End to End Adaptive Congestion Control in TCP/IP Networks

326 Pages·2012·3.046 MB·English

by  Houmkozlis, Christos N.

End-to-End
Adaptive Congestion
Control in TCP/IP
Networks
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Automation and Control Engineering Series
End-to-End
Adaptive Congestion
Control in TCP/IP
Networks
Christos N. Houmkozlis
Artistotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
George A. Rovithakis
Artistotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
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Dedication
Dedicated to my wife Maria, for her support and endurance, as well as
my newborn son Nikolaos.
C.N.H.
To my wife Konstantina, and my children, Anastasios and Maria for al-
ways being an endless source of love and inspiration.
G.A.R.
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
Contents
List of Figures xiii
List of Tables xix
Preface xxi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Future Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Internet Congestion Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Adaptive Congestion Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
I Background on Computer Networks and Conges-
tion Control 13
2 Controlled System: The Packet-Switched Network 15
2.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2 Network Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2.1 Links and Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2.2 Sub-Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2.3 Network Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2.4 LAN Topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3 Network Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.3.1 Packet Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.3.2 Protocols and Layering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3.3 Internet Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3.4 Transfer Control Protocol (TCP) . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.3.5 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.3.6 Internet Protocol(IP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.4 Performance Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.4.1 Queue Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.4.2 Throughput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.4.3 Link Utilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.4.4 Packet Loss Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.4.5 Round Trip Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.4.6 Fairness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.5 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
vii
viii
2.5.1 E-Mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.5.2 World Wide Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.5.3 Remote Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.5.4 File Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.5.5 Streaming Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.5.6 Internet Telephony (VOIP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.6 Concluding Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3 Congestion Issues and TCP 49
3.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.2 Core Issues in Congestion Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.3 TCP: Flow Control and Congestion Control . . . . . . . . . 51
3.3.1 Slow Start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.3.2 Congestion Avoidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.3.3 Fast Retransmit and Fast Recovery. . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.4 TCP Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.5 Managing Congestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.5.1 TCP Friendliness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.5.2 Classification of Congestion Control Protocols. . . . . 60
3.5.2.1 Window-Based vs. Rate-Based . . . . . . . . 60
3.5.2.2 Unicast vs. Multicast . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.5.2.3 End-to-End vs. Router-Based. . . . . . . . . 62
3.6 Concluding Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4 Measuring Network Congestion 65
4.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.2 Drop Tail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.3 Congestion Early Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.3.1 Packet Drop Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.3.2 Packet Marking Schemes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.4 Concluding Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5 Source-Based Congestion Control Mechanisms 79
5.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.2 Traditional TCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.3 TCP Modifications for Networks with Large Bandwidth Delay
Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.3.1 Scalable TCP (STCP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.3.2 HighSpeed TCP (HSTCP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.3.3 BIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5.3.4 CUBIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5.4 Delay-Based Congestion Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5.4.1 TCP Vegas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.4.2 FAST TCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
5.5 Congestion Control for Wireless Networks . . . . . . . . . . . 89
ix
5.5.1 TCP Westwood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5.5.2 TCP Veno. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.6 Congestion Control for Multimedia Applications . . . . . . . 92
5.6.1 Rate Adaptation Protocol (RAP) . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.6.2 TFRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.7 Concluding Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6 Fluid Flow Model Congestion Control 97
6.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
6.2 The Fluid Flow Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
6.3 Network Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
6.4 Congestion Control as a Resource Allocation Problem . . . . 101
6.4.1 Dual Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
6.4.2 Primal Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
6.4.3 Utility Function Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
6.5 Open Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
6.5.1 Stability and Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
6.5.2 Implementation Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
6.5.3 Robustness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
6.5.4 Fairness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
6.6 Concluding Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
II Adaptive Congestion Control Framework 111
7 NNRC: An Adaptive Congestion Control Framework 113
7.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
7.2 Packet Switching Network System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
7.3 Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
7.4 Throughput Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
7.5 NNRC Framework Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
7.5.1 Future Path Congestion Level Estimator . . . . . . . . 121
7.5.2 Feasible Desired Round Trip Time Estimator . . . . . 122
7.5.3 Rate Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
7.5.4 Throughput Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
7.6 Concluding Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
8 NNRC: Rate Control Design 125
8.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
8.2 Feasible Desired Round Trip Time Estimator Design . . . . . 125
8.2.1 Proof of Lemma 8.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
8.2.2 Proof of Lemma 8.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
8.3 Rate Control Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
8.3.1 Guaranteeing Boundness of Transmission Rate . . . . 137
8.3.2 Reducing Rate in Congestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
8.4 Illustrative Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
8.4.1 Implementation Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141