-Road Vehicles ...................................................... 39 AmeyaJoshi 4 Opposed-PistonEnginePotential:LowCO andCriteria 2 Emissions .................................................... 57 LaurenceJ.Fromm,FabienRedon,andAshwinSalvi 5 AnOverviewofHybridElectricVehicleTechnology .............. 73 NirendraNathMustafi 6 Life-CycleAnalysisfortheAutomotiveSector ................... 103 GrahamConway 7 Pre-chamberCombustors:AnEnablingTechnologyforHigh Efficiency,LowCO EngineOperation .......................... 133 2 MichaelBunce, HughBlaxill, NathanPeters, SaiKrishnaPothurajuSubramanyam, AdrianCooper, andMikeBassett 8 A Pathway to Ultra-Lean IC Engine Combustion: The NarrowThroatPre-chamber ................................... 175 ManuelAlejandroEcheverriMarquez, PonnyaHlaing, PriybratSharma, EmreCenker, JihadBadra, AmerAmer, JamesW.G.Turner, HongIm, GaetanoMagnotti, andBengtJohansson ix x Contents 9 OntheUseofActivePre-chambersandBio-hybridFuels inInternalCombustionEngines ................................ 205 PatrickBurkardt, MaximilianFleischmann, TimWegmann, MarcoBraun,JulianKnöll,LeifSchumacher,FlorianvomLehn, BastianLehrheuer, MatthiasMeinke, HeinzPitsch, ReinholdKneer,WolfgangSchröder,andStefanPischinger 10 TheUseofAmmoniaasaFuelforCombustionEngines ........... 233 DongHan,YusenLiu,andZhenHuang 11 AmmoniaasFuelforTransportationtoMitigateZeroCarbon Impact ....................................................... 257 ChristineMounaïm-Rousselle, PierreBréquigny, AgustinValeraMedina, ElenaBoulet, DavidEmberson, andTereseLøvås 12 MethanolasaFuelforInternalCombustionEngines ............. 281 ChuntaoLiu,ZhiqiangLi,YiqiangPei,andYanzhaoAn 13 TechnologiesforKnockMitigationinSIEngines—AReview ...... 325 CinziaTornatore,LucaMarchitto,andGerardoValentino 14 Explicit Equations for Designing Surrogate Gasoline FormulationsContainingToluene,n-HeptaneandIso-pentane .... 351 RogerF.Cracknell,JackScrutton,andSandroGail 15 Prediction of Ignition Modes in Shock Tubes Relevant toEngineConditions .......................................... 369 MinhBauLuongandHongG.Im