Engineering Principles in Physiology. Volume 1 PDF
Preview Engineering Principles in Physiology. Volume 1
CONTRIBUTORS FELIX BRONNER JOSEPH J. DISTEFANO, III DAVID G. FLEMING DONALD S. GANN JOHN LYMAN LLOYD D. PARTRIDGE JOHN C. PETERSEN JAMES RESWICK NEENA B. SCHWARTZ WILLIAM M. SIEBERT RALPH W. STACY LAWRENCE STARK PETER A. STEWART GEORGE C. THEODORIDIS LOJZE VODOVNIK PAUL WALTZ F. EUGENE YATES ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES IN PHYSIOLOGY Edited by J. H. U. BROWN Health Services and Mental Health Administration Public Health Service Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Rockville, Maryland DONALD S. GANN Department of Biomedicai Engineering School of Medicine The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland VOLUME I 9i73 (D ACADEMIC PRESS New York and London COPYRIGHT © 1973, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 72-12213 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA List of Contributors Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin. FELIX BRONNER (227), School of Dental Medicine, The University of Connecticut, Health Center and Institute of Materials Science, Storrs, Connecticut JOSEPH J. DISTEFANO, III (261), Department of Engineering Systems and Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Cali fornia DAVID G. FLEMING (119), Department of Biomedicai Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio DONALD S. GANN (213), Department of Biomedicai Engineering, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland JOHN LYMAN (99), School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California LLOYD D. PARTRIDGE (47), Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee JOHN C. PETERSEN* (119), Department of Biomedicai Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio JAMES RESWICK (99), Rancho Los Amigos Hospital, Downey, California NEENA B. SCHWARTZf (249), Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois WILLIAM M. SIEBERT (139), Department of Electrical Engineering and Communications Biophysics Group of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massa chusetts RALPH W. STACYÎ (33), Cox Heart Institute, Kettering, Ohio LAWRENCE STARK (13), Department of Physiological Optics and Depart ment of Engineering Science, University of California, Berkeley, California PETER A. STEWART (185), Division of Biological and Medical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island * Present address : Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey. t Present address: Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois. t Present address: Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois. ix X LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS GEORGE C. THEODORIDIS* (13), Department of Physiological Optics and Department of Engineering Science, University of California, Berkeley, California LOJZE VODOVNIK (99) Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Yugoslavia PAUL WALTZ (249), Equation Models Associates, Arlington Heights, Illinois F. EUGENE YATES (3), Department of Biomedicai Engineering, Univer sity of Southern California, Los Angeles, California * Present address: Department of Biomedicai Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia. Preface It required a great deal of temerity for the editors to approach the con struction of a textbook in a field as diffuse as biomedicai engineering. The classical textbooks in physiology are more than a thousand pages long, as are most of the standard engineering texts. The blending of physiology and various forms of engineering into a single work forced us to restrict the contents, and thus an explanation of our method is necessary. As it developed, the present work assumed the format of a physiology textbook oriented along organ system lines. However, it does not have the detail of a physiology text. It has been deliberately restricted to those areas where engineering plays an important role in understanding function. Certain areas have been emphasized at the expense of others. A holistic approach to physiology has been adopted and the usual long chapters on blood elements, coagulation, lymph, digestion, and biochemistry have been eliminated. The principles of communication and control, including energy input and output, have been stressed. Because we believe that communication and control extend to the intracellular level, material has been included on chemical kinetics and cell dynamics. Didactic nonfunctional descriptions of organs and systems have been completely eliminated. Such descriptions can be easily found in the many excellent anatomy and physiology texts now available. The format differs from that of the more familar textbooks. Instead of proceeding from the cells to the tissues to the organ to the system, we begin with a systems approach. We then deal with integration of the system, problems of communication and control, energy input and output, and finally, intracellular processes. The contents have been slanted toward our particular bias. The chapters on the nervous system are concerned more with integration than with the usual discussion of each sense organ and detailed descriptions of reflex actions which have no real theoretical or engineering base. The endocrine system has received much more than the usual attention because of its diver sity of function and the recent material on modeling the various glandular functions. We have considered the cardiovascular system more as a system of communication and control than as an independent organ system. Flow of energy is important in an engineering system. The energy input of the human system is through the gut. This has not been discussed because xi Xll PREFACE there is little information available that is not truly empirical in nature. A chapter on movement of the gut could have been added, but this would contribute little to the argument. The output of the system is largely in heat and work. Muscular work and heat output have not been discussed, although a chapter on neuromuscular control has an important place. In another edition we hope to have a section which more accurately reflects the total output. Finally, because we feel that the elements of communication and control are reflected at the subcellular level and that one must frequently go to this level to understand the system as a whole, we have included chapters on fine structure. In conclusion, a word of warning. The reader is assumed to possess certain basic knowledge. The authors expect him to have understanding equivalent to a course in human physiology, mathematics through calculus, and about one year of engineering science. The student should approach the book with the understanding that it is not complete, that it is biased, and that many omissions are deliberate. He must be prepared to read in both physiology and engineering texts as he proceeds. We apologize for any errors and inadvertent omissions. We welcome suggestions and criticism. If another edition is warranted, mistakes will be rectified. We would like to express particular appreciation to the American Physio logical Society for permission to use parts of an article from the Physiologist in the chapter by Yates and to use an article from the Federation Proceedings as the basis for the chapter by Schwartz and Waltz. We are grateful most of all to the authors for their time and patience in making the requisite revisions and suffering the pressures and delays attendant upon an undertaking of this nature. Contents of Volume II Part IV. The Cardiovascular System as an Integrative Mechanism 13. Structure and Function of the Peripheral Circulation E. 0. Attinger 14. The Circulation and Its Control I : Mechanical Properties of the Cardio vascular System Kiichi Sagawa 15. The Circulation and Its Control II: Neural and Humoral Control of the Heart and Vessels Kiichi Sagawa 16. The Heart as a Pump Kiichi Sagawa 17. Electrical Activity of the Heart C A. Caceres 18. The Venous System Augusto H. Moreno, Adolph I. Katz, Louis D. Gold, and R. V. Reddy Part V. Energy Flow in the System—Input and Output 19. The Body as an Engine /. H, U. Brown 20. The Respiratory Apparatus Richard M. Peters Xlll XIV CONTENTS OF VOLUME II 21. Regulation of Respiration: Interrelationships between Morphology, Physiology, and Control Mechanisms Joseph D. Cohn and Richard M. Peters 22. Oxygen Transport Thomas K. Goldstick 23. The Mathematical Theory of Renal Function John L. Stephenson 24. The Human Kidney David C. Weber and Yukihiko Nosé Part VI. The Fine Structure of the System— Intracellular Processes 25. Compartmental Approaches to Water and Electrolyte Distribution Josep G. Llaurado 26. Cellular Dynamics Britton Chance, Martin Poe, and G. D. V. Van Rossum 27. Intracellular Processes /. H. U. Brown 28. Diffusion as a Physiological Process /. Fatt 29. Ion Transport in Gastric Mucosa Warren S. Rehm AUTHOR INDEX-SUBJECT INDEX Part I THE SYSTEM AS A WHOLE
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