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• •• / I Hydraulic Institute Engineering Data Book First Edition ,- R Table of Contents List of Members-1978 AftonPumps,Inc. Houston,Texas Allis-ChalmersCorporation Cincinnati,Ohio AmpcoMetalDivision Ampco-PittsburghCorporation Milwaukee.Wisconsin SECTION I-PREFACE . A-S-HPump Paoli,Pennsylvania Aurora Pump t 1 r i SECTION II-CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUIDS UnitofGeneralSignal NorthAurora, Illinois Barrett,Haentjens&Company Hazleton.Pennsylvania IIA. WATER BIF-AUnitofGeneralSignal WestWarwick, RhodeIsland Bingham.WiIlametteCompany Portland,Oregon IIA-l PropertiesofWateratVariousTemperatures . 5 BuffaloPumpsDivision IIA-2 TemperaturevsSpecificGravityforWater . 6 BuffaloForgeCompany Buffalo,NewYork lIB. OTHER FLUIDS ByronJacksonPumpDivision Borg-WarnerCorporation LosAngeles,California IIB-l DegreesA.P,1. vsSpecificGravityforOil 7,6 CarverPumpCompany Muscatine.Iowa IIB-2 SpecificGravitiesvs Degrees Baume _ _ . 9 CascadePumpCompany SantaFeSprings.California CraneDemingPumps Salem.Ohio IIB·3 Solidsand Slurries ....................................•..._. 10 DeanBrothersPumps,Inc. Indianapolis.Indiana IIB-4 Vapor Pressure-Liquid H2 ••••...••....••••. 11 DelavalTurbine,Inc. Princeton. NewJersey IIB-S Vapor Pressure ofHelium. ....._... 12 DenverEquipmentDivision IIB-6 VaporPressure-Various Liquids JoyManufacturingCompany ColoradoSprings,Colorado DresserIndustries.Inc. Chart 1-600 to 240°F . 13 PacificPumpDivision HuntingtonPark.California Chart 2-1800 to 60°F . 14 TheDurironCompany,Inc. Dayton.Ohio IIC. VISCOSITY ECaPumpCorporation SouthPlainfield. NewJersey EconomyPumpCorporation Cleveland,Onio IIC-l Definitions and MethodsofMeasurement.,.....•. 15,16 FairbanksMorsePumpDivision IlC-2 Viscosity Blending Chart . 17 ColtIndustnes,Inc KansasCity. Kansas FlygtCorporation Norwalk.Connecticut IIC-3 Viscosity Conversion Table . 18 FosterPumpWorks,Inc. Westerly. RhodeIsland IIC-4 ViscosityConversionTable 19 FrederickIron&Steel,Inc. Frederick. Maryland FybrocDivision-MetProCorporation Hatfield.Pennsylvania SECTION III-FLUID FLOW TheGaligherCompany SaltlakeCity. Utah GasoPumps.Inc. Tulsa.Oklahoma InA. GENERAL GaulinCorporation Everett.Massachusetts GouldsPumps,Inc. SenecaFajls, NewYork IJlA-l Fluid Flow-General . 23-31 GoynePumpCompany Ashland.Pennsylvania IIIA-l Friction Factors forAsphalt-Dipped CastIron Pipe . 33 Hydr-O-MaticPumps IIIA-2 Friction FactorsforSteel orWrought Iron Pipe . 35 ADivisionofWylain,Inc, Ashland.Ohio Ingersoll-RandCompany Woodclifflake,NewJersey IIIA-3 Friction Factorsforany kind and Size ofPipe 37 InFluidHandlingDivision Skokie.Illinois 1I1A-4 Relative Roughness FactorsforNewClean Pipes . 39 JacuzziBrothers,Inc. littleRock,Arkansas I1IA-S Kinematic Viscosityand Reynolds NumberChart . 40 JohnstonPumpCompany Glendora, California KroghPumpCompany SanFrancisco, California IIIA-6 Installation for ExampleNo.1 . 41 laBourPumpCompany Elkhart,Indiana IIIA-7 Installation for ExampleNo.2 ............................•. 42 LadishCompany ｋ･ｮｯｾｨ｡Ｎ Wisconsin IIIB. FRICTION LOSS-WATER LawrencePumps,Inc. lawrence.Massachusetts layne&Bowler,Inc. Memphis.Tennessee IIIB-1 Friction Loss-Water. 43 Chas.S.lewis&Company,Inc. 51. louis.Missouri IIIB-l Installation forExampleNO.3 44 LFEFluidControl Division IIIB-2 Friction LossforWater in FeetperFootof StainlessSteel Tubing EasternMidlandWeinman Hamden.Connecticut MorrisPumps,Inc. Baldwinsville,NewYork and in FeetforSanitary Fittings . 45 MoynoPumpDivision 1118-3 Friction Losses inDeep WellVerticalTurbine Pump Columnsand DischargeHeads 46 Robbins&Myers.Inc. Springfield.Ohio 1118-3(a) Friction Loss Chart forStandard Pipe Column . 47 NationalPumpCompany,Inc. Glendale.Arizona OberdorterFoundries,Inc. Syracuse.NewYork 1118-3(b) Head Loss in DischargeHeads . 48 PacificPumpingCompany IIIB-4 Friction Loss forWaterin Feetper100FeetofPipe 49-74 DivisionofBaltimoreAircoil. Inc Oakland.California IIIB-S Resistance Coefficients forValves and Fittings PattersonPump Table32(a) ...........................................•. 75 Dubie-ClarkCompany Toccoa.Georgia Hydraulic Institute PeabodyBarnes,Inc. Mansfield.Ohio Table32 (b) . .......•. 76 1230 Keith Building PeabodyFloway,Jnc. Fresno.California Table32(e) .............................................................•. 77 Cleveland, Ohio 44115 PeerlessPump Table33-Resistance Coefficients for Fittings. 76 DivisionofIndianHead Montebello.Califorma RoperPumpCompany Commerce,Georgia IIIB-SA ResistanceCoefficientsfor90Degree BendsofUniform Diameter. 79 ScotPumpDivision IIIB·58 AesistanceCoefficientsfor8endsofUniform Diameterand Smooth Surface. 60 ArdoxCorporation Mequon,Wisconsin 1118·6 ResistanceCoefficientsforIncreasersand Diffusers 81 SundstrandFluidHandling Arvada.Colorado 1118-7 Resistance Coefficients forReducers . 62 Taco,Inc. Cranston.RhodeIsland mc. OTHER FLUIDS Tait, Inc. Dayton,Ohio ThrushProducts,Inc. Peru,Indiana (IIC Calculation ofFriction LossforanyFluid in Steel orWrought IronPipes 83,64 TRWRedsPumpCompany Bartlesville,Oklahoma IIIC-l thru IIIC-13 Friction Loss Modulusfor 100FeetofPipe , . 85-97 TuthillCorporation OakBrook,Illinois UnionPumpCompany BattleCreek, Michigan IIIC-14 Installation for ExampleNo.4........... . . 98 UnitedCentrifugalPumps SanJose.California IIIC-15 Table 34-Friction LossforViscous Liquids...............•. 99-102 ValleyPumpDivIsionofValleyIndustries,Inc. Lubbock,Texas IIID. FRICTION LOSS OF NOZZLES VikingPumpDivision HoudailleIndustries,Inc. CedarFalls,Iowa 1110-1 Table35-Theoretical Discharge ofNozzlesinGPM . 103,104 WarrenPumps,Inc. IIIE. FRICTION LOSS OF PAPER STOCK SubsidiaryofHoudailleIndustries.Inc. Warren. Massachusetts WaterousCompany SouthSt.Paul.Minnesota IIIE-l Friction ofPaperStockSuspensionsinPipes ..........................•. 105,106 WaukeshaFoundryDivision IIIE-2 Friction LossofPaperStock SuspensionsinSchedule40Steel Pipe AbexCorporation Waukesha.Wisconsin (Table36thru 43). 107-114 ©1979byHydraulicInstitute WEMCaDivision ItlE-3 Friction ofPaperStock SuspensionsinPipes (Table44) . 115 EnvirotechCorporation Sacramento.California 1230Keith Building WesternLand RollerCompany Hastings.Nebraska ItlE-4 Friction ofPaperStockSuspensionsin90°ShortRadius Elbows(Table45). 116 Cleveland, Ohio44115 A.R.Wiltley&Sons,Inc. Denver,Colorado t11E-5 Conversion ofTons ofStockper24 HoursatVarious Consistenciesto GPM Wilson-SnyderPumps (Table46) . 117 OilwellDivisionotU_S.Steel Dallas,Texas PrintedinU.S.A. WorthIngtonPumpCorporation(USA) Harrison,NewJersey ,-lIlIlr _ Section I SECTION IV-CHARACTERISTICS OF PIPING MATERIALS IVA. STEEL PIPE IVA-' PipeDimensions;WroughtSteel and StainlessSteel. 121-127 IVA-2 SpecificationsforWroughtSteel and StainlessSteel Pipe. 128 IVA-3 APICasingList. . -.. 129 IVA-4 API Plain-End LinerList. 130 IVA·5 APITubing List..... ....••.....•....•. 130 IYA-6 API Drill PipeList . 131 IVB. IRON PIPE 132-134 IYB-1 CastIronPipeDimensions .. IVB-2 DuctileIronPipeDimensions. .... 135,136 IVC. NON-FERROUS PIPE AND TUBING Ive-1 AluminumAlloySeamlessPipeand Extruded Pipe. 137.138 lYC-2 Aluminum Alloy Pipe-Oil and Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems 139,140 IVC-3 Aluminum Coiled Tubing-Instrumentand Oil Lines, RefrigerationServices. 141 IYC-4 SeamlessCopperand SeamlessRed BrassPipe...... 142 IYC-S ThreadlessCopperPipe 143 Preface IVC-6 SeamlessCopperWaterTube.... 144 IVG-7 WroughtSeamlessCopperand CopperAlloyTube ....••....•..•...... 145-148 IVG-8 CopperCapillaryTube, Hard-Drawn ........•..•........ 149 IVC-9 SeamlessCopper-Nickel PipeandTube......... .........•...•...•.. 150-152 IVD. PLASTIC LINE PIPE IVD-l Thermosetting Resin LinePipe, GlassFiberReinforced. 153 This Handbook replaces the Hydraulic Institute as well as the interests of the public in such mat- IVD-2 Thermoplastic LinePipe (PVC) . . . 154 Pipe Friction Manual and provides additional tech- ters as are involved in manufacturing, engineer- IVE. FLANGES nical information for those working with fluids. ing, safety, transportation, and other problems of IVE.l Steel Pipe Flangesand Flanged Fittings-lSD,300, 400, 600, 900, 1500and 2500lb 155-161 IVE-2 Steel Flange Facings-lSD,300, 400lb and Higher. LappedJoints 162·164 It is a companion to the Hydraulic Instllute Stan- the industry, and to this end, among other things: IVE-3 Dimensionsof Facings(Otherthan RingJoints), All Pressures. 165 dards, making available to the user a wealth of IVE·4 Dimensions ofRing Joint Facings 166,167 data for solving problems related to the pumping (a) To develop and publish standards for pumps. IVE-5 API Type68 Flanges-2000, 3000, 5000PSI. 168-173 and transfer of fluids. (b) To coliect and disseminate information of IVE-6 API Type68XIntegral Flanges for5,000.10,000and 15.000PSI ...........•.. 174,175 value to its members and to the public. IVE-7 APIType6BX Welding NeckFlangesfor10,000and 15,000PSI 176,177 The content is the result of recommendations of IVE-8 Welding EndsforWelding NeckFlanges. 178 members and friends of the Hydraulic Institute (c) To appear for its members before govern- IVE·9 API Type6BXBlind and Test Flangesfor 10,000and 15,000PSI. ..... 179 and is based on the latest information available. mental departments and agencies and other IVE-l0 Testand GageConnectionsfor 15,000 Lb. ChristmasTrees 180 bodies in regard to matters affecting the in- Sources of additional material are listed in the IVE-11 APIType 66Threaded Flange, CounterboreDimensions .... 181.182 dustry. IVE-12 CastIron FlangeDimensionsand Drilling Templates-25, 125,250and 800PSI ... 183-186 bibliography. (d) To promote a spirit of cooperation among its IVE-13 AssemblyofSteel RF FlangestoCastIron,Brass,Bronze orStainlessSteel 187,188 members for the improved production. proper SECTION V-USEFUL INFORMATION Origin use, and increased distribution of pumps. (e) To increase the amount and to improve the VA. CONVERSION TABLES The Hydraulic Institute came into being on April VA-l Temperature..... . . 191 18-19, 1917, when sixteen manufacturers of in- quality of pump service to the public. VA-2 Acceleration ofGravity ..•.................•... 191 (f) To support educational and research activities. dustrial pumps met and formed The Hydraulic VA-3 Physical Dimensions (g) To promote the business interests of its mem- TableA-Length. .............•.........•.........•........•........... 192 Society. In 1933 the Society was re-organized and bers but not to engage in business of the kind TableB-Area ....•....•..•....••.. ......•...............•.. 192 the name changed to the Hydraulic Institute. ordinarily carried on for profit or to perform TableC-Volume . ..•...•.....•........•............••..•....•.... 193 VA-4 Velocity......... ......•.....•....•... ...•...•..•.....••...... 193 In 1917, when the Society was formed, the pump particular services for its members or individ- VA-5 Capacity. ........•........ 194 industry was faced with an urgent need to solve a ual persons as distinguished from activities VA-6 Mass, Weightand Force .....••..· .......•••...•... ...........•.... 194,195 number of engineering problems brought about to improve the business conditions and lawful VA-7 Density. ............. .•••...••.. ..........•...... 195 by the production needs of World War I. Today. interests of all of its members." VA-8 Pressure......... .........••..••.....•....... •..•.......... 196 while the activity has grown manifold, engineering VA-9 Energy,Work, Heat.......... ......•....•. 196 is stili the basic interest. The most important mani- VA-10 Power. ........•.............. 196 festations of this interest appear in the develop- Of parallel interest is the following quotation from VB. VOLUME OF ROUND AND RECTANGULAR TANKS . 197 ment of standards, in engineering conferences, Article III. Membership, of the By-Laws of the Insti- VC. BAROMETRIC PRESSURE-EFFECTOF ALTITUDE . 198 in sponsorship of cooperative research projects, tute: VD. CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREAS OF CIRCLES.. .. . 199,200 and in cooperation with other engineering organ- "Corporations, firms and individuals engaged VE. MECHANICAL FRICTION IN LINE SHAFTS . 201 izations. within the United States in the manufacture of SECTION VI-BIBLIOGRAPHY pumps for sale in the open market, shall be eligible VI BIBLIOGRAPHY . 203 Purpose and Aims to apply for membership in the Institute." The Hydraulic Institute appreciates its responsi- The purpose and aims of the Institute are best ex- bility in this connection and wili continue to wel- pressed in the following quotation taken from Arti- come ali suggestions of a constructive nature. cle II of the By-Laws of the Institute: Such recommendations wili be taken into account "The Objects of the Institute are: To promote and in the development of future editions of the Hand- further the interests of manufacturers of pumps. book. II SectiooR 1 T1 r ｾ 6 Characteristics of Fluids • Characteristic UI Water IIA-1 PROPERTIES OF WATER AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES FROM 32° TO 705.4° F SPECIFIC GRAVITY Specific Volume 39.2 F 60 F 68 F WI in Vapor Pressure Temp.F Temp. C Cu FI/Lb Reference Reference Reference Lb/Cu FI Psi Abs 32 0 .01602 1.000 1.001 1.002 62.42 0.088 35 1.7 .01602 1.000 1.001 1.002 62.42 0.100 40 4.4 .01602 1.000 1.001 1.002 62.42 0.1217 50 10.0 .01603 .999 1.001 1.002 62.38 0.1781 60 15.6 .01604 .999 1.000 1.001 62.34 0.2563 70 21.1 .01606 .998 .999 1.000 62.27 0.3631 80 26.7 .01608 .996 .998 .999 62.19 0.5069 90 32.2 .01610 .995 .996 .997 62.11 0.6982 100 37.8 .01613 .993 .994 .995 62.00 0.9492 120 48.9 .01620 .989 .990 .991 61.73 1.692 140 60.0 .01629 .983 .985 .986 61.39 2.889 160 71.1 .01639 .977 .979 .979 61.01 4.741 180 82.2 .01651 .970 .972 .973 60.57 7.510 200 93.3 .01663 .963 .964 .966 60.13 11.526 212 100.0 .01672 .958 .959 .960 59.81 14.696 220 104.4 .01677 .955 .956 .957 59.63 17.186 240 115.6 .01692 .947 .948 .949 59.10 24.97 260 126.7 .01709 .938 .939 .940 58.51 35.43 280 137.8 .01726 .928 .929 .930 58.00 49.20 300 148.9 .01745 .918 .919 .920 57.31 67.01 320 160.0 .01765 .908 .909 .910 56.66 89.66 340 171.1 .01787 .896 .898 .899 55.96 118.01 360 182.2 .01811 .885 .886 .887 55.22 153.04 380 193.3 .01836 .873 .874 .875 54.47 195.77 400 204.4 .01864 .859 .860 .862 53.65 247.31 420 215.6 .01894 .846 .847 .848 52.80 308.83 440 226.7 .01926 .832 .833 .834 51.92 381.59 460 237.8 .0196 .817 .818 .819 51.02 466.9 480 248.9 .0200 .801 .802 .803 50.00 566.1 500 260.0 .0204 .785 .786 .787 49.02 680.8 520 271.1 .0209 .765 .766 .767 47.85 812.4 540 282.2 .0215 .746 .747 .748 46.51 962.5 560 293.3 .0221 .726 .727 .728 45.3 1133.1 580 304.4 .0228 .703 .704 .704 43.9 1325.8 600 315.6 .0236 .678 .679 .680 42.3 1542.9 620 326.7 .0247 .649 .650 .650 40.5 1786.6 640 337.8 .0260 .617 .618 .618 38.5 2059.7 660 348.9 .0278 .577 .577 .578 36.0 2365.4 680 360.0 .0305 .525 .526 .527 32.8 2708.1 700 371.1 .0369 .434 .435 .435 27.1 3093.7 705.4 374.1 .0503 .319 .319 .320 19.9 3206.2 Computed from Keenan &Keyes' Steam Table. 5 1r 1r i 1r 1 ri Characteristics of Fluids Characteristics of Fluids 66 (:}66 Water Other Fluids 1I-0-" ｾ aｾ 0 IIA-2 TEMPERATURE VS SPECIFIC GRAVITY FOR WATER 118-1 DEGREES A.P.1. VS SPECIFIC GRAVITY FOR OIL SPECIFIC GRAVITY The relation of Degrees A.P.1. to Specific Gravity gallon of water at 60" Fahrenheit in air is 8.32828 .86 84 82 80 78 76 74 72 70 68 66 64 62 60 58 56 (G) is expressed bythe following formula; pounds. 650 -1-4-c1.r5- • DegreesA.P.1. = -131.5, To determine the resulting gravityby mixing oils r-- , - /' .- - G = 131.5+D14e1g.r5eesA.P.1. of differentgravitieDs::::; md,+nd, ./ m+n 600 The following tables are based on the weight of /' D= DensityorSpecificGravityofmixture ..,- 1 gallon (U.S.) of oil with a volume of 231 cubic m= Proportionofoildrdensity inches at 60 degrees Fahrenheit in air at 760 m.m. n= Proportionofoilofd,density d,= SpecificGravityofmoil ./ pressure and 50% humidity. Assumed weight of 1 dl ::::Specific Gravityofnoil 550 ,/ Soecific Specific Specific Specific Specific Specific Specific Specific Degrees gravityat Degreesgravityat Degrees gravityat Degrees gravityat Degrees gravityat Degrees gravityat Degrees gravityat Degrees gravityat / A.P.1. Goo·GO°F. A.P.1. GO°·60oF. A.P.1. SO°·GO°F. A.P.1. 60o·GooF. A.P.I. Goo·60oF. A.P.I. 60o.60oF. A.P.1. 60°_GOoF. A.P.1. 60°_60°F. " 500 10.0 1.0000 15.0 .9659 20.0 .9340 25.0 .9042 30.0 .8762 35.0 .8498 40.0 .8251 45.0 .8017 10.1 .9993 15.1 .9652 20.1 .9334 25.1 .9036 30.1 .8756 35.1 .8493 40.1 .8246 45.1 .8012 / 10.2 .9986. 15.2 .9646 20.2 .9328 25.2 .9030 30.2 .8751 35.2 .8488 40.2 .8241 45.2 .8008 10.3 .9979 15.3 .9639 20.3 .9321 25.3 .9024 30.3 .8745 35.3 .8483 40.3 .8236 45.3 .8003 / 10.4 .9972 15.4 .9632 20.4 .9315 25.4 .9018 30.4 .8740 35.4 .8478 40.4 .8232 45.4 .7999 " 450 10.5 .9965 15.5 .9626 20.5 .9309 25.5 .9013 30.5 .8735 35.5 .8473 40.5 .8227 45.5 .7994 V 10.6 .9958 15.6 .9619 20.6 .9303 25.6 .9007 30.6 .8729 35.6 .8468 40.6 .8222 45.6 .7990 10.7 .9951 15.7 .9613 20.7 .9297 25.7 .9001 30.7 .8724 35.7 .8463 40.7 .8217 45.7 .7985 10.8 .9944 15.8 .9606 20.8 .9291 25.8 .8996 30.8 .8718 35.8 .8458 40.8 .8212 45.8 .7981 / 10.9 .9937 15.9 .9600 20.9 .9285 25.9 .8990 30.9 .8713 35.9 .8453 40.9 .8208 45.9 .7976 400 11.0 .9930 16.0 .9593 21.0 .9279 26.0 .8984 31.0 .8708 36.0 .8448 41.0 .8203 46.0 .7972 V ... 11.1 .9923 16.1 .9587 21.1 .9273 26.1 .8978 31.1 .8702 36.1 .8443 41.1 .8198 46.1 .7967 /' 11.2 .9916 16.2 .9580 21.2 .9267 26.2 .8973 31.2 .8697 36.2 .8438 41.2 .8193 46.2 .7963 I V o 1111..34 ..99990029 1166..34 ..99556774 2211..34 ..99226504 2266..34 ..88996671 3311..34 ..88669826 3366..34 ..88443238 4411..34 ..88118894 4466..34 ..77995584 W 350a: ,/ 11.5 .9895 16.5 .9561 21.5 .9248 26.5 .8956 31.5 .8681 36.5 .8423 41.5 .8179 46.5 .7949 ./ l::;i) 11.6 .9888 16.6 .9554 21.6 .9242 26.6 .8950 31.6 .8676 36.6 .8418 41.6 .8174 46.6 .7945 11.7 .9881 16.7 .9548 21.7 .9236 26.7 .8944 31.7 .8670 36.7 .8413 41.7 .8170 46.7 .7941 V a: 11.8 .9874 16.8 .9541 21.8 .9230 26.8 .8939 31.8 .8665 36.8 .8408 41.8 .8165 46.8 .7936 W 11.9 .9868 16.9 .9535 21.9 .9224 26.9 .8933 31.9 .8660 36.9 .8403 41.9 .8160 46.9 .7932 300 D. V :::;; 12.0 .9861 17.0 .9529 22.0 .9218 27.0 .8927 32.0 .8654 37.0 .8398 42.0 .8155 47.0 .7927 W 12.1 .9854 17.1 .9522 22.1 .9212 27.1 .8922 32.1 .8649 37.1 .8393 42.1 .8151 47.1 .7923 V I- 12.2 .9847 17.2 .9516 22.2 .9206 27.2 .8916 32.2 .8644 37.2 .8388 42.2 .8146 47.2 .7918 12.3 .9840 17.3 .9509 22.3 .9200 27.3 .8911 32.3 .8639 37.3 .8383 42.3 .8142 47.3 .7914 ./ 250 12.4 .9833 17.4 .9503 22.4 .9194 27.4 .8905 32.4 .8633 37.4 .8378 42.4 .8137 47.4 .7909 )( 12.5 .9826 17.5 .9497 22.5 .9188 27.5 .8899 32.5 .8628 37.5 .8373 42.5 .8132 47.5 .7905 12.6 .9820 17.6 .9490 22.6 .9182 27.6 .8894 32.6 .8623 37.6 .8368 42.6 .8128 47.6 .7901 / 12.7 .9813 17.7 .9484 22.7 .9176 27.7 .8888 32.7 .8618 37.7 .8363 42.7 .8123 47.7 .7896 / 12.8 .9806 17.8 .9478 22.8 .9170 27.8 .8883 32.8 .8612 37.8 .8358 42.8 .8118 47.8 .7892 200 12.9 .9799 17.9 .9471 22.9 .9165 27.9 .8877 32.9 .8607 37.9 .8353 42.9 .8114 47.9 .7887 / - 13.0 .9792 18.0 .9465 23.0 .9159 28.0 .8871 33.0 .8602 38.0 .8348 43.0 .8109 48.0 .7883 13.1 .9786 18.1 .9459 23.1 .9153 28.1 .8866 33.1 .8597 38.1 .8343 43.1 .8104 48.1 .7879 /1 13.2 .9779 18.2 .9452 23.2 .9147 28.2 .8860 33.2 .8591 38.2 .8338 43.2 .8100 48.2 .7874 150 13.3 .9772 18.3 .9446 23.3 .9141 28.3 .8855 33.3 .8586 38.3 .8333 43.3 .8095 48.3 .7870 / 13.4 .9765 18.4 .9440 23.4 .9135 28.4 .8849 33.4 .8581 38.4 .8328 43.4 .8090 48.4 .7865 i 13.5 .9759 18.5 .9433 23.5 .9129 28.5 .8844 33.5 .8576 38.5 .8324 43.5 .8086 48.5 .7861 13.6 .9752 18.6 .9427 23.6 .9123 28.6 .8838 33.6 .8571 38.6 .8319 43.6 .8081 48.6 .7857 I 13.7 .9745 18.7 .9421 23.7 .9117 28.7 .8833 33.7 .8565 38.7 .8314 43.7 .8076 48.7 .7852 100 13.8 .9738 18.8 .9415 23.8 .9111 28.8 .8827 33.8 .8560 38.8 .8309 43.8 .8072 48.8 .7848 1/ 13.9 .9732 18.9 .9408 23.9 .9106 28.9 .8822 33.9 .8555 38.9 .8304 43.9 .8067 48.9 .7844 14.0 .9725 19.0 .9402 24.0 .9100 29.0 .8816 34.0 .8550 39.0 .8299 44.0 .8063 49.0 .7839 14.1 .9718 19.1 .9396 24.1 .9094 29.1 .8811 34.1 .8545 39.1 .8294 44.1 .8058 49.1 .7835 14.2 .9712 19.2 .9390 24.2 .9088 29.2 .8805 34.2 .8540 39.2 .8289 44.2 .8054 49.2 .7831 50 14.3 .9705 19.3 .9383 24.3 .9082 29.3 .8800 34.3 .8534 39.3 .8285 44.3 .8049 49.3 .7826 14.4 .9698 19.4 .9377 24.4 .9076 29.4 .8794 34.4 .8529 39.4 .8280 44.4 .8044 49.4 .7822 Reprintedwith permissionfromthe 14.5 .9692 19.5 .9371 24.5 .9071 29.5 .8789 34.5 .8524 39.5 .8275 44.5 .8040 49.5 .7818 Allis-Chalmers 14.6 .9685 19.6 .9365 24.6 .9065 29.6 .8783 34.6 .8519 39.6 .8270 44.6 .8035 49.6 .7813 I o Corporation. 14.7 .9679 19.7 .9358 24.7 .9059 29.7 .8778 34.7 .8514 39.7 .8265 44.7 .8031 49.7 .7809 1.02 1.00 .98 .96 .94 .92 .90 .88 .86 14.8 .9672 19.8 .9352 24.8 .9053 29.8 .8772 34.8 .8509 39.8 .8260 44.8 .8026 49.8 .7805 14.9 .9665 19.9 .9346 24.9 .9047 29.9 .8767 34.9 .8504 39.9 .8256 44.9 .8022 49.9 .7800 SPECIFIC GRAVITY (cont'd) Reprintedwith permissionfromtheAllis-ChalmersCorporation. 7 6 I . Caracteri Characteri Other Fluids Other Fluids IIB-1 DEGREES A.P.r. VS SPECIFIC GRAVITY FOR OIL (Cont'd) IIB-2 SPECIFIC GRAVITIES VS DEGREES BAUME Specific SpecIfic Specllic Specific Specific Specific Specific SpecIfic Degrees gravityat Degreesgravityat Degrees gravityat Degrees raVilyat Degrees gravityat Degrees gravityat Degrees gravityat Degrees gravityat A.P.1. Goo·GO°F. A.P.1. Goo·GooF. A.P.1. 60o·GooF. A.P.I. OO·GO°F. A.P.1. 60o·GooF. A.P.1. Gl)°.60oF. A.P.1. Goo·GooF. A.P.1. GOO·GOOF. 50.0 .7796 56.5 .7527 63.0 .7275 69.5 .7040 I76.0 .6819 I82.5 .6612 89.0 .6417 95.5 .6233 SpeciTIC Grav.il.ies at 66000° F. Corresponding to Degrees Baume for Liquids Lighter than Water 50.1 .7792 56.6 .7523 63.1 .7271 69.6 .7036 76.1 .6816 82.6 .6609 89.1 .6414 95.6 .6231 .,. . 600 F 140 50.2 .7788 56.7 .7519 63.2 .7268 69.7 .7033 76.2 .6813 82.7 .6606 89.2 .6411 95.7 .6228 Calculated from the formula, speciIe gravIty 600 . 160 Deg. Be 50.3 .7783 56.8 .7515 63.3 .7264 69.8 .7029 76.3 .6809 82.8 .6603 89.3 .6409 95.8 .6225 I 50.4 .7779 56.9 .7511 63.4 .7260 69.9 .7026 76.4 .6806 82.9 .6600 89.4 .6406 95.9 .6223 I Degrees Specific Degrees Specific Degrees Specific Degrees Specific Degrees Specific Degrees Specific 50.5 .7775 57.0 .7507 63.5 .7256 70.0 .7022 76.5 .6803 83.0 .6597 89.5 .6403 96.0 .6220 Baume gravity Baume gravity 8aume gravity 88ume gravity Baume gravity 8aume gravity 50.6 .7770 57.1 .7503 63.6 .7253 70.1 .7019 76.6 .6800 83.1 .6594 89.6 .6400 96.1 .6217 50.7 .7766 57.2 .7499 63.7 .7249 70.2 .7015 76.7 .6796 83.2 .6591 89.7 .6397 96.2 .6214 10 1.0000 25 0.9032 40 0.8235 55 0.7568 70 0.7000 85 0.6512 50.8 .7762 57.3 .7495 63.8 .7245 70.3 .7012 76.8 .6793 83.3 .6588 89.8 .6394 96.3 .6212 11 0.9929 26 0.8974 41 0.8187 56 0.7527 71 0.6965 88 0.6482 50.9 .7758 57.4 .7491 63.9 .7242 70.4 .7008 76.9 .6790 83.4 .6584 89.9 .6391 96.4 .6209 12 0.9859 27 0.8917 42 0.8140 57 0.7487 72 0.6931 87 0.8452 13 0.9790 28 0.8881 43 0.8092 58 0.7447 73 0.6897 88 0.6422 51.0 .7753 57.5 .7487 64.0 .7238 70.5 .7005 77.0 .6787 83.5 .6581 90.0 .6388 96.5 .6206 14 0.9722 29 0.8805 44 0.8046 59 0.7407 74 0.6863 89 0.8393 51.1 .7749 57.6 .7483 64.1 .7234 70.6 .7001 77.1 .6783 83.6 .6578 90.1 .6385 966 .6203 51.2 .7745 57.7 .7479 64.2 .7230 70.7 .6998 77.2 .6780 83.7 .6575 90.2 .6382 96.7 .6201 15 0.9655 30 0.8750 45 0.8000 80 0.7368 75 0.6829 90 0.6364 51.3 .7741 57.8 .7475 64.3 .7227 70.8 .6995 77.3 .6777 83.8 .6572 90.3 .6380 96.8 .6198 16 0.9589 31 0.8696 46 0.7955 61 0.7330 76 0.6796 91 0.8335 51.4 .7736 57.9 .7471 64.4 .7223 70.9 .6991 77.4 .6774 83.9 .6569 90.4 .6377 96.9 .6195 17 0.9524 32 0.8642 47 0.7910 82 0.7292 77 0.6763 92 0.6306 18 0.9459 33 0.8589 48 0.7865 63 0.7254 78 0.6731 93 0.6278 51.5 .7732 58.0 .7467 64.5 .7219 71.0 .6988 77.5 .6770 84.0 .6566 90.5 .6374 97.0 .6193 19 0.9396 34 0.8537 49 0.7821 64 0.7216 79 0.6699 94 0.6250 51.6 .7728 58.1 .7463 64.6 .7216 71.1 .6984 77.6 .6767 84.1 .6563 90.6 .6371 97.1 6190 51.7 .7724 58.2 .7459 64.7 .7212 71.2 .6981 77.7 .6764 84.2 .6560 90.7 .6368 97.2 .6187 20 0.9333 35 0.8485 50 0.7778 65 0.7179 80 0.6667 95 0.6222 51.8 .7720 58.3 .7455 64.8 .7208 71.3 .6977 77.8 .6761 84.3 .6557 90.8 .6365 97.3 .6184 21 0.9272 36 0.8434 51 0.7735 66 0.7143 81 0.6635 96 0.6195 51.9 .7715 58.4 .7451 64.9 .7205 71.4 .6974 77.9 .6757 84.4 .6554 90.9 .6362 97.4 .6182 22 0.9211 37 0.8383 52 0.7692 67 0.7107 82 0.6604 97 0.6167 23 0.9150 38 0.8333 53 0.7650 68 0.7071 83 0.6573 98 0.6140 52.0 .7711 58.5 .7447 65.0 .7201 71.5 .6970 78.0 .6754 84.5 .6551 91.0 .6360 97.5 .6179 24 0.9091 39 0.8284 54 0.7609 69 0.7035 84 0.6542 99 0.6114 52.1 .7707 58.6 .7443 65.1 .7197 71.6 .6967 78.1 .6751 84.6 .6548 91.1 .6357 97.6 .6176 100 0.6087 52.2 .7703 58.7 .7440 65.2 .7194 71.7 .6964 78.2 .6748 84.7 .6545 91.2 .6354 97.7 .6174 52.3 .7699 58.8 .7436 65.3 .7190 71.8 .6960 78.3 .6745 84.8 .6542 91.3 .6351 97.8 .6171 52.4 .7694 58.9 .7432 65.4 .7186 71.9 .6957 78.4 .6741 84.9 .6539 91.4 .6348 97.9 .6168 52.5 .7690 59.0 .7428 65.5 .7183 72.0 .6953 78.5 .6738 85.0 .6536 91.5 .6345 98.0 .6166 SpeciTIC Grav.il.ies at 66000° F. Corresponding to Degrees Baumefor Liquids Heavier than Water 52.6 .7686 59.1 .7424 65.6 .7179 72.1 .6950 78.6 .6735 85.1 .6533 91.6 .6342 98.1 .6163 5522..87 ..77667882 5599..23 ..77442106 6655..78 ..77117725 7722..23 ..66994436 7788..78 ..66773228 8855..23 ..66553207 9911..78 ..6633347 9988..23 ..66116508 Calculatedfrom the formula, speci'fIe gravl.ly 66000° F. = 145 14D5eg. Be 52.9 .7674 59.4 .7412 65.9 .7168 72.4 .6940 78.9 .6725 85.4 .6524 91.9 .6334 98.4 .6155 I I 53.0 .7669 59.5 .7408 66.0 .7165 72.5 .6936 79.0 .6722 85.5 .6521 92.0 .6331 98.5 .6152 Degrees Specific Degrees Specific Degrees Specific Degrees Specific Degrees Specific Degrees Specific 53.1 .7665 59.6 .7405 66.1 .7161 72.6 .6933 79.1 .6719 85.6 .6518 92.1 .6328 98.6 .6150 8aume gravity 8aume gravity 8aume gravity Baume gravity 8aume gravity 8aume gravity 53.2 .7661 59.7 .7401 66.2 .7157 72.7 .6929 79.2 .6716 85.7 .6515 92.2 .6325 98.7 .6147 53.3 .7657 59.8 .7397 66.3 .7154 72.8 .6926 79.3 .6713 85.8 .6512 92.3 .6323 98.8 .6144 0 1.0000 12 1.0902 24 1.1983 36 1.3303 48 1.4948 60 1.7059 53.4 .7653 59.9 .7393 66.4 .7150 72.9 .6923 79.4 .6709 85.9 .6509 92.4 .6320 98.9 .6141 1 1.0069 13 1.0985 25 1.2083 37 1.3426 49 1.5104 61 1.7262 2 1.0140 14 1.1069 26 1.2185 38 1.3551 50 1.5263 62 1.7470 53.5 .7649 60.0 .7389 66.5 .7146 73.0 .6919 79.5 .6706 86.0 .6506 92.5 .6317 99.0 .6139 3 1.0211 15 1.1154 27 1.2288 39 1.3679 51 1.5426 63 1.7683 53.6 .7645 60.1 .7385 66.6 .7143 73.1 .6916 79.6 .6703 86.1 .6503 92.6 .6314 99.1 .6136 53.7 .7640 60.2 .7381 66.7 .7139 73.2 .6913 79.7 .6700 86.2 .6500 92.7 .6311 99.2 .6134 4 1.0284 16 1.1240 28 1.2393 40 1.3810 52 1.5591 64 1.7901 53.8 .7636 60.3 .7377 66.8 .7136 73.3 .6908 79.8 .6697 86.3 .6497 92.8 .6309 99.3 .6131 5 1.0357 17 1.1328 29 1.2500 41 1.3942 53 1.5761 65 1.8125 53.9 .7632 60.4 .7374 66.9 .7132 73.4 .6906 79.9 .6693 86.4 .6494 92.9 .6306 99.4 .6128 6 1.0432 18 1.1417 30 1.2609 42 1.4078 54 1.5934 66 1.8354 7 1.0507 19 1.1508 31 1.2719 43 1.4216 55 1.6111 67 1.8590 54.0 .7628 60.5 .7370 67.0 .7128 73.5 .6902 80.0 .6690 86.5 .6491 93.0 .6303 99.5 .6126 54.1 .7624 60.6 .7366 67.1 .7125 73.6 .6899 80.1 .6687 86.6 .6488 93.1 .6300 99.6 .6123 8 1.0584 20 1.1600 32 1.2832 44 1.4356 56 1.6292 68 1.8831 54.2 .7620 60.7 .7362 67.2 .7121 73.7 .6896 80.2 .6684 86.7 .6485 93.2 .6297 99.7 .6120 9 1.0662 21 1.1694 33 1.2946 45 1.4500 57 1.6477 69 1.9079 54.3 .7616 60.8 .7358 67.3 .7118 73.8 .6892 80.3 .6681 86.8 .6482 93.3 .6294 99.8 .6118 10 1.0741 22 1.1789 34 1.3063 46 1.4646 58 1.6667 70 1.9333 544 7612 609 7354 674 7114 739 6889 804 6678 869 6479 934 6292 999 6115 11 1.0821 23 1.1885 35 1.3182 47 1.4796 59 1.6860 54.5 .7608 61.0 .7351 67.5 .7111 74.0 .6886 80.5 .6675 87.0 .6476 93.5 .6289 100.0 .6112 54.6 .7603 61.1 .7347 67.6 .7107 74.1 .6882 80.6 .6671 87.1 .6473 93.6 .6286 54.7 .7599 61.2 .7343 67.7 .7103 74.2 .6879 80.7 .6668 87.2 .6470 93.7 .6283 ReprintedwithpermissionfromtheAllis-ChalmersCorporation. 54.8 .7595 61.3 .7339 67.8 .7100 74.3 .6876 80.8 .6665 87.3 .6467 93.8 .6281 54.9 .7591 61.4 .7335 67.9 .7096 74.4 .6872 80.9 .6662 87.4 .6464 93.9 .6278 55.0 .7587 61.5 .7332 68.0 .7093 74.5 .6869 81.0 .6659 87.5 .6461 94.0 .6275 55.1 .7583 61.6 .7328 68.1 .7089 74.6 .6866 81.1 .6656 87.6 .6458 94.1 .6272 55.2 .7579 61.7 .7324 63.2 .7086 74.7 .6862 81.2 .6653 87.7 .6455 94.2 .6269 55.3 .7575 61.8 .7320 68.3 .7082 74.8 .6859 81.3 .6650 87.8 .6452 94.3 .6267 55.4 .7571 61.9 .7316 68.4 .7079 74.9 .6856 81.4 .6646 87.9 .6449 94.4 .6264 55.5 .7567 62.0 .7313 68.5 .7075 75.0 .6852 81.5 .6643 88.0 .6446 94.5 .6261 55.6 .7563 62.1 .7309 68.6 .7071 75.1 .6849 81.6 .6640 88.1 .6444 94.6 .6258 55.7 .7559 62.2 .7305 68.7 .7068 75.2 .6846 81.7 .6637 88.2 .6441 94.7 .6256 55.8 .7555 62.3 .7301 68.8 .7064 75.3 .6842 81.8 .6634 88.3 .6438 94.8 .6253 55.9 .7551 62.4 .7298 68.9 .7061 75.4 .6839 81.9 .6631 88.4 .6435 94.9 .6250 56.0 .7547 62.5 .7294 69.0 .7057 75.5 .6836 82.0 .6628 88.5 .6432 95.0 .6247 56.1 .7543 62.6 .7290 69.1 .7054 75.6 .6832 82.1 .6625 88.6 .6429 95.1 .6244 56.2 .7539 62.7 .7286 69.2 .7050 75.7 .6829 82.2 .6621 88.7 .6426 95.2 .6242 56.3 .7535 62.8 .7283 69.3 .7047 75.8 .6826 82.3 .6618 88.8 .6423 95.3 .6239 56.4 .7531 62.9 .7279 69.4 .7043 75.9 .6823 82.4 .6615 88.9 .6420 95.4 .6236 9. 8 r r 1 1 i Characteristics of Fluids Characteristics of Fluids Other Fluids Other Fluids 118-3 -SOLIDS AND SLURRIES 118-4 VAPOR PRESSURE-LIQUID H 2 Useful Formulas a. The formula for specific gravity of a solids- EXAMPLE 2: Carrying media other than water and J liquids mixture or slurry. Sm. is: solids slurry. If the liquid is a brine with a specific / gravity of 1.2 and the % solids by weight is 35%. with the solids having a specific gravity of 2.2. then: / where S =__ ---"1.:=2 _ =1.43 105 C-H, 0.21% 0, 99.79% P 1/ m S,,, = Specific gravityof mixture orslurry + ＮＳＵＨｾ Triple Point 13.8°K 1 SI, = Specific gravity ofliquidphase 2.2 1.02 PSIA / S, = Specific gravity ofsolids phase Critical Point 33.2°K b. The formula for concentration of solids by 12.98 ATM C" = Concentration ofsolids byweight weight. Cw• is: 191 PSIA / EXAMPLE 1: Water and solids slurry. Ifthe water is NBS RP 1932 IT-S Dia!lram liquid with aspecific gravityof1.0 and the % solids C _ WWeeiigghhttooffddrryyssoolliiddss +weight ofliquid phase 90 1/ by weight is 30%, with the soiids having a specific W - gravityof 2.7. then: I = 1 = Sm 1 -1) 1.23 ＮＳＰＨｾ + < 2.7 iii 75 I D. l Specific Gravity of Slurries / a: Number of U.S. Gallons Per Minute equivalent to 1 ton of drysolidsper24 hours in slurries of various solid- ::l / water ratios IJl IJl UJ %Solids Solid- SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF THE DRY,..SOLIDS IN THE,.S.LURRY,.. aD:. 60 I byWeight WaterRatio Slurry I., 2.2 2.' 2.7 2.' 2.' '.2 '.2 5.' UJ 5 1,19.00 Sp.Gr. 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 I- / G.P.M.... 3.23 3.24 3.23 3.22 3.22 3.22 3.22 3.21 3.21 3.20 3.20 3.19 ::l .o.J 10 1, 9.00 Sp.Gr. 1.03 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 G.P.M.... 1.62 1.57 1.56 1.56 1.55 1.56 1.55 1.55 1.55 1.54 1.54 1.53 IJl / lD 15 1, 5.67 Sp.Gr. 1.05 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.14 < G.P.M ... 1.06 1.02 1.01 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.93 0.93 0.98 0.98 45 / 20 1, 4.00 Sp.Gr. 1.06 1.12 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 G.P.M.... 0.78 0.74 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.70 25 1, 3.00 Sp.Gr. 1.03 1.16 1.18 1.19 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.21 1.21 1.23 1.24 1.25 G.P.M.... 0.62 0.57 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.53 , / 30 1, 2.33 Sp.Gr. 1.09 1.20 1.23 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.30 1.32 / G.P.M.... 0.51 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.43 0.42 35 1, 1.86 Sp.Gr. 1.11 1.24 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.30 1.32 1.33 1.35 1.36 1.39 G.P.M ... 0.43 0.39 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.36 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.34 30 / 40 1, 1.50 Sp.Gr. 1.13 1.28 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.36 1.38 1.39 1.42 1.44 1.47 G.P.M.... 0.37 0.33 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.28 45 1, 1.22 Sp.Gr. 1.15 1.33 1.38 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.45 1.47 1.50 1.52 1.56 / G.P.M.... 0.32 0.23 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.24 50 1, 1.00 Sp.Gr. 1.17 1.38 1.44 1.45 1.47 1.49 1.50 1.52 1.55 1.58 1.62 1.57 / G.P.M.... 0.23 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.20 / 55 1, 0.82 Sp.Gr. 1.19 1.43 1.51 1.53 1.55 1.57 1.58 1.61 1.63 1.68 1.73 1.79 G.P.M.... 0.26 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.17 15 " /- 60 1, 0.67 Sp.Gr. 1.21 1.49 1.59 1.61 1.63 1.65 1.67 1.70 1.74 1.79 1.84 1.92 G.P.M.... 0.23 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.14 / 65 1, 0.54 Sp.Gr. 1.23 1.55 1.67 1.70 1.72 1.74 1.76 1.81 1.85 1.92 1.99 2.08 - G.P.M.... 0.21 0.17 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 -" 70 1,0.43 Sp.Gr. 1.25 1.62 1.76 1.79 1.82 1.85 1.88 1.98 1.98 2.07 2.14 2.27 -' G.P.M.... 0.19 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.10 o ReprintedwithpermissionfromtheAllis-ChalmersCorporation. 15 20 25 30 10 TEMPERATURE-OK 11 1 r 1 r i Characteristics of Fluids Ch racteri tic of Fluid 6 6 6 6 6 6 Other Fluids Other Fluids n8·5 VAPOR PRESSURE OF HELIUM 1600 JIB-6 VAPOR PRESSURE-VARIOUS LIQUIDS CHART 1-60°to 240°F. I 9B5 Based on water having 1.00specific - BOO ,7 800 gravity at 68° F., corresponding to a I- weight of 62.344 Ib.lcu. ft., and 1 psi .. II 600 600 1400 equalling 2.310 feet. 500 ,/ 500 I ] -f- 400 400 Z r I I I I - '- 1200 ---l I---i----. ｾ!l - 1000 -E - E I I w ｌｾ a: :t:i:ll 800 L til W a: += a.. I I a: - --+--- 0 a.. « 600 > I -,.. 400 :J rf t-- 7 I- , jJ T_ o- - <-- - o -'- 2 3 4 5 +--+--1--+. -f- -+----l- +---1"-29.6" TEMPERATURE-oK Reprintedwithpermissionfrom -30 o 30 60 90 120 '50 180 2'0 240 theByronJacksonPumpDiyision, TEMPERATURE-oF Borg-WarnerCorporation Reprintedwithpermissionfrom 12 JK.aFn.sPasritCcihtya.rdM&issCooumripany. '3 Characteristics of Fluids Characteristics of Fluids Other Fluids Viscosity IIC-1 DEFINITIONS AND METHODS OF MEASUREMENT The viscosity of a fluid (liquid or gas) is that prop- IIB-7 VAPOR PRESSURE-VARIOUS L1aUIDS CHART 2-180°10 GO°F erty which tends to resist a shearing force. Since motion or flow of a fluid is produced by shearing forces, viscosity is associated with fluid motion. There is no relation between the viscosity and the specific gravity of most liquids. For instance, mo- lasses having the same specific gravity (1.48) and the same Brix rating (90) may vary in viscosity from 128,000 to 303,000 Seconds Saybolt Universal FIXED, V=0 (SSU). Figure 1 There are two basic viscosity parameters; i.e., DYNAMIC (or ABSOLUTE) VISCOSiTY and KINE- The kinematic viscosity (v) may be obtained by di- 100 MATIC VISCOSITY. The dynamic viscosity may be viding the dynamic viscosity (1') by the mass den- 80 defined with the aid of Fig. 1 which shows two sity (p). The mass density is the specific weight (w) parallel plane surfaces of area (A) separated a dis- divided by the acceleration of gravity (g). These 60 - tance (d) and the space between completely fiiled relationships may be expressed by the equation 50 Z with fiuid. A force (F) is applied to and in the plane 40 of the upper surface, causing it to move with a velocity (V) parallel to the lower fixed surface. The v ］ｾ］ＡＡＺ (15) velocity distribution will be linear over the distance wIg p (d) and experiments show that the slope of the ve- Therefore, the dimensions of kinematic viscosity ｾＩ locity line( will be directly proportional to the are length' =.£: , unit shearing force, T for ail "true" or "New- time A tonian" fluids. The porportionality factor (I.L) is the The unit of kinematic viscosity in English measure dynamic viscosity. The foregoing may be ex- is the square foot per second. The unit of kine- pressed by the equations matic viscosity in Metric measure is the square F V centimeter per second called the STOKE. It usually T = -= 1'- is more convenient to express numerical values in A d CENTISTOKES such that 100 centistokes equal and one stoke. The distinction between the dynamic and the kine- matic viscosity should be carefully noted so that Therefore, the dimensions of the dynamic viscosity the correct parameter will be used as required in are computations. Some useful relationships are as follows: 1 pound = 444,823 dynes force lime 1foot = 30.4800 centimeters lenglh' 1square foot = 929.034 square centimeters The unit of dynamic viscosity in English measure 1dyne-second is the pound-second per square foot which is nu- = = per sq em 1poise 100centipoises merically identical with the slug per foot-second. 1sq em/sec = 1stoke = 100centistokes The unit of dynamic viscosity in Metric measure is 1 Ib-sec/sq It = 478.801 poises Ihe dyne-second per square centimeter, called Ihe = 47,880.1 centipoises POISE, which is numerically identical with the gram per centimeler-second. II usually is more I' Ib-sec/sq It 47; centipoises , 80.1 Reprintedwith permissionfrom convenient to express numerical values in CENTI- theByronJacksonPumpDivision. Borg-WarnerCorporation POISESsuch that100centipoisesequal onePOISE. = 0.0000208855 centipoises 14 15 7
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