Encyclopedia of Soil Science

2795 Pages·2016·496.648 MB·English

by  Rattan Lal

E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
Soil Science
THIRD EDITION
Encyclopedias from the Taylor & Francis Group
Print Online Print Online
Agriculture Engineering
Encyclopedia of Agricultural, Food, and Biological Engineering, Dekker Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,
2nd Ed., 2 Vols. Pub'd. 10/21/10 3rd Ed., 7 Vols. Pub'd. 3/20/14
K10554 (978-1-4398-1111-5) K11382 (978-1-4398-2806-9) K14119 (978-1-4398-9134-6) K14120 (978-1-4398-9135-3)
Encyclopedia of Animal Science, 2nd Ed., 2 Vols. Pub'd. 2/1/11 Encyclopedia of Energy Engineering and Technology, 2nd Ed.,
K10463 (978-1-4398-0932-7) K10528 (978-0-415-80286-4) 4 Vols. Pub'd. 12/1/14
K14633 (978-1-4665-0673-2) KE16142 (978-1-4665-0674-9)
Encyclopedia of Biotechnology in Agriculture and Food Pub'd. 7/16/10
DK271X (978-0-8493-5027-6) DKE5044 (978-0-8493-5044-3) Encyclopedia of Optical and Photonic Engineering, 2nd Ed.,
5 Vols. Pub'd. 9/22/15
Encyclopedia of Pest Management Pub'd. 5/9/02
K12323 (978-1-4398-5097-8) K12325 (978-1-4398-5099-2)
DK6323 (978-0-8247-0632-6) DKE517X (978-0-8247-0517-6)
Encyclopedia of Plant and Crop Science Pub'd. 2/27/04
DK1190 (978-0-8247-0944-0) DKE9438 (978-0-8247-0943-3) Environment
Encyclopedia of Soil Science, 3rd Ed., 3 Vols. Publishing 2016
K26612 (978-1-4987-3890-3) K26614 (978-1-4987-3893-4) Encyclopedia of Environmental Management, 4 Vols. Pub'd. 12/13/12
K11434 (978-1-4398-2927-1) K11440 (978-1-4398-2933-2)
Encyclopedia of Water Science, 2nd Ed., 2 Vols. Pub'd. 12/26/07
DK9627 (978-0-8493-9627-4) DKE9619 (978-0-8493-9619-9) Encyclopedia of Environmental Science and Engineering,
6th Ed., 2 Vols. Pub'd. 6/25/12
K10243 (978-1-4398-0442-1) KE0278 (978-1-4398-0517-6)
Business and Computer Science
Encyclopedia of Natural Resources, 2 Vols. Pub'd. 7/23/14
K12418 (978-1-4398-5258-3) K12420 (978-1-4398-5260-6)
Encyclopedia of Computer Sci. & Tech., 2nd Ed., 2 Vols. Publishing 2016
K21573 (978-1-4822-0819-1) K21578 (978-1-4822-0822-1)
Encyclopedia of Information Assurance, 4 Vols. Pub'd. 12/21/10 Medicine
AU6620 (978-1-4200-6620-3) AUE6620 (978-1-4200-6622-7)
Encyclopedia of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering,
Encyclopedia of Information Systems and Technology, 2 Vols.
2nd Ed. Pub'd. 5/28/08
Pub'd. 12/29/15 H7802 (978-1-4200-7802-2) HE7803 (978-1-4200-7803-9)
K15911 (978-1-4665-6077-2) K21745 (978-1-4822-1432-1)
Encyclopedia of Biomedical Polymers and Polymeric Biomaterials,
Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences, 4th Ed. Publishing 2017
11 Vols. Pub'd. 4/2/15
K15223 (978-1-4665-5259-3) K15224 (978-1-4665-5260-9)
K14324 (978-1-4398-9879-6) K14404 (978-1-4665-0179-9)
Encyclopedia of Software Engineering, 2 Vols. Pub'd. 11/24/10
Encyclopedia of Biopharmaceutical Statistics, 3rd Ed. Pub'd. 5/20/10
AU5977 (978-1-4200-5977-9) AUE5977 (978-1-4200-5978-6)
H100102 (978-1-4398-2245-6) HE10326 (978-1-4398-2246-3)
Encyclopedia of Supply Chain Management, 2 Vols. Pub'd. 12/21/11
Encyclopedia of Clinical Pharmacy Pub'd. 11/14/02
K12842 (978-1-4398-6148-6) K12843 (978-1-4398-6152-3)
DK7524 (978-0-8247-0752-1) DKE6080 (978-0-8247-0608-1)
Encyclopedia of U.S. Intelligence, 2 Vols. Pub'd. 12/19/14
Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements, 2nd Ed. Pub'd. 6/25/10
AU8957 (978-1-4200-8957-8) AUE8957 (978-1-4200-8958-5)
H100094 (978-1-4398-1928-9) HE10315 (978-1-4398-1929-6)
Encyclopedia of Wireless and Mobile Communications, 2nd Ed., 3 Vols.
Encyclopedia of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, 2 Vols. Pub'd. 12/29/04
Pub'd. 12/18/12 DK2208 (978-0-8247-5564-5) DK501X (978-0-8247-5501-0)
K14731 (978-1-4665-0956-6) KE16352 (978-1-4665-0969-6)
Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology,
4th Ed., 6 Vols. Pub'd. 7/1/13
Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering H100233 (978-1-84184-819-8) HE10420 (978-1-84184-820-4)
Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing, 5 Vols. Pub'd. 11/1/05
DK2243 (978-0-8247-5563-8) DKE499X (978-0-8247-5499-0) Routledge Encyclopedias
Encyclopedia of Chromatography, 3rd Ed. Pub'd. 10/12/09
Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy,
84593 (978-1-4200-8459-7) 84836 (978-1-4200-8483-2)
3rd Ed., 5 Vols. Pub'd. 11/6/15
Encyclopedia of Iron, Steel, and Their Alloys, 5 Vols. Pub'd. 1/6/16 K16418 (978-1-4665-6909-6) K16434 (978-1-4665-6936-2)
K14814 (978-1-4665-1104-0) K14815 (978-1-4665-1105-7)
Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism Pub'd. 5/11/16
Encyclopedia of Plasma Technology, 2 Vols. Publishing 2016 Y137844 (978-1-135-00035-6)
K14378 (978-1-4665-0059-4) K21744 (978-1-4822-1431-4)
Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online Pub'd. 11/1/00
Encyclopedia of Supramolecular Chemistry, 2 Vols. Pub'd. 5/5/04 RU22334 (978-0-415-24909-6)
DK056X (978-0-8247-5056-5) DKE7259 (978-0-8247-4725-1)
Routledge Performance Archive Pub'd. 11/12/12
Encyclopedia of Surface & Colloid Science, 3rd Ed., 10 Vols. Pub'd. 8/27/15 Y148405 (978-0-203-77466-3)
K20465 (978-1-4665-9045-8) K20478 (978-1-4665-9061-8)
Encyclopedia titles are available in print and online.
To order, visit http://www.crcpress.com
Telephone: [phone] Fax: [phone]
E-Mail: [email protected]
E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
Soil Science
THIRD EDITION
Edited by
Rattan Lal
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed on acid-free paper
Version Date: 20160919
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-8699-7 (Hardback)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable
efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot
assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and
publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication
and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any
copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any
future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information stor-
age or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copy-
right.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that pro-
vides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photo-
copy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are
used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Brief Contents
Volume I Arsenic: Southeast Asia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Art and Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Accounting: Emergy Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Atterberg Limits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Acid Mine Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Acid Rain: Nitrogen Deposition. . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Biochar and Soil Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Acid Sulfate Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Biochar and Soil Quality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Acid Sulfate Soils: Distribution and Extent . . . . 20 Biochar: Soil Carbon and Fertility . . . . . . . . . . 193
Acid Sulfate Soils: Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Biodegradation and Bioremediation. . . . . . . . . . 198
Acid Sulfate Soils: Management . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Biodiversity and Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Acid Sulfate Soils: Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Bioenergy Crops: Carbon Balance Assessment. . 210
Actinobacteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Biofuels versus Agricultural Soils . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Aeration: Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Biological Crusts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Aeration: Tillage Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Biological Nitrogen Fixation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Aggregates: Tensile Strength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Biological Nitrogen Fixation: Contributions
Aggregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 to Agriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Aggregation: Soil Organic Matter (SOM) and. . 58 Biological Nitrogen Fixation: Enhancement
Aggregation: Structural Stability Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Biological Nitrogen Fixation: Forms and
Agricultural Lands: Flooding and Levee Regulating Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Breaches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Biota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Agricultural Management: Root Growth. . . . . . 72 Biota and Disease-Suppressive Soils. . . . . . . . . . 239
Agricultural Soil Carbon: Trading. . . . . . . . . . . 76 Biotechnology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Air Permeability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Boreal Forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Albedo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Boron and Molybdenum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Alfisols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Brick Making: Soil Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Allophanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Bulk Density. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Alpine Soils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Bunch Planting: Water Conservation. . . . . . . . . 261
Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Calcification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Amazon Basin Soils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Calcium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Amendments and Ameliorants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Carbon Assessment: Spectroscopic Methods . . . 270
Ammonia: Volatilization from Agricultural Carbon Sequestration: Fish Ponds. . . . . . . . . . . 274
Soils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Carbon Sequestration: Geologic . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Amoozemeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Carbon Sequestration: Iceland . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Anaerobic Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Carbon Sequestration: Nutrient Management . . 288
Andisols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Carbon Sequestration: Sediments . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Andisols: Iceland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Carbon Sequestration: Semiarid Regions of
Animals: Ecosystem Functioning. . . . . . . . . . . . 138 India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Animals: Microbial Interactions and Carbon Sequestration: Urban Ecosystems. . . . . 307
Nutrient Cycling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Carbon Sink Capacity: Soil Profile
Antimony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Ants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Carbon: Inelastic Neutron Scattering. . . . . . . . . 319
Archaeology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Carbon: Laser-Induced Breakdown
Arid Soils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Spectroscopy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
v
vi BriefContents
Volume I (cont’d.) Crop Evapotranspiration: Measurement
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
Carbon: Physical Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Crop Management: Seasonally Frozen Soil . . . . 492
Carbonates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Crop Plants: Phosphorus Availability . . . . . . . . 494
Carbonates: Secondary and Pedogenic . . . . . . . 335 Crop Residue Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Carbonates: Water and. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Crop Root Response to Temperature:
Care of Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 Temperate Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Crop Rotation and Farming Systems:
Cerrado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Temperate Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
Chemical Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Crop Rotation and Farming Systems:
Chemisorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 Tropical Smallholder Farm Systems . . . . . . . 507
Chernozems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 Crop Rotation and Farming Systems:
Chlorine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 Tropics and Subtropics and Swelling Soils. . . 512
Classification Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 Crop Yield: Compaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
Classification Systems: Arab Traditional, Croplands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
Moroccan Case. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 Crops: Flooding Tolerance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
Classification Systems: Australian and
Cultivation: Raised-Bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Culture: Soil-less. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
Classification Systems: Brazilian. . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Cycling: Carbon and Nitrogen (C/N). . . . . . . . . 538
Classification Systems: Canadian. . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Debris Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
Classification Systems: Chinese. . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
Classification Systems: French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Degradation: Biological. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Classification Systems: Historical
Degradation: Chemical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
Developments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Degradation: Critical Limits and
Classification Systems: Indian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Irreversible Degradation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Classification Systems: Indigenous. . . . . . . . . . . 402
Degradation: Economic Incentives and
Classification Systems: Major . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 Investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
Classification Systems: Netherlands. . . . . . . . . . 412 Degradation: Farm-Level Economic
Classification Systems: Russian. . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
Classification Systems: South African . . . . . . . . 418 Degradation: Food Aid Needs in
Clay Minerals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 Low-Income Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Clay Minerals: Charge Properties. . . . . . . . . . . 426 Degradation: Food Security and Poverty. . . . . . 574
Clay Minerals: Weathering and Alteration of . . 430 Degradation: Greenhouse Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
Climate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 Degradation: Mapping by Normalized
Climate Change: Gas Fluxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) . . . . . . . 581
Degradation: Off-Farm Economic
Climate Change: Soil Carbon Sequestration . . . 442
Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
Cobalt and Iodine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
Degradation: Physical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596
Collembola. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
Degradation: Quality and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Desertification: Biological Productivity
Compaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
Decline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
Conditioning Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Desertification: Extent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616
Conservation Tillage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462 Desertification: Greenhouse Effect. . . . . . . . . . . 620
Conserved Lands: Stewardship. . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 Desertification: Humid Environment in
Consistence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 Iceland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Consolidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474 Desertification: Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628
Controlled Traffic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 Desertification: Mapping Constraints and
Copper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
Cover Crops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484 Desertification: Prevention and Restoration. . . . 642
BriefContents vii
Desertification: Productivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645 Erosion: Soil Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834
Desertification: Restoration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648 Erosion: Water Quality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838
Desertification: Reversal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654 Erosivity and Erodibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845
Desertization: Irreversible Extension of
Desert Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657 Volume II
Developing Countries: Economics of Soil
Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664
Ethics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848
Diagnostic Horizons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
Eutrophication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855
Diffusivity: Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672 Evaporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858
Digital Soil Mapping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675 Evolution: Soil Seed Bank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868
Drainage: Aeration and Trafficability . . . . . . . . 680 Fauna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871
Drainage: Anaerobiosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683 Fauna and Microflora: Macrofauna . . . . . . . . . 877
Drainage: Water Quality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689 Fertility Decline: Definitions and Assessment. . . 880
Drought: Drought Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693 Fertility: Environmentally Compatible
Drought: Precipitation, Evapotranspiration, Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884
and Soil Moisture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698 Fertility: Evaluation Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890
Earthworms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701 Fertility: Low Input and Traditional
Eco-Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706 Maintenance Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894
Ecology: Cycling of Carbon and Nitrogen. . . . . 711 Fertility: North China Plains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899
Economics of Soil Management: U.S.. . . . . . . . . 716 Fertilizers: Application Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . 903
Ecosystems: Life Attributes and Environment. . 719 Fertilizers: Leaching Losses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907
Enchytraeidae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723 Fertilizers: Mineral. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910
Entisols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728 Fertilizers: Organic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916
Environmentally Friendly Indigenous Fertilizers: Types and Formulations. . . . . . . . . . 919
Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732 Fertilizers: Urban Waste and Sludges . . . . . . . . 923
Enzymes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737 Fire and Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926
Erosion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742 Fluid Flow: Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 930
Erosion Management: Hill Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . 746 Food Crops: Zinc and Iron Biofortification. . . . 933
Erosion Tolerance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753 Food Security and Soil Water Management. . . . 939
Erosion: Aggregate Breakdown Mechanisms. . . 757 Food Security: Agricultural Productivity
Erosion: Agronomic Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762 and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 942
Erosion: Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767 Food Security: Soil Degradation, Global Scale. . 945
Erosion: Carbon Dioxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777 Food Security: Soil Degradation, Local and
Erosion: Controlling Irrigation-Induced . . . . . . 782 Eco-Regional Scale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 950
Erosion: Crop Yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786 Forest Soils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955
Erosion: Disturbed Lands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 Forest Soils: Calcium Depletion. . . . . . . . . . . . . 959
Erosion: Effects on Human Life . . . . . . . . . . . . 794 Forest Soils: Major. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963
Erosion: Fly-Ash Spheres as Time Marker . . . . 798 Forest Soils: Nutrient Cycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 966
Erosion: Global Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804 Forest Soils: Properties and Site Productivity . . 969
Erosion: On-Site and Off-Site Impacts. . . . . . . . 811 Freeze and Thaw: Diurnal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 973
Frozen Soils: Water Relations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976
Erosion: Overland Research and
Measurement Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814 Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979
Erosion: Perennial Crop Plantations . . . . . . . . . 819 Future of Soil Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982
Erosion:SedimentationControlAmendment Gas and Vapor Phase Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . 986
Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823 Gelisols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989
Erosion: Sedimentation Control Vegetative Geologic Carbon Capture and Storage . . . . . . . 992
Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827 Geology and Soil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997
Erosion: Snowmelt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831 Geomorphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000
viii BriefContents
Volume II (cont’d.) Inorganic Carbon: Composition and
Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1199
Geophysical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1004 Inorganic Carbon: Global Carbon Cycle. . . . . . 1203
Geostatistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1012 Inorganic Carbon: Global Stocks . . . . . . . . . . . 1206
GIS Integration: Remote Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . 1017 Inorganic Carbon: Land Use Impacts . . . . . . . . 1210
Global Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1020 Inorganic Carbon: Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1213
Grass Strip Hydrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1024 Insect Survival: Subzero Temperature. . . . . . . . 1217
Grasslands Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029 Integrated Nutrient Management . . . . . . . . . . . 1221
Integrated Nutrient Management:
Grazing Lands: Gaseous Emissions. . . . . . . . . . 1034
Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1227
Green Revolution: China North Eastern
International Soil Reference and
Plains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1042
Information Centre (ISRIC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1232
Greenhouse Effect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1048
International Union of Soil Sciences . . . . . . . . . 1237
Growing Media. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1053
Ion Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1241
Gulley Erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1059
Iron Oxides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1245
Gypsic Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064
Irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1250
Gypsic Soils: Gypsum Formation . . . . . . . . . . . 1068
Irrigation: Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1256
Hard-Setting Soils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1072
Irrigation: Erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1261
Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1076
Irrigation: Historical Perspective. . . . . . . . . . . . 1264
Heat and Water Movement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1079
Irrigation: Soil Salinity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1269
Heat Capacity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1083
Jhum: Cultivation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1273
Heat Flux. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1086
Jhum: Shifting Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1281
Heavy Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1089
Land Capability Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1285
History of Soil Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1093 Land Capability Classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1288
History of Soil Science: 1927-2000. . . . . . . . . . . 1098 Land Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1291
History of Soil Science: Early to Mid-20th
Land Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1294
Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1103
Land Husbandry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1297
Histosols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1107
Land Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1304
Human Culture and Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1112
Land Use: Historic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1308
Human Dimensions: Soil Sustainability . . . . . . . 1115
Land Use: Land Cover. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1313
Human Health and Soil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1118
Land Use: Planning and Geographic
Human Society and Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1123 Information System (GIS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1318
Human Society and the Planet: Soil as a
Landfill Sites: Revegetation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1322
Heritage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1127
Landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1327
Hydraulic Conductivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1133
Landscape: Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1331
Hydrologic Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1137 Landscape: Development and Erosion. . . . . . . . 1336
Hydropedology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1140 Landscape: Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1339
Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Compounds . . . . 1144 Landscape: Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1344
Hydrophobicity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1147 Landslide and Landcreep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1348
Inceptisols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1151 Law and Legal Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1352
India: Problems and Potentialities. . . . . . . . . . . 1157 Law and Legal Issues: Land as Property. . . . . . 1355
Indigenous Soil Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1164 Leaching and Illuviation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1358
Indo-Gangetic Plain: Agro-Ecological Regions. . 1168 Liming and Lime Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1362
Industrial Waste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1178 Loess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1365
Infiltration: Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1183 Loess Plateau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1370
Infiltration: Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1187 Low-Carbon Technology: Brazilian
Inorganic Carbon: Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1191 Semiarid Ecosystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1377
Inorganic Carbon: Climate and Time . . . . . . . . 1195 Lower Himalayas: Soil Management. . . . . . . . . 1382
BriefContents ix
Macroporosity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1388 Nutrients: Deficiency and Toxicity Symptoms . . 1585
Magnesium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1392 Nutrients: Diffusion, Bioavailability, and
Manganese: Brazilian Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1396 Plant Uptake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1588
Manure Management: Gaseous Emissions. . . . . 1400 Nutrients: Interactions in Soil–Plant System . . . 1594
Manure: Compost and Biosolids . . . . . . . . . . . . 1406 Nutrients: Water Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1597
Mapping Soil Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1409 Organic Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1600
Mapping Soil Carbon: Stocks in Turkey . . . . . . 1412 Organic Carbon: Assessment Methods . . . . . . . 1604
Materials and Soils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1416 Organic Carbon: Sequestration Concepts . . . . . 1609
Mediterranean Agriculture: Rainfed, Organic Carbon: Subsoil Pools . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1614
Nitrogen Use Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1421 Organic Farming: China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1618
Metal–Clay Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1426 Organic Fertilization: Heavy Metal Uptake. . . . 1621
Microbial Biomass: Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . 1429 Organisms and Soil Food Webs. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1624
Microbial Communities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1433 Organo-Mineral Relationships. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1629
Micromorphology and Soil Quality . . . . . . . . . . 1439 Oxisols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1635
Micronutrients and Human Health . . . . . . . . . . 1443 Pampas, The. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1638
Mine Soils: Measuring Geogenic Carbon. . . . . . 1449 Pantanal, The. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1643
Mine Soils: Miscanthus Platations. . . . . . . . . . . 1458 Paramos Soils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1648
Mine Soils: Open Cut Mine Rehabilitation . . . . 1462 Particle Density. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1652
Mine Soils: Reclamation and Soil Carbon Particle Packing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1654
Sequestration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1466 Particle Shape. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1659
Minerals: Amorphous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1469 Particle Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1661
Minerals: Primary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1473 Peatlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1668
Minerals: Secondary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1476 Pedological Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1674
Minerals: Solubility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1480 Pedometrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1677
Minirhizotron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1484 Pedotransfer Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1682
Mites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1488 Permafrost: Soil Temperature and Special
Modern Civilization and Soils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1491 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1687
Mulch Farming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1495 Petrocalcic Horizons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1691
Mycorrhiza of Forest Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . 1502 pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1695
Mycorrhizae: Soil Quality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1505 Phosphorus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1700
Nanofertilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1511 Phosphorus: Manure and Diet Modification . . . 1705
Natural Resources: Interaction with Soil . . . . . . 1516 Phosphorus: Plant Nutrition and
Nematodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1518 Microorganism Contribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1708
Nematodes and Soil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1523 Phosphorus: Spatial Speciation in
NexusApproach:ResourceManagementfor Agricultural Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1712
Soil Productivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1530 Phytoremediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1717
Nitrate Leaching Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1535 Plant Growth: Oxygen Diffusion Rate. . . . . . . . 1725
Nitrate Leaching Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1538 Plant Nutrients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1728
Nitrogen and its Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . 1541 Plant Nutrients: Intensity, Quantity, and
Nitrogen Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1545 Buffer Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1731
Nitrogen-15: Utilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1551 Plant Nutrients: Sufficiency and
Nitrous Oxide Emissions: Agricultural Soils. . . . 1555 Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1735
Nitrous Oxide Emissions: Paddy Soils. . . . . . . . 1559 Plastic Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1740
Nitrous Oxide Emissions: Sources, Sinks, Plinthite and Petroplinthite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1743
and Strategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1562 Podzols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1747
No Till . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1566 Polar Regions, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1753
Nutrient Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1570 Pollution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1758
Nutrient Management: Fertility and . . . . . . . . . 1576 Pollution: Industrial Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1762