ENGINEERING TOOLS FOR CORROSION : design and diagnosis

190 Pages·2017·4.585 MB·English

by  Luciano Lazzari

Engineering Tools for Corrosion
SeriesIntroduction
TheEFC,foundedin1955,isafederationof33societieswithinterestsincorrosion,andis
basedin26differentcountriesthroughoutEuropeandbeyond.Itsmembersocieties
representthecorrosioninterestsofmorethan25,000engineers,scientists,andtechnicians.
TheFederation’saimistoadvancethescienceofthecorrosionandprotectionofmaterials
bypromotingcooperationinEuropeandcollaborationinternationally.Asidefromnational
andinternationalcorrosionsocieties,universities,andresearchcenters,companiescanalso
becomeaffiliatemembersoftheEFC.
TheadministrationoftheFederationisinthehandsoftheBoardofAdministrators,chaired
bytheEFCpresident.Thescientificandtechnicalaffairsaretheresponsibilityofthe
ScienceandTechnologyAdvisoryCommittee,chairedbytheSTACchairman,assistedby
thescientificsecretary.TheGeneralAssemblyapprovesanyEFCpolicypreparedand
presentedbytheBoA.
TheFederationismanagedthroughitsGeneralSecretariat,withthreesharedheadquarters
locatedinLondon,ParisandFrankfurt.
TheEFCcarriesoutitsmostimportantactivitiesthroughits19activeworkingparties
devotedtovariousaspectsofcorrosionanditsprevention,coveringalargerangeoftopics:
corrosionandscaleinhibition,corrosionbyhotgasesandcombustionproducts,nuclear
corrosion,environmentsensitivefracture,surfacescienceandmechanismsofcorrosionand
protection,physicochemicalmethodsofcorrosiontesting,corrosioneducation,marine
corrosion,microbialcorrosion,corrosionofsteelinconcrete,corrosioninoilandgas
production,coatings,corrosionintherefineryindustry,cathodicprotection,automotive
corrosion,tribo-corrosion,corrosionofpolymermaterials,corrosionprotectionofdrinking
watersystems,corrosionofarchaeologicalandhistoricalartifacts.TheEFCisalwaysopen
toformulatingnewworkingpartiesinresponsetothedemandsbroughtaboutbydeveloping
technologies,andtheirensuingcorrosionrequirementsandapplications.
TheEuropeanFederationofCorrosion’sflagshipeventisEUROCORR,themostimportant
corrosioncongressinEurope,whichisheldannuallyinadifferentEuropeancountryin
Septemberofeachyear.Todate,28EUROCORRconferenceshavetakenplacein12
differentcountries,andtheyhavegainedareputationfortheirhightechnicalquality,global
perspective,andenjoyablesocialprogram.AnotherchannelfortheEFC’svaluabletransfer
ofknowledgeistheEFC“green”bookseries,whichisthefruitofthecollaborationandhigh
scientificcaliberwithinandamongsttheEFCworkingpartymembers,andisemblematicof
theEFCeditorialpolicy.
In2012,theEFCconcludedanagreementwithWoodheadPublishingLimitedtopublish
newtitlesintheEFC’sprestigiousbookseries,drawingtogetherresearchfromthevarious
EFCworkingparties.TheWoodheadPublishingisnowanimprintofElsevierS&TBooks.
EFCOfficesarelocatedat:
EuropeanFederationofCorrosion,TheInstituteofMaterials,MineralsandMining,1
CarltonHouseTerrace,LondonSWlY5DB,UK
Fe´de´rationEurope´ennedelaCorrosion,Fe´de´rationFranc¸aisepourlessciencesdelaChimie,
28rueSaint-Dominique,F-75007Paris,France
Europa¨ischeFo¨derationKorrosion,DECHEMAe.V.,Theodor-Heuss-Allee25,D-60486
Frankfurt-am-Main,Germany
European Federation of Corrosion Publications
Number 68
Engineering Tools
for Corrosion
Design and Diagnosis
Luciano Lazzari
PublishedfortheEuropeanFederationofCorrosion
byWoodheadPublishing
PublishedfortheEuropeanFederationofCorrosionbyWoodheadPublishing,animprintofElsevierS&TBooks
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Dedication
This book is dedicated to the memory of my mentors
Pietro Pedeferri (1938(cid:1)2008) and
Giuseppe Bianchi (1919(cid:1)1996)
Thispageintentionallyleftblank
Contents
AuthorBiography xi
ListofSymbolsandAbbreviations xiii
Premise xvii
VolumesintheEFCSeriesList xix
1 BasicPrinciples 1
1.1 Corrosionreactions 1
1.2 Electrochemicalmechanism 2
1.3 Stoichiometry(FaradayLaw) 3
1.4 Thermodynamicconditions 4
1.5 Kineticsofaqueouscorrosion 8
1.6 Summary 16
1.7 Appendix 19
References 23
Furtherreading 23
2 UniformCorrosion 25
2.1 Modelforacidiccorrosion 25
2.2 Aeratedsolutions 30
2.3 Summary 31
2.4 Appendix 33
References 38
Furtherreading 38
3 LocalizedCorrosion 39
3.1 Macrocell 39
3.2 Throwingpower 40
3.3 Surfacearearatio 42
3.4 Galvaniccorrosion 42
3.5 Differentialaeration 49
3.6 Intergranularcorrosion 51
3.7 Summary 53
3.8 Appendix 53
References 60
viii Contents
4 PittingandCreviceCorrosion 61
4.1 Initiationstageforpitting 61
4.2 Initiationstageforcrevice 66
4.3 Propagation 68
4.4 Summary 68
4.5 Appendix 69
4.6 Casestudies 75
References 80
5 Corrosion inWater,SoilandAir 81
5.1 Freshwater 81
5.2 Seawater 84
5.3 Flow-enhancedcorrosion 85
5.4 Soil 85
5.5 Microbiologicallyinducedcorrosion 86
5.6 Corrosiveatmospheres 90
5.7 Summary 92
5.8 Appendix 92
References 100
6 ComputerModelling 101
6.1 Electrochemicalmodels 101
6.2 Fieldequations 102
6.3 Macrocell 102
6.4 Boundaryconditions 111
6.5 FEMandBEMmethods 112
6.6 Summary 113
6.7 Appendix 113
References 117
7 Testing 119
7.1 Classificationofcorrosiontests 119
7.2 Intensificationindex 122
7.3 Acceleratedtestwithanoblecathodicprocess 125
7.4 Acceleratedtestforpittingcorrosion 127
7.5 Summary 129
References 129
8 StatisticalAnalysisofCorrosionData 131
8.1 Managementofcorrosiondata 131
8.2 Extremevaluedistributions(Gumbel,Weibull) 133
8.3 Time-dependentdata 136
Contents ix
8.4 Sampling 137
8.5 Summary 139
8.6 Appendix 142
Reference 147
Furtherreading 148
Glossary 149
Index 157