Engineering Science: For Foundation Degree and Higher National Book

529 Pages·75.797 MB·English

by  Lloyd Dingle and Michael H Tooley

Engineering Science
Focusing primarily on core topics in mechanical and electrical science, students enrolled on a wide range of higher
education engineering courses at undergraduate level will find Engineering Science, second edition, an invaluable aid
to their learning.
With updated and expanded content, this new edition covers sections on the mechanics of materials, dynamics,
thermodynamics, electrostatics and electromagnetic principles, and a.c./d.c. circuit theory. Entirely new sections
are devoted to the study of gyroscopes and the effect of applied torques on their behaviour, and the use of Laplace
transformation as a tool for modelling complex networks of inductance, capacitance and resistance. In addition,
a new overview of the decibel (dB) introduces a handy technique for expressing logarithmic ratios.
Knowledge-check and review questions, along with activities, are included throughout the book, and the nec-
essary background mathematics is integrated alongside the appropriate areas of engineering. The result is a clear
and easily accessible textbook that encourages independent study and covers the essential scientific principles that
students will meet at this level.
The book is supported with a companion website for students and lecturers at www.key2engineeringscience.com,
and it includes:
• Solutions to the Test Your Knowledge and Review Questions in the book
• Further guidance on Essential Mathematics with introductions to vectors, vector operations, the calculus
and differential equations, etc.
• An extra chapter on steam properties, cycles and plant
• Downloadable SCILAB scripts that help simplify some of the advanced mathematical content
• Selected illustrations from the book
Mike Tooley has over 30 years’ experience of teaching electrical principles, electronics and avionics to engineers
and technicians. He was previously Head of Engineering, Dean of Faculty and Vice Principal at Brooklands College,
Surrey. Currently he works as a consultant and freelance technical author.
Lloyd Dingle is a Chartered Engineer specialising in Aircraft Maintenance. Over the past 30 years he has held sev-
eral posts in engineering training and education at various levels, previously as a lecturer at Farnborough College
of Technology and as Head of School and Associate Dean of Technology at Brooklands College, Surrey. Currently
he works as an aerospace engineering education and training adviser.

Engineering Science
For Foundation Degree and Higher National
Second edition
Mike Tooley and Lloyd Dingle
Second edition published 2021
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2021 Mike Tooley and Lloyd Dingle
The right of Mike Tooley and Lloyd Dingle to be identified as authors of this
work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from
the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
First edition published by Routledge 2012
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Tooley, Michael H., author. | Dingle, Lloyd, author.
Title: Engineering science : for foundation degree and higher national / by
Mike Tooley and Lloyd Dingle.
Description: 2nd edition. | Boca Raton, FL : Routledge [2021] | Includes
index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020013866 (print) | LCCN 2020013867 (ebook) | ISBN
9780367432720 (paperback ; acid-free paper) | ISBN 9780367432737
(hardback ; acid-free paper) | ISBN 9781003002246 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Engineering--Textbooks. | Engineering
mathematics--Textbooks.
Classification: LCC TA147 .T659 2021 (print) | LCC TA147 (ebook) | DDC
620--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020013866
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020013867
ISBN: 978-0-367-43273-7 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-43272-0 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-00224-6 (ebk)
Typeset in Sabon
by Cenveo® Publisher Services
Visit the companion website: www.key2engineeringscience.com
Contents
Preface xii
PART I
Mechanics of materials 1
1 Fundamentals 3
1.1 Force 3
1.2 Vector representation and combination of forces 4
1.3 Coplanar force systems 6
1.4 Resolution of forces for coplanar systems 10
1.5 Simple stress and strain 17
1.6 Compound bars 21
1.7 Poisson’s ratio and two-dimensional loading 26
1.8 Chapter summary 28
2 Simply supported beams 30
2.1 Revision of fundamentals 30
2.2 Shear force and bending moment 32
2.3 Engineers’ theory of bending 38
2.4 Centroid and second moment of area 41
2.5 Beam selection 47
2.6 Slope and deflection of beams 49
2.7 Chapter summary 57
2.8 Review questions 59
3 Torsion and shafts 61
3.1 Review of shear stress and strain 61
3.2 Engineers’ theory of torsion 62
3.3 Polar second moment of area 63
3.4 Power transmitted by a shaft 64
3.5 Composite shafts 65
3.6 Chapter summary 67
3.7 Review questions 68
4 Pressure vessels 69
4.1 Thin-walled pressure vessels 69
4.2 Thick-walled pressure vessels 72
4.3 Pressure vessel applications 75
4.4 Chapter summary 79
4.5 Review questions 79
v
vi Contents
5 Concentrically loaded columns and struts 81
5.1 Slenderness ratio, radius of gyration and effective length 81
5.2 Euler’s theory and the Rankine—Gordon relationship 84
5.3 Chapter summary 88
5.4 Review questions 89
6 Introduction to strain energy 91
6.1 Strain energy resulting from direct stress and pure shear stress 91
6.2 Strain energy in bending and torsion 95
6.3 Castigliano’s theorem 96
6.4 Chapter summary 99
6.5 Review questions 100
7 Complex stress and strain 101
7.1 Stresses on oblique planes 101
7.2 Two-dimensional direct stress, shear stress and combined stress systems 103
7.3 Mohr’s stress circle 108
7.4 Strain 110
7.5 Strain gauges 119
7.6 Chapter summary 124
7.7 Review questions 126
PART II
Dynamics 129
8 Fundamentals 131
8.1 Newton’s laws 131
8.2 Linear equations of motion 132
8.3 Angular motion 135
8.4 Friction 138
8.5 Energy 143
8.6 Momentum 147
8.7 Power 148
8.8 Circular motion and forces of rotation 149
8.9 Gyroscopes 153
8.10 Chapter summary 158
8.11 Review questions 158
9 Kinematics of mechanisms 160
9.1 Velocity and acceleration diagrams 160
9.2 Displacement, velocity and acceleration analysis of an engine slider-crank mechanism 166
9.3 Cam mechanisms 170
9.4 Chapter summary 171
9.5 Review questions 172
10 Power transmission systems 174
10.1 Belt drives 174
10.2 Friction clutches 177
10.3 Gear trains 180
Contents vii
10.4 Balancing 185
10.5 Flywheels 188
10.6 Coupled systems 189
10.7 Chapter summary 193
10.8 Review questions 194
11 Oscillatory motion and vibration 196
11.1 Simple harmonic motion 196
11.2 Free vibration 198
11.3 Damped natural vibration 201
11.4 Forced vibration 204
11.5 Chapter summary 209
11.6 Review questions 210
PART III
Thermodynamics 213
12 Fundamentals 215
12.1 Density and pressure 215
12.2 Temperature, its measurement and thermal expansion 219
12.3 Heat, specific heat and latent heat 221
12.4 Gases and the gas laws 225
12.5 Chapter summary 228
12.6 Review questions 229
13 Thermodynamic systems 231
13.1 System definitions and properties 231
13.2 Closed and open systems 232
13.3 Closed systems and the first law of thermodynamics 233
13.4 Open systems and the first law of thermodynamics 234
13.5 Introduction to the second law of thermodynamics 237
13.6 Chapter summary 238
13.7 Review questions 239
14 Perfect gas processes 240
14.1 Reversibility and work 240
14.2 Perfect gas non-flow processes 242
14.3 Introduction to gas mixtures 247
14.4 Chapter summary 249
14.5 Review questions 251
15 Thermal cycles 252
15.1 Entropy 252
15.2 The Carnot cycle 255
15.3 The Otto cycle 257
15.4 The diesel cycle 260
15.5 Constant pressure cycle 261
15.6 Chapter summary 264
15.7 Review questions 265
viii Contents
16 Combustion engines 267
16.1 The reciprocating piston internal combustion engine working cycle 267
16.2 Internal combustion engine performance indicators 268
16.3 The gas turbine engine 272
16.4 Aircraft propulsion 274
16.5 The aircraft turbojet engine cycles and component efficiencies 276
16.6 Chapter summary 282
16.7 Review questions 283
17 Introduction to heat transfer 284
17.1 Introduction 284
17.2 Conduction 284
17.3 Convection 287
17.4 Radiation 291
17.5 Chapter summary 293
17.6 Review questions 293
18 Introduction to fluid mechanics 295
18.1 Thrust force on immersed surfaces 295
18.2 Buoyancy 303
18.3 Momentum of a fluid 305
18.4 The Bernoulli equation 308
18.5 Application of Bernoulli to fluid flow measurement 310
18.6 Fluid viscosity 312
18.7 Friction losses in piped systems 314
18.8 Energy loss in plain bearings 317
18.9 Chapter summary 319
18.10 Review questions 320
PART IV
Electrostatics and electromagnetism 323
19 Electrostatics and capacitors 325
19.1 The nature of electric charge 325
19.2 Permittivity, electric flux density and field strength 326
19.3 Force between charges 329
19.4 Capacitors 332
19.5 Energy storage 334
19.6 Capacitors in series and parallel 336
19.7 Chapter summary 337
19.8 Review questions 337
20 Electromagnetism and inductors 339
20.1 The nature of magnetic flux 339
20.2 Permeability and magnetic flux density 341
20.3 Force between conductors 345
20.4 Inductors 347
20.5 Energy storage 349
Contents ix
20.6 Inductors in series 350
20.7 Magnetic circuits and reluctance 350
20.8 Chapter summary 352
20.9 Review questions 352
PART V
Direct current 355
21 Current, voltage and resistance 357
21.1 The nature of electric current 357
21.2 Ohm’s law 358
21.3 Resistance and resistivity 359
21.4 Conductance and conductivity 361
21.5 Comparison of electric and magnetic circuits 362
21.6 Temperature coefficient of resistance 363
21.7 Internal resistance 364
21.8 Power, work and energy 366
21.9 Chapter summary 368
21.10 Review questions 368
22 Circuit theorems 369
22.1 Kirchhoff’s laws 369
22.2 Series and parallel circuit calculations 370
22.3 The potential divider 374
22.4 The current divider 375
22.5 The constant voltage source 376
22.6 The constant current source 383
22.7 Superposition theorem 386
22.8 Maximum power transfer theorem 388
22.9 Chapter summary 389
22.10 Review questions 390
PART VI
Transients 393
23 Transients 395
23.1 Rate of change 395
23.2 C–R circuits 398
23.3 L–R circuits 404
23.4 Chapter summary 408
23.5 Review questions 408
24 Transients in R–L–C systems 409
24.1 First- and second-order systems 409
24.2 Laplace transforms 410
24.3 Chapter summary 415
24.4 Review questions 416