Energy Technologies for Developing Countries

329 Pages·1995·7.74 MB·English

Fueling Development: Energy Technologies
for Developing Countries
April 1992
OTA-E-516
NTIS order #PB92-169259
GPO stock #052-003-01279-1
Recommended Citation:
U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Fueling Development: Energy Technolo-
gies for Developing Countries, OTA-E-516 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing
Office, April 1992).
ii
Foreword
This report examines the delivery of energy services in developing countries and how the
United States can help to improve these energy services while minimizing environmental
impacts, OTA examines the technologies and policies that will enable more efficient use of
energy and the most promising new sources of energy supply. This assessment was requested
by the Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs; the House Committee on Energy and
Commerce and its Subcommittee on Energy and Power; the Subcommittees on Human Rights
and International Organizations and on Africa of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs;
the Subcommittee on International Development, Finance, Trade, and Monetary Policy of the
House Banking Committee; and individual members of the Senate Committee on Environ-
ment and Public Works, the House Select Committee on Hunger, and the Congressional
Competitiveness Caucus.
Such extensive congressional interest is certainly warranted. American economic,
political, and environmental self-interest lies in developing healthy relationships with these
present and potential trading partners and allies. Furthermore, the developing world will
require our close attention for decades to come. Based on present trends, 90 percent of the
expected world population growth over the next 30 years will occur in the countries of Africa,
Asia, and Latin America, bringing their population to almost 7 billion. Energy will play an
indispensable role in raising the economic status of these people.
This report builds on the analysis presented in the interim report of this assessment,
Energy in Developing Countries, which OTA published in 1991. The assessment, as a whole,
takes abroad look at energy options and opportunities in the many countries of the developing
world. It finds that there are many valuable lessons that developing countries can learn from
the prior experiences of the United States and other industrial countries.
In the course of this assessment, OTA drew on the experience of many organizations and
individuals. In particular, we appreciate the generous assistance of our distinguished advisory
panel and workshop participants, as well as the efforts of the project’s contractors. We would
also like to acknowledge the help of the many reviewers who gave their time to ensure the
accuracy and comprehensiveness of this report. To all of the above goes the gratitude of OTA,
and the personal thanks of the staff.
u
JOHN H. GIBBONS
Director
,,,
Ill
Advisory Panel—Energy, Technology, and the Environment
in Developing Countries
Harry G. Barnes, Jr., Chairman
Critical Languages and Area Studies Consortium
Irma Adelman D. Louis Peoples
Department of Economics Hagler-Bailly, Inc.
University of California, Berkeley
Gabriel Sanchez-Sierra
Jeffrey Anderson Latin-American Energy Organization (OLADE)
Institute of International Finance
Kirk R. Smith
Edward S. Ayensu Environment and Policy Institute
Pan-African Union for Science and Technology East-West Center
Gerald Barnes Irving Snyder
General Motors Dow Chemical Co.
Mohamed T. El-Ashry Thomas B. Steel, Jr.
World Bank Private Consultant
Washington, DC
Eric Helland-Hansen
United Nations Development Programme Jack W. Wilkinson
Sun Refining and Marketing Co.
Carl N. Hodges
Environmental Research Laboratory Robert H. Williams
University of Arizona Center for Energy and Environmental Studies
Princeton University
Donald Jest
Sun Refining and Marketing Co. Lu Yingzhong
Professional Analysis Inc. (PAI)
Amory Lovins
Rocky Mountain Institute Montague Yudelman
World Wildlife Fund and The Conservation
Mohan Munasinghe
Foundation
World Bank
Eugene W. Zeltmann
Henry Norman
General Electric
Volunteers in Technical Assistance
Observer
Waafas Ofosu-Amaah
David Jhirad
WorldWIDE Network
Office of Energy, United States Agency for
R.K. Pachauri International Development
Tata Energy Research Institute
NOTE: OTA appreciates and is grateful for the valuable assistance and thoughtful critiques provided by the advisory panel members. The panel does
not, however, necessarily approve, disapprove, or endorse this report. OTA assumes full responsibility for the report and thea ccumcy of its
contents.
iv
OTA Project Staff for Fueling Development
Lionel S. Johns, Assistant Director,
OTA Energy, Materials, and International Security Division
Peter D. Blair, Energy and Materials Program Manager
Project Staff
Joy Dunkerley, Project Director
Samuel F. Baldwin, Assistant Project Director
Paul S. Komor, Analyst
Sharon Burke, Research Analyst Daniel Kumi, Summer Intern
Administrative Staff
Lillian Chapman, Office Administrator
Linda Long, Administrative Secretary
Phyllis Aikens, Secretary
OTA Contributors
Rosina Bierbaum Roger Chin Nina Goldman
Gretchen Kolsrud Karen Larsen Howard Levenson
Edward MacDonald Robin Roy
Contractors
Jack Casazza and Herb Limmer Virendra Kothari
Casazza, Schultz and Associates, Inc. Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc.
Russell deLucia Eric Larson
deLucia and Associates, Inc. Princeton University
Ashok Desai Karin Lissakers
National Council of Applied Economic Research Columbia University
K.G. Duleep and Sergio Ostria Arjun Makhijani
Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc. Institute for Energy and Environmental Research
Ahmad Faruqui and Greg Wikler Peter Meier, John Lee and Mujahid Iqba1
Barakat, Howard & Chamberlain International Development and Energy Associates
Howard Geller Henry Peskin
American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy Edgevale Associates, Inc.
Theodore J. Gorton Judith M. Siegel
Petroleum Consultant Judith M. Siegel and Associates
Donald Hertzmark Vaclav Smil
Independent Consultant University of Manitoba
H. Mike Jones
Independent Consultant
Workshop Participants
Technology Transfer to Developing Countries Joseph Sedlak
September 13,1989 Volunteers in Technical Assistance
Robert H. Annan James Sullivan
Committee on Renewable Energy Commerce U.S. Agency for International Development
and Trade
Franklin Tugwell
U.S. Department of Energy
Environmental Enterprises Assistance Fund
Mark Bernstein (formerly Winrock International Institute
Center for Energy and the Environment for Agricultural Development)
University of Pennsylvania
Jack Vanderryn
James H. Caldwell U.S. Agency for International Development
Independent Consultant
Frank Vukmanic
Washington, DC
U.S. Department of Treasury
David Curry
Timothy Weiskel
U.S. Department of the Treasury
Rockefeller Foundation
Ghazi Darkazali
Gerald T. West
Spire Corp.
Overseas Private Investment Corp.
Robert Ford
Thomas Wilbanks
U.S. Department of State
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Les Garden
John W, Wisniewski
U.S. Department of Commerce
Export-Import Bank
Michael Greene
Environmental Problems and Priorities
Board on Science and Technology in Development
in Developing Countries
National Academy of Sciences
April 19, 1990
Erik Helland-Hansen Michael Adler
United Nations Development Programme U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
David Jhirad Lutz Baehr
Office of Energy Center for Science and Technology in Development
U.S. Agency for International Development United Nations
Linda Ladis Leonard Berry
U.S. Export Council for Renewable Energy Florida Atlantic University
Mark Levine Al Binger
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Conservation Foundation/Biomass Users
Network
Frances Li
U.S. Department of State Janet Welsh Brown
World Resources Institute
Janice Mazer
U.S. Department of Commerce Lalanath de Silva
Environmental Foundation, Ltd.
Mohan Munasinghe
Sri Lanka
The World Bank
Clarence Dias
D. Lou Peoples
International Center for Law in Development
Hagler, Bailly, Inc.
(formerly Bechtel Power Corp.) Paul Dulin
Associates in Rural Development
Paul Schwengels
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(continued on next page)
vi
—
John J. Gaudet Energy for Transportation in the
Africa Bureau Developing World
U.S. Agency for International Development September 25, 1990
David Greene
Robert Goodland
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Environment Division
Latin American Division Martin Bernard
World Bank Argonne National Laboratory
Lupe Guinand Mia Birk
BIOMA International Institute for Energy Conservation (IIEC)
Venezuela
K.G. Duleep
Robert Ichord Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc.
Energy & Natural Resources Division
Asif Faiz
Asia Near East Bureau
The World Bank
U.S. Agency for International Development
Fred Moavenzadeh
Kari Keipi
Center for Construction Research and Education
Environmental Protection Division
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Inter-American Development Bank
Sergio Ostria
Ananda Krishnan
Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc.
Center for Science and Technology in Development
United Nations Setty Pendakur
School of Community and Regional Planning
Russell Mittermeier
University of British Columbia
Conservation International
Gabriel Roth
Hind Sadek
Private Consultant
WorldWide
Washington, DC
Paul Schwengels
Kumares C. Sinha
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Department of Civil Engineering
Thomas Steel, Jr. Purdue University
Natural Resources Defense Council
NOTE: OTA appreciates and is grateful for the valuable assistance and thoughtful critiques provided by the workshop participants. The workshop
participants do not, however, necessarily approve, disapprove, or endorse this report. OTA assumes full responsibility for the report and the
accuracy of its contents.
vii
Outside Reviewers
Michael L.S. Bergey Lars Kristofferson
Bergey Windpower Co. Stockholm Environment Center
Martin Bernard Eric Larson
Argonne National Laboratory Princeton University
Mia Birk Barry McNutt
International Institute for Energy Conservation U.S. Department of Energy
Chaim Braun Denise Mauzerall
United Engineers and Constructors Harvard University
Bob Chronowski Steven Meyers
Alternative Energy Development, Inc. Lawrence Berekeley Laboratory
Kurt Conger Fred Moavenzadeh
American Public Power Association Center for Construction Research and Education
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
W.D. Craig
Bechtel Power Corp. Steve Nadel
American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy
K.G. Duleep
Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc. William Obenchain
U.S. Department of Energy
Gautam Dutt
Independent Consultant Jim Ohi
Solar Energy Research Institute
Elaine Evans
National Hydropower Association Tim Olson
California Energy Commission
Asif Faiz
The World Bank Sergio Ostria
Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc.
Willem Floor
The World Bank Ralph Overend
Solar Energy Research Institute
Gerald Foley
Panes Institute (London) S. Padmanabhan
U.S. Agency for International Development
Howard Geller
American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy Setty Pendakur
School of Community and Regional Planning
David Greene
University of British Columbia
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
David Pimentel
Toni Barrington
Cornell University
Honda North America, Inc.
Steve Plotkin
Allen R. Inversin
Energy and Materials Program
National Rural Electric Cooperative Association
Office of Technology Assessment
H. Michael Jones
Glenn Prickett
Independent Consultant
Natural Resources Defense Council
Washington, DC
Marc Ross
John Kadyszewski University of Michigan
Winrock International Institute for Agricultural
Development
,,,
w{
Gabriel Roth
Stratos Tavoulareas
Independent Consultant
Office of Energy
Washington, DC
United States Agency for International
Chris Rovero Development
Oak Ridge Associated Universities
Michael Totten
Gabriel Sanchez Sierra International Institute for Energy Conservation
Latin-American Energy Organization (OLADE)
Sergio Trindade
Judith M. Siegel SET International, Ltd.
Judith M. Siegel and Associates (formerly United Nations Center for Science and
Technology for Development)
D.P. Sengupta
Department of Electrical Engineering Xin Hau Wang
Indian Institute of Science United Nations
Centre for Science and Technology for
Kumares C. Sinha
Development
Department of Civil Engineering
Purdue University
Scott Sklar
U.S. Export Council for Renewable Energy
NOTE: OTA appreciates and is grateful for the valuable assistance and thoughtful critiques provided by the reviewers. The reviewers do not, however,
necessarily approve, disapprove, or endorse this report. OTA assumes full responsibility for the report and the accuracy of its contents.
ix
Contents
Page
Chapter I: Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chapter 2: Energy and the Developing Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Chapter 3: Energy Services: Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Chapter 4: Energy Services: Industry and Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Chapter 5: Energy Services: Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Chapter 6: Energy Conversion Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Chapter 7: Energy Resources and Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Chapter 8: Issues and Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Appendix A: Capital and Life Cycle Costs for Electricity Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Appendix B: Electricity Supply Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Appendix C: Conversion Factors, Abbreviations, and Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315