Engineering Physics and Mechanics: Analyses, Prediction and Applications (Engineering Tools, Techniques and Tables)

625 Pages·2010·13.03 MB·English

by  Matias Sosa

ENGINEERING TOOLS, TECHNIQUES AND TABLES SERIES

E P
NGINEERING HYSICS
M : A ,
AND ECHANICS NALYSIS
PREDICTION AND APPLICATIONS

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E T , T
NGINEERING OOLS ECHNIQUES
T S
AND ABLES ERIES

Computational Methods in Applied Science and Engineering
A.K. Haghi (Editor)
2010. ISBN: 978-1-60876-052-7

Engineering Physics and Mechanics: Analyses, Prediction and Applications
Matias Sosa and Julián Franco (Editors)
2010. ISBN: 978-1-60876-227-9

Precision Gear Shaving
Gianfranco Bianco and Stephen P. Radzevich
2010.ISBN: 978-1-60876-861-5

Hydraulic Engineering: Structural Applications, Numerical Modeling
and Environmental Impacts
Gerhard Hirsch and Bernd Kappel (Editors)
2010. ISBN: 978-1-60876- 825-7

Primer to Kalman Filtering: A Physicist Perspective
Netzer Moriya
2010. ISBN: 978-1-61668-311-5
ENGINEERING TOOLS, TECHNIQUES AND TABLES SERIES

E P
NGINEERING HYSICS
M : A ,
AND ECHANICS NALYSIS
PREDICTION AND APPLICATIONS

MATIAS SOSA
AND
JULIÁN FRANCO
EDITORS

Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
New York
Copyright © 2010 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA

Engineering physics and mechanics : analyses, prediction, and applications / editors, Matias Sosa and Julián Franco.
p. cm.
ISBN 978-1-61324-550-7 (eBook)
1. Mechanical engineering. 2. Physics. I. Sosa, Matias. II. Franco, Julián.
TJ146.E54 2009
621--dc22
2009038660


Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York
CONTENTS

Preface vii

Chapter 1 Solar Absorption Systems as the Foundation for the New 1
Generation of Heat-Pumping, Refrigerating and Air
Conditioning Technologies
A.V. Doroshenko, Y.P. Kvurt and L.P. Kholpanov

Chapter 2 Causes of Failures and the New Prospects in the Field of Space 147
Material Sciences
A.I. Feonychev

Chapter 3 Modeling of Interaction Kinetics during Combustion Synthesis 237
of Advanced Materials: Phase-Formation-Mechanism Maps
B.B. Khina

Chapter 4 Identification and Control of Large Smart Structures 295
Yeesock Kim, Reza Langari and Stefan Hurlebaus

Chapter 5 Transfer Processes in a Heat Generating Granular Bed 361
Yu.S. Teplitskii and V.I. Kovenskii

Chapter 6 The Influence of ND Laser Irradiation Parameters on Dynamics 441
of Metal Condensed Phase Propagating Near Target
V.K. Goncharov, K.V. Kozadaev and M.V. Puzyrev

Chapter 7 Thermodynamic and Kinetic Study of Oil Shale Processing 473
G.Y. Gerasimov, E.P. Volkov and E.V. Samuilov

Chapter 8 Radiation Induced Synthesis and Modification of Carbon 493
Nanostructures
G.Y. Gerasimov

Chapter 9 Monitoring a 22-Story Building under Severe Typhoons 509
with Bayesian Spectral Density Approach
Ka-Veng Yuen and Sin-Chi Kuok
vi Contents
Chapter 10 Characteristics of Ohm Law for Metal at Low Temperature 535
A.N. Volobuev and V.V. Galanin

Chapter 11 Calculating and Experimental Researches of Free-Flowing 547
Substance Axisymmetric Movement as Quasi-Newton Liquid
V.V. Lozovetsky, F.V. Pelevin and S.N. Leontiev

Chapter 12 Vibration Analysis of Non-Uniform Beams Using Spline 559
Collocation Method
Ming-Hung Hsu

Chapter 13 Multiclass Fuzzy Classifiers Based on Kernel Discriminant 577
Analysis
Ryota Hosokawa and Shigeo Abe

Index 599
PREFACE

The study of engineering physics emphasizes the application of basic scientific principles
to the design of equipment, which includes electronic and electro-mechanical systems, for use
in measurements, communications, and data acquisition. Engineering mechanics is the basis
of all the mechanical sciences - civil engineering, materials science and engineering,
mechanical engineering and aeronautical and aerospace engineering. This new book gathers
the latest research from around the globe in this field of study. The analysis of existing
models of high-temperature synthesis (SHS) is presented with special emphasis on the
kinetics of interaction in strongly non-isothermal conditions typical of SHS. A novel multiple
model approach is also proposed in order to model and control nonlinear behavior of large
structures equipped with nonlinear smart control devices. In addition, this book examines the
description of the processes which take place during the interaction of neodymium laser
radiation (moderate power density) with metal targets. Other chapters in this book examine
the main features of oil shale transformation under thermal processing, recent progress in
application of radiation techniques for the synthesis and modification of carbon
nanostructures, a brief analysis calculating and theoretical models describing free-flowing
substance movement, and a discussion of fuzzy classifier based on kernel discriminant
analysis (KDA) for two-class and multiclass problems.
As presented in Chapter 1, since 1992 at a number of conferences held under the aegis of
UNO they have discussed the problem directly of humanity—the problem of global warming
caused by the constantly increasing concentration of so-called greenhouse gases (GG) in the
atmosphere [129, 130]. Burning fossil fuel as a source of releases of carbon dioxide, which is
one of the main greenhouse gases, makes the greatest contribution to their continuous
accumulation in the atmosphere. The greenhouse gases, the release of which is controlled by
the UNO Convention, include methane; its source is also power engineering and
decomposition of domestic and industrial waste. The UNO Convention (the climate
convention) was adopted in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro at the UNO conference on the
environmental protection and development and was devoted to adopting measures by the
world community for smoothing the global warming caused by the increase of the GG
concentration in the atmosphere. In December 1997 in Kyoto (Japan) at the third session of
the conference of member-countries of the frame UNO Convention on climate change, the
Kyoto Protocol was adopted which was ratified by participating countries (55 countries
including Russia and Ukraine); it is these countries that provide 55% of global carbon dioxide
releases [130].
viii Matias Sosa and Julián Franco
In Chapter 2, the methodical study of the crystal growth processes and electrophoretic
separation of the biomixtures have been carried out under microgravity conditions. The
mathematical simulation of technological processes was performed by dint of the Navie-
Stokes equations, the equations for heat and mass transfer and the Maxwell equations for
magnetic and electric fields with reasoned assumptions. Analysis of crystal growth by the
Bridgeman-Stockbarger and moving heater methods has shown that these methods does not
give the expected positive results due to particularities of the fluid flows and heat and mass
transfer under microgravity conditions and zero gravity. New condition for the dopant
concentration at the crystallization boundary is used under calculations and comparison of the
calculation data and the results obtained in experiments on board spacecraft. Thermocapillary
convection stability and the process of crystal growth by the floating zone method are studied
with use of different control actions. A rotating magnetic field, additional fluid layer
(encapsulation of crystallizing melt) and standing surface waves, generated by axial vibration
are applied as the control action. Axial static magnetic field is additional applied in two last
cases. It is shown that under optimum parameters of the external action on thermocapillary
convection, dopant segregation in micro- and macro-scales can be significantly reduced. The
new idea on eigenfrequency of convective cell is used for analysis of the calculation results.
The analysis of special space experiment on continuous flow electrophoresis showed that the
failures of experiments on biomixture separation with the help of this method are due to
hydrodynamic instability of biocomponent jet by the action of vibrations and ponderomotive
force in electric field. The considered modifications of the floating zone method, as well as
the use of the standing surface waves generated by vibrating crystal in the Czochralski
method can be used for crystal growth in terrestrial conditions.
Combustion synthesis (CS), or self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) is a
versatile and cost efficient method for producing refractory compounds (carbides, borides,
intermetallics) and composite materials. During CS, interaction between condensed reactants
accomplishes in a short time (~0.1-1 s) whereas the traditional furnace synthesis of the same
compounds takes several hours for the same particle size and close final temperature.
Uncommon, non-equilibrium interaction mechanisms were observed experimentally, e.g., the
dissolution-crystallization route rather than the traditional solid-state diffusion-controlled
(SSDC) growth of a continuous product layer separating the starting reactants. Despite
extensive experimental and theoretical investigation, the interaction pathways during CS are
not well understood yet.
In Chapter 3, the analysis of existing models of SHS is presented with special emphasis
on the kinetics of interaction in strongly non-isothermal conditions typical of SHS. It is
shown that in the modeling works employing the most used SSDC kinetics of the product
formation, the diffusion coefficients used for calculations exceeded the experimentally known
values by up to 3 orders of magnitude in a wide range of temperature. New models are
developed for two typical SHS-reactions, Ti+C TiC (CS of interstitial compound) and
Ni+Al NiAl (CS of intermetallic compound), basing on the SSDC kinetics and independent
data on diffusion in the product phase.
For CS of TiC, all possible situations are analyzed. Elastic stresses in a spherical TiC
layer growing on the Ti particle surface are calculated, and a criterion for transition to the
non-equilibrium dissolution-precipitation route is obtained.
For CS of NiAl, competition between the growth of solid NiAl and its dissolution in the
liquid Al-base and solid or liquid Ni-base solutions is considered for non-isothermal
Preface ix
conditions. The Ni-Al phase diagram is used for numerical modeling along with the
temperature dependencies of phase densities. Simulation has revealed the limits of
applicability of the traditional SSDC approach, which is based on the assumption of local
equilibrium at phase boundaries. The criteria are determined for transition to non-equilibrium
reaction routes, namely dissolution-precipitation with and then without a thin solid interlayer
of NiAl between the parent phases.
As a final result, phase-formation-mechanism maps for the Ti-C and Ni-Al systems are
constructed in coordinates ―initial metal particle size-heating rate‖, which permit predicting a
pattern of structure formation during interaction in the non-isothermal conditions typical of
CS. The existence of uncommon interaction pathways, which were observed experimentally
and debated in literature, is confirmed theoretically ex contrario.
In Chapter 4, a novel multiple-model approach is proposed in order to model and control
nonlinear behavior of large structures equipped with nonlinear smart control devices in a
unified framework.
First, a novel Nonlinear System Identification (hereinafter as ―NSI‖) algorithm, Multi-
input, Multi-output (hereinafter as ―MIMO‖) AutoRegressive eXogenous (hereinafter as
―ARX‖) inputs-based Takagi-Sugeno (hereinafter as ―TS‖) fuzzy model, is developed to
identify nonlinear behavior of large structures equipped with smart damper systems. It
integrates a set of MIMO ARX models, clustering algorithms, and weighted least squares
algorithm with a TS fuzzy model. Based on a set of input-output data that is generated from
large structures equipped with MagnetoRheological (hereinafter as ―MR‖) dampers, premise
parameters of the MIMO ARX-TS fuzzy model are determined by the clustering algorithms,
while the consequent parameters are optimized by the weighted least squares algorithm.
Second, a new Semiactive Nonlinear Fuzzy Control (hereinafter as ―SNFC‖) algorithm is
proposed through integration of multiple Lyapunov-based state feedback gains, a Kalman
filter, and a converting algorithm with TS fuzzy interpolation method: (1) the nonlinear
MIMO ARX-TS fuzzy model is decomposed into a set of linear dynamic models that are
operated in only a local linear operating region; (2) Then, based on the decomposed dynamic
models, multiple Lyapunov-based state feedback controllers are formulated in terms of linear
matrix inequalities (hereinafter as ―LMIs‖) such that the large structure-MR damper system is
globally asymptotically stable and the performance on transient responses is also guaranteed;
(3) finally, the state feedback controllers are integrated with a Kalman filter and a converting
algorithm using a TS fuzzy interpolation method to construct semiactive output feedback
controllers.
To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed MIMO ARX-TS fuzzy model-based
SNFC systems, it is applied to a 3-, an 8-, and a 20-story building structure employing MR
dampers. It is demonstrated from the numerical simulations that the proposed MIMO ARX-
TS fuzzy model-based SNFC algorithm is effective to control responses of seismically
excited large building structures equipped with MR dampers.
As explained in Chapter 5, heat generating granular beds are practically an important type
of disperse systems (beds of nuclear fuel microcells of atomic power stations, beds of solid
fuel particles in layer burning, heat generating beds of biological origin, etc.). Heat, generated
in solid particles, produces temperature fields of specific character in the system; it is
influenced by a whole number of factors: heat release intensity, heat carrier filtration velocity,
size of particles, etc.