Engineering Design Handbook - Army Weapon Systems Analysis, Parts One and Two:

879 Pages·2016·56.44 MB·English

AMC PAMPHLET DARCOM-P 706-101
AMC PAMPHLET DARCOM-P 706-102
ENGINEERING DESIGN
HANDBOOK
ARMY WEAPON SYSTEMS ANALYSIS, PART ONE
ARMY WEAPON SYSTEMS ANALYSIS, PART TWO
U.S. ARMY MATERIEL DEVELOPMENT AND READINESS COMMAND NOVEMBER 1977
U.S. ARMY MATERIEL DEVELOPMENT AND READINESS COMMAND
OCTOBER 1979
DARCOM-P 706-101
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure .No . Title Page
4- 1 Weapon Systems Acquisition Phase ......................................... 4-5
4-2 Materiel Acquisition Management .......................................... 4-6
5- 1 DOD Planning. Programming. and Budgeting System (PPBS) ................ 5-2
5-2 Planning. Programming. and Budgeting System Cycle ........................ 5-4
5-3 Planning Phase Events ..................................................... 5-8
5-4 Programming Phase Events ................................................. 5-9
5-5 Budgeting Phase Events .................................................... 5:13
8- 1 Infantry Battalion .......................................................... 8-13
8-2 Selected Map Symbols Indicating Unit Type ................................. 8-14
8-3 Selected Map Symbols Indicating Unit Size .................................. 8-15
8-4 Basic Infantry. Mechanized. and Armored Divisions ......................... 8-16
8-5 Infantry Division ........................................................... 8-17
8-6 Mechanized Division ....................................................... 8-18
8-7 Armored Division .......................................................... 8-19
8-8 Airborne Division-Organization ........................................... 8-20
8-9 Airborne Division-Mission and Capabilities ................................ 8-21
8-10 Air Assault Division-Organization ......................................... 8-22
8-1 1 Air Assault Division-Mission and Capabilities .............................. 8-23
8-12 Separate Infantry Brigade .................................................. 8-25
8-13 Separate Light Infantry Brigade ............................................ 8-25
8-14 Separate Mechanized Brigade .............................................. 8-26
8-15 Separate Airborne Brigade ................................................. 8-26
8-16 Separate Armored Brigade ................................................. 8-27
8-1 7 Separate Air Cavalry Combat Brigade ....................................... 8-27
8-18 Illustrative Corps in an Established Theater of Operations .................... 8-28
9- 1 Area of Occurrence of Indicated Climatic Categories ......................... 9-11
9-2 Extrapolated Standing Loss in a Lead-Acid Storage Battery Under
Differing Temperature Conditions ........................................ 9-15
9-3 Portion of Edition 1-KAMS Series L752 Sheets 1 and 2 ....................... 9-19
9-4 Legend of Series L752 Maps as Produced by the US Army Topographic
Command (US Army Map Service). the Army Map Service (Far East).
and the Republic of Korea Army Map Service ............................. 9-20
9-5 Sample of Terrain Analysis ................................................. 9-21
9-6 Off-Road Movement Characteristics of Map Unit 1 by State of Ground
for Representative Military Vehicles ...................................... 9-22
9-7 Off-Road Movement Characteristics of Map Unit 2 by State of Ground
for Representative Military Vehicles ...................................... 9-22
9-8 Off-Road Mobility Conditions in Map Unit 3 by Season ...................... 9-23
9-9 Off-Road Mobility Conditions in Map Unit 5 and 5A by Season ............... 9-23
11-1 Functional Flow Diagram of Target Acquisition Information for an
Individual Weapon System ............................................... 11-9
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DARCOM-P 706-101
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (cont’d)
Figure No . Title Page
12-1 Simplified Flow Chart of Scenario Production ................................ 12-4
13-1 Circular Probable Error .................................................... 13-7
13-2 Probable Error ............................................................. 13-9
14-1 Rectangular Target Centered at Origin ...................................... 14-4
14-2 Graphs of Elliptic Normal Coverage Function ................................ 14-15
15-1 Simplified Functional Flow Chart for a Typical Vulnerability Analysis ......... 15-6
15-2 Damage-Probability Pattern for a Volley of Artillery Rounds .................. 15-14
16-1 Sample Weapon Thermal Stress Envelope ................................... 16-6
18-1 Probability of Weapon Response Time Being Less Than Target Exposure
Time PT. vs Ratio of Expected Response Time to Expected Target
7
Exposure Time T~ ....................................................... 18-4
18-2 Intercept Engagement Representation ....................................... 18-6
18-3(A) Determination of Lower Intercept Bound .................................... 18-8
18-3(B) Determination of Upper Intercept Bound .................................... 18-9
18-4 Weapon B Effectiveness PK(B)lvs Expected Response Time TB
When Weapon R Has an Expected Response Time of 1 min and an
T~
Expected Rate of Fire X of 4 Rounds/Minute .............................. 18-11
18-5 Flow Diagram for Sample Problem Simulation ............................... 18-12
19-1 Application of Superquick Fuze ............................................. 19-8
19-2 Application of Nondelay Fuze ............................................... 19-8
19-3 Application of Delay Fuze .................................................. 19-9
19-4 Application of Time and Proximity Fuzes to an Areal Target .................. 19-9
19-5 Application of Time and Proximity Fuzes to a Ground Target ................. 19-10
19-6 Selective Superquick Delay Fuze ............................................ 19-11
19-7 Artillery Proximity Fuze .................................................... 19-12
19-8 Principal Forces Used in Artillery Fuze Design ............................... 19-13
19-9 Mechanical Safety Devices ................................................... 19-14
19-10 Block Diagram of Typical Proximity Fine System ............................ 19-16
19-11 Firing Region for Proximity Fuze ........................................... 19-16
19-12 Schematic of a VT Fuze for a Guided Missile ................................. 19-19
19-13 Missile Trajectory ......................................................... 19-19
19-14 Density of Fuze Function as a Function of Height Above Ground .............. 19-28
20- 1 Typical Pattern for a Chain-Like Series of Shots .............................. 20- 14
20-2 Typical Pattern of the Autocorrelation Coefficient p vs Time .................. 20-18
20-3 Sketch of Target Damage Geometry ......................................... 20-33
20-4 The Function Z(s) .......................................................... 20-42
20-5 The Function N(r) = r/b*(r) ................................................ 20-43
20-6 Upper and Lower Bounds onf(n) ........................................... 20-45
21-1 System I: Series System of k Elements or Components ........................ 21-6
21-2 System 11: Parallel System of k Elements or Components ..................... 21-7
21-3 System I11 : Combination Parallel-Series System ............................. 21-8
21-4 System IV: Combination Series-Parallel System ............................. 21-9
21-5 System V : Example of a Cross-Strapped Series-Parallel System ............... 21-9
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DARCOM-P 706-101
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (cont'd)
Figure No . Title Page
21-6 Series-Parallel Power Supply With Success Ratios ............................ 21-25
21-7 Plot of the Weibull Probability Density Function for Various Values of
p(S = 1) ................................................................ 21-47
22-1 Unit Power vs Speed for Animals. Man. Wheels. and Flow .................... 22-4
22-2 Unit Power vs Speed for Animal World. Cross-Country Vehicles. and
Road or Railway Vehicles ................................................ 22-5
22-3 AMC Mobility Model (Areal Mobility Prediction) ........................... 22-1 2
22-4 AMC '71 Mobility Model Special Outputs (Areal Mobility) .................. 22-14
22-5 Curve of Tractive Effort vs Velocity .......................................... 22-16
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DARCOM-P 706-102
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure No. Title Page
26-1 Analogy of the Combat Development Process with the
Scientific Process 26-6
26-2 An MOE for Doctrine 26-7
26-3 An MOE for Organization 26-8
26-4 An MOE for Materiel 26-9
26-5 An MOE for Training 26-10
26-6 An MOE for Logistics 26-11
26-7 An MOE for Command-Control-Communications 26-12
26-8 An MOE for Mobility 26-13
26-9 An MOE for Intelligence 26-14
26-10 Probability of Hitting and Range of Engagement Probability
Density as a Function of the Range 26-21
27-1 Radar Frequencies and Electromagnetic Spectrum 27-4
27-2 Exact and Rayleigh Approximate Backscattering Cross Sections
Per Unit Volume of Rain-Filled Space, Plotted Against
Rainfall Intensity 27-9
27-3 Attenuation Per Kilometer for Horizontal Propagation 27-10
27-4 Electric and Magnetic Vectors 27-11
27-5 Elliptical Polarization 27-11
27-6 Spectral Distribution of Energy for Perfect Emitters 27-13
27-7 Typical Lateral Range Curves 27-19
27-8 Comparison of Inverse Square and Inverse Fourth Law Lateral
Range Curves 27-20
27-9 Detection Probability as a Function of Search Effort 27-21
28-1 Graph of Square Law 28-12
29-1 Location of Red and Blue Forces 29-8
31-1 The Gain Function 31-10
31-2 Survival Chance Curves for Red 31-15
33-1 Cumulative Probability Curves for Hand Grenade Throwing
Test (Standing Position, Range 40 yd) 33-9
33-2 Probabilities of Target Detection for Stationary Observers
as a Function of Time Using Combined Attacking and
Defending Targets 33-16
34-1 Typical Cost Stream Pattern Over a Weapon System Lifetime 34-4
34-2 Conceptual Matrix Relating Cost Categories and Elements to
a Typical WBS 34-6
34-3 Discrete Cost Definitions 34-9
34-4 Conceptual Cost-Effectiveness Comparison 34-12
34-5 Cost Streams for Three Hypothetical Weapon System Alternatives 34-12
34-6 Conceptual Cost Crossover Point Under Wartime Conditions 34-17
34-7 Time-Phased Life Cycle Expenditure Patterns, Undiscounted,
for Two Alternatives Over a 15-yr Period 34-18
34-8 Hypothetical Cost Distributions for Two Systems 34-22
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DARCOM-P 706-102
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (cont'd)
34-9 Hypothetical Cost Sensitivity Curves 34-24
35-1 Life Cycle of a Materiel System 35-4
35-2 Army Life Cycle Cost Matrix 35-6
35-3 Cost Per Man Year Methodology 35-10
35-4 Cannon Manufacturing Cost vs Gun Weight 35-15
35-5 A Basic Need in Life Cycle Cost Analysis 35-22
35-6 Example of Nonrecurring Investment Cost Submodels 35-31
35-7 Airframe Recurring Investment Cost CER , 35-35
35-8 Large Engine Production Cost CER 35-36
36-1 Typical Beta Distribution 36-8
36-2 Unit Cost Expressions, With Perturbations Caused by
Design Changes, Plotted on Linear Scales 36-13
36-3 Unit Cost Expressions, With Perturbations Caused by
Design Changes, Plotted on Logarithmic Scales 36-13
37-1 Viewable Range for a Tank (Side-on to the Observer) vs
Available Illumination 37-7
38-1 Baseline Layout for an Improved HAWK Battery 38-10
38-2 Maneuvering Aircraft Attack Profile 38-11
38-3 Typical Revetments for Improved HAWK Components 38-13
39-1 Spectrum of Tactical Possibilities 39-5
39-2 For s Successes Out of η Discrete Trials of Tactic 1
and S Successes Out of Ν Trials of Tactic 2, a Point
is Determined on the Plot 39-10
39-3 Continuous Effort e and Ε Expended on Tactics 1 and 2,
Respectively, Resulting in m and M Successes,
Respectively 39-11
39-4 Causal Network 39-12
39-5 Two-Dimensional Causal Network 39-12
40-1 Influence Diagram 40-16
44-1 MGEM Simulation 44-9
44-2 Straight Flyby 44-10
44-3 Constant 2-G Turn 44-11
44-4 General Maneuver 44-12
44-5 Pop-Up and Dive 44-13
44-6 Jinking Flyby 44-14
44-7 Comparison of Actual and Modeled Estimator Position Output 44-17
44-8 Comparison of Actual and Modeled Estimator Velocity Output 44-18
44-9 Comparison of Actual and Modeled Estimator Acceleration
Output 44-19
46-1 Methodology 46-6
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LIST OF TABLES
Table No . Title Page
5-1 The Ten Programs of the Five Year Defense Program ......................... 5-3
8- 1 Intelligence Requirements of Certain Army Personnel ........................ 8-7
9- 1 Some Natural and Induced Environmental Analysis Parameters .............. 9-3
9-2 Representative Effects of Major Elements of the Terrain Upon
Selected Types of Military Equipment and Weapons ....................... 9-5
9-3 Worldwide Climatic Types and Regions ..................................... 9-10
9-4 Climatic Extremes for Military Equipment .................................. 9-13
9-5 Standing Loss in a Good Battery per Day .................................... 9-14
9-6 List of US Army Publications in the Area of Basic and Applied
Terrain and Environmental Subjects ...................................... 9-16
9-7 Sources of Terrain Intelligence and Terrain Analysis-National Level ......... 9-17
9-8 Military Vehicle Operations in Map Unit 4 (See Fig . 9-5)
Built-up Towns and Villages ............................................. 9-24
9-9 Ranking of Military Vehicles by Mobility Characteristics ..................... 9-25
9-10 Operational Aspects of the Terrain .......................................... 9-26
10-1 Means Available for Damage Assessment .................................... 10-6
12-1 Study Areas Amenable to Scenario Application .............................. 12-2
12-2 A Check List for Scenario Production ........................................ 12-5
14-1 Error in Polya-Williams (P-W) Approximation .............................. 14-6
?4-2 Offset Circle Probability Values for 1 I' R I 2 ............................... 14-10
14-3 Offset Circle Probability Values for 2 I' R I 3 ............................... 14-13
14-4 Brief Table of Elliptic Normal Coverage Function or Probability q(a. b) ........ 14-14
15-1 Some Typical Target Defeat Criteria ........................................ 15-7
15-2 Values of the Integral of the Circular Coverage Function ...................... 15-12
16-1 Rates of Fire Summary of Representative Army Weapon Systems ............. 16-7
17-1 Table of States and Associated Probabilities ................................. 17-14
17-2 Results for Example 17-6 ................................................... 17-15
18-1 Sample ABM Defense System Parameters ................................... 18-5
19-1 Recommended Fuze Applications ........................................... 19-4
19-2 Trajectory Segments of Primary Interest ..................................... 19-22
19-3 Fuze Functioning Probabilities .............................................. 19-25
19-4 Warhead Functioning Probabilities ......................................... 19-25
20- 1 Probability of at Least One Hit ............................................. 20-8
21-1 Sample Sizes n Needed for Zero or One Failure in n Tests to Obtain
90% and 95% Lower Confidence Bounds on the Reliability ................. 21-13
21-2 Lower 95% Confidence Bounds on Reliability Based on Zero Failures
in n Trials ............................................................... 21-29
21-3 Example Data ............................................................. 2 1-43
21-4 Table of Coefficients of At and Bt for Calculating kr.n and Cr.n for
Bain-Englehardt Estimators for Various Values of r/n ...................... 21-52
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DARCOM-P 706-101
LIST OF TABLES (cont’d)
Table .No . Title Page
21-5 Table of Percentage Points y for (i/S)j ...................................... 21-58
22- 1 Mobility Transect Characteristics ........................................... 22-1 3
22-2 AMSAA Air Vehicle Computer Programs ................................... 22-20
23- 1 Army Classes of Supply .................................................... 23-6
23-2 Table of y for the Negative Binomial Distribution ............................ 23-18
23-3 Percent Error PCER ........................................................ 23-18
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DARCOM-P 706-102
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page
26-1 Illustrative Examples of Systems Analysis — Problem Environments and
Matching Measures of Effectiveness 26-15
28-1 Status of Red and Blue Forces for B = 100, R = 50, ρ = 0.05,
0 0
β = 0.10 After 12 Time Units 28-15
28-2 Parity Achieved Between Red and Blue Forces for B = 100, R = 50,
0 0
ρ = 0.05, β = 0.20 28-15
28-3 Reno's Attack 28-17
28-4 Custer's Last Stand 28-18
28-5 Custer at Little Bighorn with an Undivided Force 28-18
28-6 Probability of Blue Winning (Square Law and β/ρ = 3/5) 28-27
28-7 Limited Wars, Force Ratios, and Winners 28-28
28-8 Computations for the Initial Sample Sizes 28-43
29-1 Combination of Blue Aircraft and Blue Tanks Required To Kill
a Given Number of Red Tanks 29-21
29-2 Trade-Off Between Blue Tanks and Blue Aircraft as a Function of pu/ίu 29-21
29-3 Equivalent Percent Increase in Numerical Strength Corresponding to an
Increase in Command Efficiency from e to e 29-24
0
30-1 Killer-Victim Scoreboard 30-20
32-1 Application Theorem III to Example 32-4 32-15
32-2 Table of Initial Functional Values, h{(xi) = Wjiqn)*1' for Example 32-6 32-25
32-3 Table of g(x, 1 ) Based on First and Second Targets (Red Infantry and
2
Red Tanks) 32-26
32-4 Table of Functional Values VXO = Wjiqu)*1* for Example 32-7 32-29
32-5 Table of Functional Values hJ(z) 32-30
2 k
32-6 Table of Pairs [x(z), Xij)z-?>xj)} 32-30
2j k k 2
32-7 Calculations of the Minima g(z, 2) 32-31
2 k
33-1 Physical Description of Test Grenades 33-6
33-2 Characteristics of Eleven Test Grenades 33-6
33-3 Summary of Round-to-Round Dispersions 33-8
33-4 Average Maximum Range Data for Grenade Types Averaged Over Throwers ... 33-10
33-5 Frequency of Error and Observed Probability by Error Category 33-19
34-1 Hypothetical Alternative Weapon System Cost Characteristics 34-13
34-2 Expenditure Patterns for Alternatives in Fig. 34-7 34-19
34-3 Discounted Present Value of Two Alternative Expenditure Patterns
(Table 34-2) at Three Discount Rates (5%, 10%, and 15%) 34-19
34-4 System Specifications and Assumptions (Examples) 34-26
34-5 Cost Estimate Working Report Outline 34-32
35-1 Manufacturing Cannon Data 35-14
35-2 Calculation of CER 35-16
35-3 The Use of Discounting to Compare Alternatives (Discounting at 10%) 35-25
35-4 Mathematical Statements for the Surveillance Aircraft System Cost Model 35-28
35-5 Variable Data Names for the Surveillance Aircraft System Cost Model 35-30
35-6 Summary of LCCE of UTTAS 35-39
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DARCOM-P 706-102
LIST OF TABLES (cont'd)
36-1 The Learning Curve Process 36-4
36-2 Percentage Points u Such That Pr[M(T)/M(T„) <u] = a 36-17
a n a
38-1 High Threat Areas — Enemy Capabilities and Our Countermeasures 38-3
38-2 Survivability Enhancement Measures for Consideration — Detectability 38-4
38-3 Survivability Enhancement Measures for Consideration —
Vulnerability Reduction 38-7
38-4 Survivability Measures Implementation Priority for HAWK Battery Site 38-14
39-1 Payoff Matrix 39-6
40-1 Table of Multipliers for Use in Computing Fire Losses 40-9
40-2 Relation Between Grid Size, Unit Size, Force Size, and Zone of Action 40-18
40-3 Chronological Cumulative Casualties Report 40-23
40-4 Example of the Target-Kill Report 40-24
40-5 Example of the Operational-Statistics Report 40-25
40-6 Management Aspects of CARMONETTE 40-26
41-1 Latin Square Arrangement for ASARS IIX Runs of Weapon Mixes 41-3
41-2 Numbers of Red Casualties for Weapon Mixes A, B, C, D, and Ε 41-4
41-3 Red Total Casualties, Average Casualties, and Expected Percentages
of Casualties Due to Blue's Weapon Mixes 41-5
41-4 ANOVA Table for Analysis of Casualties Due to Weapon Mixes 41-6
42-1 Killer-Victim Scoreboard (Average Number Kills Against Each Side) 42-7
43-1 Percent Deaths and Percent Wounds by Causative Agent for US Army Troops
in World War II, the Korean War, and Vietnam 43-1
43-2 Target Types, Number of Target Acquisitions, and Defeat and Attack Criteria
Represented in the Combat Simulation of 24 h
of Blue Intense Defense in Europe 43-5
43-3 Artillery Weapon System Characteristics 43-6
43-4 Alternative Artillery Forces Considered in Study 43-7
43-5 Relative System Delivery Errors (CEP's) Used in Study 43-8
43-6 Relative (Ratios of) Projectile Lethal Areas at a Range of 14 km 43-9
43-7 Relative Costs of Complete Rounds, Components, and Transportation
as Compared to Cost of M107, 155-mm Projectile W/PD Fuze 43-10
43-8 Relative Number of Targets Engaged and Relative Number of Rounds
Expended by Percentage of 8-in. and/or 175-mm Weapons
Available to the Alternative Blue Artillery Force 43-12
44-1 Air Defense Gun System Characteristics 44-6
44-2 Gun System Cool Time Schedule 44-7
44-3 Air Defense Ammunition Round Characteristics 44-7
44-4 Operating and Supply Costs 44-7
44-5 Table of Fixed-Wing and Rotary-Wing Aircraft Vulnerable Areas
versus Projectile Caliber 44-7
44-6 Engagement Hit and Kill Probabilities 44-19
44-7 Average Number of Rounds Expended Per Engagement 44-19
46-1 COEA Alternative Infantry Fighting Vehicles 46-5
46-2 Probable Vehicle Quantities to be Procured 46-5
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