Energy Storage, Compression, and Switching

511 Pages·1976·26.16 MB·English

by  J. C. Martin (auth.), W. H. Bostick, V. Nardi, O. S. F. Zucker (eds.)

Energy Storage,
Compression,
and Switching
Energy Storage,
Compression,
and Switching
Edited by
W. H. Bostick
Stevens Institute of Technology
Hoboken, New Jersey
V. Nardi
Galileo Ferraris National Electrotechnical Institute
Torino, Italy
and Stevens Institute of Technology
Hoboken, New Jersey
o.
S. R Zucker
University of California
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
Livermore, California
PLENUM PRESS· NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
International Conference on Energy Storage, Compression, and Switching,
Asti-Torino, Italy, 1974.
Energy storage, compression, and switching.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Energy storage-Congresses. 2. Energy transfer-Congresses. 3. Electric
switchgear-Congresses. I. Bostick, Winston Harper, 1916- II. Nardi,
V., 1930- III. Zucker, O. S. F., 1939- IV. Turin. Instituto
elettrotecnico nazionale Galileo Ferraris. V. Stevens Institute of Technology ,
Hoboken, N. J. VI. Italy. Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche. VII. Title.
TJ153.1591974 621.3 75-42405
ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-2216-0 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-2214-6
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-2214-6
Proceedings of the International Conference on Energy Storage, Compression,
and Switching held in Asti-Torino, Italy, November 5-7, 1974
© 1976 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1976
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011
United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London
A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd.
Davis House (4th Floor), 8 Scrubs Lane, Harlesden, London, NW10 6SE, England
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
International Conference on
ENERGY STORAGE, COMPRESSION, AND SWITCHING
November 5-7, 1974
Sponsors
Istituto Elettrotecnico Nazionale Galileo Ferraris
Torino, Italy
Department of Physics
Stevens Institute of Technology
Hoboken, N. J. 07030
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
Roma, Italy
Scientific Committee
W. H. Bostick (Chairman)
Physics Department
Stevens Institute of Technology
Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, U.S.A.
H. L. Laquer
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
University of California
P.O. Box 1663
Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, U.S.A.
J.C. Martin
UKAEA
A. W. R. E.
Alderrnaston, Berkshire, England
V. Nardi
Laboratorio Plasma
Instituto Elettrotecnico Nazionale Galileo Ferraris
Corso Massimo d'Azeglio, 42
Torino 10125, Italy
Giorgio Catenacci
C.E.S.1.
Via Rubattino 54
Milano, Italy
O. S. F. Zucker (Scientific Secretary)
Electronics Engineering Department
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
University of California
P.O. Box 808
Livermore, California 94550, U.S.A.
Local Committee
Miss M. Canavese (Secretary)
C. Cortese
A. Ferro Milone (Chairman)
V. Nardi
S. B. Toniolo
Istituto Elettrotecnico Nazionale Galileo Ferraris
Corso Massimo d' Azeglio, 42
Toriono 10125, Italy
Foreword
This international conference was organized by the sponsoring agencies
with the following objectives in mind: to bring together active researchers
involved in energy compression, switching, and storage who have a major
interest in plasma physics, electron beams, electric and magnetic energy
storage systems, and high voltage and high current switches. Areas of
interest include:
Slow systems: 50-60 Hz machinery, transformers, flywheel-homopolar
generators, slow capacitors, inductors, and solid state switches. Inter
mediate systems: fast capacitor banks, superconducting storage and switch
ing, gas, vacuum, and dielectric switching, nonlinear (magnetic) switching,
fast (105 - 106 Hz) capacitors and fuses. Fast systems: Marx, Blumlein,
oil, water, and pressurized water dielectrics, switches, magnetic insula
tion, electron beams, and plasmas.
The Editors extend thanks to all the authors, and attendees (and their
supporting institutions, and companies), everyone of whom in his own measure
helped to make the conference a success. The Editors further wish to thank
the members of the Scientific Committee for the help they have given in
organizing the conference and in editing, especially J. C. Martin and
H. L. Laquer.
Special recognition is due the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory whose
Electrical Engineering Department provided the Secretary of the Scientific
Committee and one of the Editors, and the yeowoman services of Sharon
Dodson and Cheri Johnson in all the mailings, correspondence, and receiving
and organizing of the manuscripts. The LLL Technical Information Department
provided the design and printing of the conference announcements and the
instructional formats for the authors' manuscripts.
The Editors also express their gratitude to the sponsoring organiza
tions and their personnel -
1. Istituto Elettrotecnico Nazionale Galileo Ferraris (IEN),
Torino, Italy for providing the initial impetus and much
of the financial support of the Conference. The superb
work of the local committee of Torino is due singular
praise: M. Canavese (Secretary), C. Cortese, A. Ferro
Milone (Chairman), S. B. Toniolo and L. Franchino for
the administration, E. Tessitore and E. Vecchiotti for
technical assistance.
2. Department of Physics, Steven Institute of Technology,
Hoboken, New Jersey for providing offices and facilities
for two of the editors and two members of the scientific
committee. The handling of editorial corrections and the
correspondence thereof: R. Southworth, Eleanor Gehler,
Diane Gioia, Janet DeGennaro, and N. Kharnbatta.
3. National Council of Research (CNR) Rome, Italy, for moral
and financial support.
Substantial financial support was also provided by the Istituto di
Fisica, Universita di Ferrara.
Finally, on behalf of all the attendees the editors wish to express
particular thanks to II Consiglio Provinciale di Asti and its President for
their cordial and elegant hospitality.
July, 1975 w. H. Bostick, V. Nardi, o. S. F. Zucker
vii
Contents
ELECTRON BEAMS
Short Pulse High Voltage Systems 3
J. C. Martin
Liquid Dielectric Pulse Line Technology.............................. 15
Ian Smith
Measurements of a Low Impedance, Large Area 100 kV Diode .•••...•••••. 25
I. D. Smith, V. B. Carboni, G. B. Frazier, E. P. Zeehandelaar,
and D. N. Payton III
Pulsed Electron Beam Generators Operating in C. E. A. ...•...•••..... 31
J. Chevallier, J. Cortella, J. C. Jouys, and G. Raboisson
Fast Marx Generator 35
H. Aslin
High-Power Pulse Generation Using Exploding Fuses 39
J. Benford, H. Calvin, I. Smith, and H. Aslin
Design of Very Fast Rise and Fall Time, Low Impedance Megavolt
Pulse Generators for Laser Excitation ......•........•.....•. 51
J. Harrison, R. Miller, J. Shannon, and J. B. Smith
EBFA, a Twenty Terrawatt Electron Beam Accelerator •......•....•.....• 57
T. H. Martin and K. R. Prestwich
2 MV Coaxial Marx Generator for Producing Intense Relativistic
Electron Beams .............................................. 63
Y. Kubota, A. Miyahara, and S. Kawasaki
IMPLODING SYSTEMS
Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Energy Storage and
Compression ••.....••.•.•....••...••......•..•..•.....•..••.. 71
O. S. F. Zucker and W. H. Bostick
A Multi-Megajoule Inertial-Inductive Energy Storage System ...••..•... 95
A. E. Robson, P. Turchi, W. Lupton, M. Ury, and W. Warnick
Magnetically Driven Metal Liners for Plasma Compression •..•.....•••.. 105
James W. Shearer and William C. Condit
Theoretical and Experimental Study of Explosive Driven Magnetic
Field Compression Generators •.•..••.••...•.....•..•..•...... 119
B. Antoni, C. Nazet, and L. Pobe
High Energy Pulsed Power by Inductively Driven Imploding Linear
Flux Compression .••..•.•.•.••.•..•.........•.••.•........... 125
P. J. Turchi
Multimegajoule Pulsed Power Generation from a Reusable Compressed
Magnetic Field Device ..•..•.•..•.•.•••.•........•.•......... 131
M. Cowan, E. C. Cnare, W. K. Tucker, and D. R. Wesenberg
Implosion and Taging Systems for a Scyllac Fusion Test Reactor 135
R. F. Gribble, R. K. Linford, and K. I. Thomassen
ix
x CONTENTS
Energy Storage, Compression, and Switching in a Theta-Pinch
Fusion Test Reactor .••...•..•.•.......•......••..••........ 139
Keith I. Thomassen
Recent Progresses in Gas-Embedded Z-Pinch and Neutron Production .•.. 143
Dah Yu Cheng
High-Voltage Low-Impedence Electrical System for Driving a
Theta-Pinch Implosion-Heating Experiment ..........•........ 149
J. Hammel, I. Henins, J. Marshall, and A. Sherwood
Explosively Driven MHD Generator Power Systems for Pulse
Power Applications .•...•...•..•.••..•..................•... 151
J. Teno and o. K. Sonju
Magnetic Compressive Generators Using Gaseous Explosive ......•...... 157
R. Hahn, B. Antoni, J. Lucidarme, C. Rioux, and F. Rioux-Damidau
PLASMA FOCUS AND COLLECTIVE EFFECTS
Collective-Field Acceleration of High-Energy Ions ......•............ 163
John S. Luce
Megagauss Fields by Automodulating Currents ......................... 173
V. Nardi
On the Bursting of Filaments in the Plasma Focus ........•....•...... 189
Fausto T. L. Gratton
Adiabatic Compression of Plasma Vortex Structures ................•.. 197
D. R. Wells, E. Nolting, F. Cooke, Jr., J. Tunstall,
P. Jindra, and J. Hirschberg
The Plasma Focus Experiment. Survey on the Present State of
the Researches and Potential Fusion Applications ........... 217
Ch. Maisonnier, F. Pecorella, and J. P. Rager
Two Methods of Space-Time Energy Densification ...................... 219
Harry L. Sahlin
Experimental Results of a Low Energy Plasma Focus ............•...... 255
H. Bruzzone, R. Gratton, H. Kelly, M. Milanese, and J. Pouzo
Time Resolved X-Ray Find Structures, Neutron Emission, and
Ion Velocities in a Fast 1 kJ Plasma Focus ..........•...... 259
K. H. Schoenbach, L. Michel, H. Krompholz, and Heinz Fischer
Nonuniform Energy Concentration in Focused Plasmas ................•. 261
W. H. Bostick, V. Nardi, W. Prior, F. Rodriguez-Trelles,
C. Cortese, and W. Gekelman
Application of the Relativistic Electron Beams Originating in
the Discharges of Plasma Focus Type for the Combined
Laser-REB Plasma Heating .••....•••......................... 271
V. A. Gribkov
CONTENTS xi
INDUCTIVE AND CAPACITIVE STORAGE SYSTEMS
Superconductivity, Energy Storage and Switching •........••.•........ 279
H. L. Laquer
Large Superconducting Tokamaks .•........••....•..•.......••.......•. 307
D. N. Cornish
Superconductive Inductor-Convertor Units for Pulsed Power Loads ..... 309
H. A. Peterson, N. Mohan, W. C. Young, and R. W. Boom
Low Inductance Energy Storage and Switching for Plasma Production 319
Daniel N. Payton III, John G. Clark, and William L. Baker
The Design, Fabrication, and Testing of a Five Megajoule
Homopolar Motor-Generator ..•..••........•.................. 325
W. F. Weldon, M. D. Driga, H. H. Woodson, and H. G. Rylander
A One Megajoule Fast Condenser Bank for the Plasma Focus
Experiment at Frascati ...•.............................•... 337
C. Gourlan, H. Kroegler, Ch. Maisonnier, and G. Villa
Development of a Reliable, Low-Cost, Energy-Storage Capacitor
for Laser Pumping ..•..•..•..•.........•...•.....•.......... 343
J. R. Hutzler and W. L. Gagnon
Design and Test Results of a New Type of Very High Voltage
Capacitor for Low Inductance Applications •••.•...•....••... 349
J. Cortella, J. Jouys, J. Raboisson, J. Leborn, and
J. J. Wavre
The Magnetic Energy Storage System used in ZT-l .......•............• 351
L. C. Burkhardt, R. Dike, J. N. Di Marco, J. A. Phillips,
R. Haarman, and A. E. Schofield
Inductive Energy Storage with Short-Circuit Generators 355
C. Cortese, C. De Bernochi, and E. Tessitore
High Magnetic Field Cryogenic Coil for the Frascati Tokamak
Transformer ••.•.•.•..••...•.•...••.•..•••.•.••...••.....•.. 359
R. Andreani and L. Lovisetto
Computer Controlled Flywheel Type Motor Generator for
Fus ion Re search ••••..••..•..•••••..•••.......•..•.•........ 363
A. Miyahara and E. Bannai
COLLECTIVE EFFECTS
Pulsed Fusion ..•.•••.•....•..•••..••...•••....•••..••.....•......... 369
J. G. Linhart
Laser Fusion: Capital Cost of Inertial Confinement .•.•.••........•.. 377
Ray E. Kidder
Acceleration of Electrons by an Electrodynamic Space-Charge Effect.. 381
Walter R. Raudorf