energy-efficient lighting

95 Pages·2017·7.17 MB·English

Accelerating the Global Adoption of
EEN RGYE- IF CIE TN LIGITH GN
UN Environment – Global Environment Facility | United for Effciency (U4E)
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ENERGY-EFFICIENT LIGHTING 2
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ENERGY-EFFICIENT LIGHTING 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The United Nations Environment Programme (UN
Environment) would like to thank the Lighting Expert
Taskforce for their valuable comments and advice:
Ashok Sarkar, The World Bank, U4E Expert Taskforce Chair
Peter Bennich, International Energy Agency (IEA), 4E SSL Annex Chair /
Swedish Energy Agency, U4E Expert Taskforce Vice Chair
Michael Scholand, UN Environment-Economy Division
Kof Adu Agyarko, Ghana - Energy Commission
Asawin Asawutmangkul, Deptartment of Alternative Energy
Development & Effciency - Thailand
Martin Bachler, Osram
Norman Bardsley, International Solid State Lighting Alliance
Chiara Briatore, Lighting Europe (Global Lighting Association)
James Brodrick, US Department of Energy
Peter Curley, The Climate Group
Gabby Dreyfus, US Department of Energy
John Dulac, IEA
Chad Gallinat, US Department of Energy
Florian Hockel, Osram
FOR MORE
Noah Horowitz, Natural Resources Defence Council INFORMATION,
Shuming Hua, Global Effcient Lighting Centre (GELC) CONTACT:
Bruno Laftte, Agence de l’environnement UN Environment, (U4E)
et de la maîtrise de l’énergie (ADEME), France Economy Division
Benoit Lebot, International Partnership for Energy, Climate, and
Energy Effciency Cooperation Technology Branch
N. Mohan, Energy Effciency Services Limited (India) 1 Rue Miollis, Building VII
Melanie Slade, IEA 75015, Paris
FRANCE
Rolf Smeets, Philips Lighting
Manuel Soriano, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Tel: [phone]
Arianna Tozzi, The Climate Group Fax: [phone]
Harry Verhaar, Philips Lighting
E-mail:
ENERGY-EFFICIENT LIGHTING 4
FOREWORD
Electricity for lighting accounts for approximately 15 per cent of global power consumption and 5 per
cent of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High-effciency lighting technologies offer up to an 85 per cent
improvement in energy effciency compared with conventional lighting technologies, while providing an
equal or better quality of light.
Because of this potential, the Lighting Test Centre of China for Lighting and Appliances
United Nations Secretary- established the Global Effcient and Equipment.
General’s Sustainable Energy for Lighting Centre (GELC), and the
All (SEforALL) initiative identifes Australian Government supported This report is published as part
energy-effcient lighting as a developing countries in Southeast of U4E and focuses on lighting.
“High Impact Opportunity”. It can Asia and the Pacifc. The report guides policymakers
reduce countries’ GHG emissions, on how to promote energy-
generate signifcant economic Building on the success of effcient lighting in their
benefts, enhance energy security, the en.lighten initiative, UN respective national markets. It is
and improve people’s wellbeing. Environment and the GEF based on the integrated policy
launched a new United for approach, which has been used
To leverage this opportunity a Effciency (U4E) initiative in 2015. around the world to bring about
lighting initiative, en.lighten, was The initiative supports countries sustainable and cost-effective
established in 2010. en.lighten in their transition to the use market transformation.
aimed to accelerate a global of energy-effcient lighting,
market transformation to energy- appliances and equipment. This report was developed in a
effcient lighting technologies, en.lighten now represents the holistic process with participation
as well as to develop strategies lighting chapter under U4E. It from over 20 organisations.
to transition to energy-effcient focuses on developing countries This included international
lamps. It was a public-private and emerging economies, which organisations, environmental
partnership (PPP) between the UN are seeing the largest growth in groups, international lighting
Environment, OSRAM and Philips energy-consuming products. U4E manufacturers, government
Lighting, supported by the Global works under the umbrella of the offcials, and academic
Environment Facility (GEF). As part SEforALL initiative, as the leading institutions. Our experience is
of the partnership, the National “Energy Effciency Accelerator” that the sort of credible guidance
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ENERGY-EFFICIENT LIGHTING 5
THIS REPORT FOCUSES ON
ENERGY-EFFICIENT LIGHTING
OTHER GUIDES IN THIS
SERIES INCLUDE:
resulting from a balanced expert in policy recommendations to
group is very effective in reducing adjust for the market shift to
uncertainty, and measurably helps light emitting diodes (LEDs), AND AN OVERARCHING
FUNDAMENTAL GUIDE:
countries adopt energy policies which offer signifcantly greater
that make economic sense and electricity and fnancial saving.
help reduce carbon emissions.
The report is part of a series
The earlier work of en.lighten of U4E reports on fve product
complements this report. groups. The other reports in the
This includes reports such as series cover room air conditioners,
Achieving the Global Transition residential refrigerators, electric
to Energy Effcient Lighting motors, and distribution
Toolkit, Developing Minimum transformers. An additional
Energy Performance Standards overarching report, “Policy
for Lighting Products: Guidance Fundamentals Guide,” provides
Note for Policymakers, and crosscutting, general guidance
a series of six reports aimed critical to the establishment of
to improve the monitoring, a successful energy effciency
verifcation, and enforcement programme.
(MVE) of lighting products that
It is our hope that decision-
can lead to other energy effciency
makers will use the information
measures including legislation and Mark Radka,
administrative processes. This new in this report to select the right Chief, Energy, Climate,
policies for the coming decades. and Technology Branch;
report also provides an update
Economy Division, UN
Environment
This report was developed in a
holistic process with participation Hua Shuming, General
Director, Global Effcient
from over 20 organisations. Lighting Centre
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ENERGY-EFFICIENT LIGHTING 6
EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
Lighting is widely used in everyday life. It is a signifcant factor
contributing to our quality of life and productivity of our workforces.
Artifcial illumination extends the productive day, enabling people to
work in homes, offces, buildings and factories.
Lighting equipment, however, products include technology
consumes resources. It does so such as incandescent lamps,
in the manufacturing phase and, which are based on a 125 year-old
more importantly, when installed technology and are replaceable
and operating (i.e. producing with widely available products
light). As our economies grow and that can cut power use by 80 – 90
populations expand, the global per cent. Globally, according to a
demand for lighting will increase. UN Environment lighting market
model including over 150 country
Policy measures that transform
lighting assessments, there are
Energy-effcient markets toward higher energy still seven billion incandescent
effciency are needed. Lighting
lamps in use in 2016.
lighting is usually is one of the most cost-effective
products for setting such Lighting technology spans great
the lowest life-cycle
measures. This is partly because ranges of performance. There
cost option. in some markets the incumbent are ineffcient products burning
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ENERGY-EFFICIENT LIGHTING 7
fuel or heat metal (i.e. tungsten decades lighting services are The guidance provided in
flament lamps) and highly projected to rise by approximately this document is meant to be
effcient designs producing 50 per cent relative to current fexible, rather than prescriptive.
light from gas discharge lamps levels of demand. It can be applied to a diverse
or semiconductor junctions. range of lighting applications,
By 2030, these policy measures
Governments can establish including indoor lighting in public,
would reduce electricity demand
cost-effective policy measures commercial and residential
for lighting to 2,160 TWh per
that remove the least effcient buildings and outdoor lighting
year, saving up to 640 TWh of
products from the market and as in the case of urban and rural
electricity, according to the UN
accelerate the adoption of the street lights and parking lots.
Environment model. This slight
highest effciency models. The scope of this document
savings in step with such a large
encompasses all light sources,
There are multiple advantages increase in lighting service is
including incandescent, halogen,
of energy-effcient lighting for due to a widespread shift from
compact fuorescent, linear
governments. Energy-effcient conventional lighting technologies
fuorescent, high-intensity
lighting is usually the lowest like incandescent, halogen and
discharge, and solid-state lighting.
life-cycle cost option. It can be fuorescent lamps to lighting
used to stimulate effciency in the products based on light-emitting UN Environment encourages
market across other products and diodes (LEDs). countries to follow a fve-stage
to promote accelerated adoption integrated policy approach for
This period of technology
of more effcient technology. It transforming their respective
transition from old to new
reduces peak loading, lowers markets towards higher
products is an opportunity to
customer bills and reduces energy effciency:
governments. They can introduce
mercury and the volume of
• Standards and
cost-effective policy measures
material being sent to the landfll. 1
Regulations (MEPS ) —
across all lighting applications
cover a collection of related
Payback time of energy-effcient yielding substantial savings and
requirements defning which
lighting varies depending on accelerating the adoption of
products can be sold and
equipment and energy costs. It LED-based lighting. By 2030,
those that should be blocked
ranges from less than one year (for governments could save up to 640
from the market. Standards
direct retroft of a light source) to TWh of electricity, according to
and regulations form the
two to three years for a complete the UN Environment model. This is
foundation from which to
lighting system overhaul. The up to 23 per cent of the projected
ensure the success of any
latter requires higher investments (no new policy) demand. In terms
effcient lighting transition
but will render higher annual of CO emissions, governments
2
strategy.
savings in return. could avoid upwards of 390
million metric tonnes annually. • Supporting Policies —
We currently consume 2,900 TWh
Taken on a cumulative basis, are necessary to ensure the
of electricity per year for lighting.
between 2015 and 2030 the smooth implementation of
This is equivalent to fve times
CO savings would be up to 3.3 standards and regulations,
2
the total national consumption
gigatonnes of avoided CO . and to achieve a broad public
2
of Germany. Over the next two
acceptance. Supporting
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ENERGY-EFFICIENT LIGHTING 8
policies include labelling (MEPS). Enhancing the capacity The Fundamental Policy Guide
schemes and other market- of various countries and the is cross-cutting for all United
based instruments, often sharing of information and skills for Effciency priority products
initiated and promoted between countries and across including lighting, residential
by regulatory incentives, regions provides an effective refrigerators, air conditioners,
and information and means through which to distribution transformers and
communication campaigns promote best practice, quickly electric motors.
that inform end users in and thoroughly.
For more information on the
order to change or modify
• Environmentally Sound
approach see Chapter 8 for a
their behaviour.
Management of Lighting
brief overview or the U4E
• Finance and Financial Products — mercury and
Fundamental Policy Guide for
Delivery Mechanisms — other hazardous substance
complete description.
addressing high frst-cost content standards should
challenges with effcient light be established in line with
sources, looking at economic global best practice in order to
instruments and fscal minimize any environmental
instruments and incentives, or health impact. Special
such rational electricity attention should be given to
prices and tax breaks. Also the development of a legal
consider fnancing incentive framework for environmentally
mechanisms that help address sound, end-of-life activities.
the initial incremental costs
In order to support governments
such as through dedicated
in promoting energy effciency
funds, electric utility on-bill
and removing obsolete and
fnancing, and pay-as-you-
energy intensive lighting
save schemes based on shared
technologies from their markets,
savings transactions through
United for Effciency has
Energy Service Companies.
developed a step-by-step guide
• Monitoring, Verifcation
called “Fundamental Policy Guide:
and Enforcement (MVE) —
Accelerating the Global Adoption
successful market transition
of Energy Effcient Products”.
depends on effective
This guide offers an overview
monitoring (i.e. verify product
of the key elements required to
effciency), verifcation
transform a national appliance
(i.e. verify declarations
market towards more energy-
of conformance); and
effcient products through the
enforcement (i.e. actions
application of the U4E Integrated
taken against noncompliant
Policy Approach.
suppliers) of the regulations
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ENERGY-EFFICIENT LIGHTING 9
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................. 12 6. MARKET MONITORING, VERIFICATION
1.1 Why Leapfrog to AND ENFORCEMENT ........................................ 55
Energy-effcient Lighting? ................................. 13 6.1 Legal and Administrative
1.2 The Integrated Policy Approach ....................... 15 Framework ........................................................... 57
1.3 Report Overview ................................................. 18 6.2 Financing MVE Schemes. ................................... 57
6.3 Effcient Lighting Market
2. LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES AND MARKETS ... 19
Baselines and Assessments .............................. 59
2.1 Lighting Technologies ........................................ 19
6.4 Product Registry Systems ................................ 59
2.1.1 Incandescent Lighting ....................................... 20
6.5 Test Laboratories ................................................. 61
2.1.2 Fluorescent Lighting ........................................... 21
6.6 Proactive Communications .............................. 62
2.1.3 High Intensity Discharge Lighting .................... 22
6.7 Market Monitoring ............................................. 63
2.1.4 LED Lighting ......................................................... 23
6.8 Regulatory Enforcement .................................. 64
2.1.5 Lighting Controls ................................................. 27
2.1.6 Off-Grid Lighting ................................................. 28 7. ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
2.2 Market Developments ........................................ 29 AND HEALTH ...................................................... 66
7.1 Policy and Legal Framework ............................ 68
3. STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS..................... 31
7.2 Collection Schemes ........................................... 68
3.1 Metrics and Testing Standards ......................... 32
7.3 Recycling Programmes ..................................... 69
3.2 Regulatory Requirements .................................. 33
7.4 Financing Environmentally
3.3 Process to Follow to Establish
Sustainable Management ................................. 70
Regulatory Requirements .................................. 35
7.5 Health .................................................................... 71
3.4 Harmonisation of
Regulations and Standards ............................... 37 8. PROGRAMME PREPARATION, DESIGN
AND IMPLEMENTATION ................................... 72
4. SUPPORTING POLICIES .................................... 39
4.1 Labelling............................................................... 40 9. RESOURCES ....................................................... 74
4.1.1 Mandatory Labelling ........................................... 41
10. REFERENCES .................................................... 80
4.1.2 Voluntary Labelling ............................................ 43
4.2 Communication and Education ........................ 44
ANNEX A. GLOSSARY .................................................. 81
4.2.1 Designing a Communications Campaign....... 45
4.2.2 Identifying and Engaging Stakeholders ......... 46
ANNEX B. KEY PHENOMENA CONSIDERED
IN LIGHTING POLICY MEASURES ............................... 84
5. FINANCE AND FINANCIAL
DELIVERY MECHANISMS .................................. 48
FOOTNOTES ................................................................ 92
5.1 Sources of Finance ............................................. 49
5.2 Finance and Financial
Delivery Mechanisms ........................................ 50
5.2.1 Utility Demand Side Management ................... 51
5.2.2 Energy Savings Performance
Contracting through ESCOs .............................. 51
5.2.3 Bulk Procurement .............................................. 53
5.2.4 PPP Financing and Delivery Model ................. 54
5.2.5 New Business Models ....................................... 54
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ENERGY-EFFICIENT LIGHTING 10
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1. Barriers to the Adoption of Energy-effcient Lighting and Controls ................................................. 15
TABLE 2. Incandescent and Halogen Lighting Typical Performance Specifcation ....................................... 20
TABLE 3. Flourescent Lighting Typical Performance Specifcation ................................................................... 21
TABLE 4. High Intensity Discharge Lighting Typical Performance Specifcation ........................................... 22
TABLE 5. Light Emitting Diode (LED) Lighting Typical Performance Specifcation ....................................... 26
TABLE 6. Overview of end-use Sectors and Typical Current and Future Light Sources ............................... 30
TABLE 7. European Regulation for Omni-Directional Lamps, EC NO.244/2009 ............................................ 34
TABLE 8. Components Required to be in Place for a Lighting Regulatory Programme ............................... 36
TABLE 9. General Types of Product Labels Used around the World ................................................................. 40
TABLE 10. Communication Campaign Stakeholders and Areas of Interest / Involvement ......................... 47
TABLE 11. Product Registry System Users and Their Potential Needs ............................................................. 60
TABLE 12. Essential Elements for the Reliable Operation of a Test Laboratory ............................................. 61
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1. Integrated Policy Approach for a Rapid Transition to Effcient Lighting ...................................... 16
FIGURE 2. Producing White Light with Light Emitting Diodes (LEDS) ............................................................. 23
FIGURE 3. Effcacies of Commercial LED Packages
Measured at 25°C and 35 A/CM2 Current Density .............................................................................................. 24
FIGURE 4. Market Average LED Lamp and Luminaire Effcacy Projections,
US Department of Energy ....................................................................................................................................... 25
FIGURE 5. LED VS. CFL Retail Price for a 60W Replacement Lamp ................................................................. 25
FIGURE 6. Images of Some Examples of LED Lamps and a LED Luminaire.................................................... 26
FIGURE 7. Comparison of Energy-effciency Requirements
in Place in 2016 in Europe and the US, 230V PLOT ...............................................................................................37
FIGURE 8. Major Target Audiences for Communications Campaign
on Energy-effcient Lighting ................................................................................................................................... 46
FIGURE 9. Fundamental Aspects of the Market Monitoring,
Verifcation and Enforcement Process.................................................................................................................. 56
FIGURE 10. Monitoring, Verifcation and Enforcement Benefts to Stakeholders ......................................... 56
FIGURE 11. Pyramid of Escalating Enforcement ................................................................................................... 64
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