Encyclopedia of soil science

2795 Pages·2018·496.648 MB·English

by  R. Lal (editor)

E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
Soil Science
THIRD EDITION
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E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
Soil Science
THIRD EDITION
Edited by
Rattan Lal
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Brief Contents
Volume I Arsenic: Southeast Asia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Art and Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Accounting: Emergy Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Atterberg Limits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Acid Mine Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Acid Rain: Nitrogen Deposition. . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Biochar and Soil Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Acid Sulfate Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Biochar and Soil Quality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Acid Sulfate Soils: Distribution and Extent . . . . 20 Biochar: Soil Carbon and Fertility . . . . . . . . . . 193
Acid Sulfate Soils: Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Biodegradation and Bioremediation. . . . . . . . . . 198
Acid Sulfate Soils: Management . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Biodiversity and Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Acid Sulfate Soils: Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Bioenergy Crops: Carbon Balance Assessment. . 210
Actinobacteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Biofuels versus Agricultural Soils . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Aeration: Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Biological Crusts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Aeration: Tillage Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Biological Nitrogen Fixation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Aggregates: Tensile Strength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Biological Nitrogen Fixation: Contributions
Aggregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 to Agriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Aggregation: Soil Organic Matter (SOM) and. . 58 Biological Nitrogen Fixation: Enhancement
Aggregation: Structural Stability Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Biological Nitrogen Fixation: Forms and
Agricultural Lands: Flooding and Levee Regulating Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Breaches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Biota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Agricultural Management: Root Growth. . . . . . 72 Biota and Disease-Suppressive Soils. . . . . . . . . . 239
Agricultural Soil Carbon: Trading. . . . . . . . . . . 76 Biotechnology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Air Permeability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Boreal Forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Albedo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Boron and Molybdenum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Alfisols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Brick Making: Soil Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Allophanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Bulk Density. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Alpine Soils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Bunch Planting: Water Conservation. . . . . . . . . 261
Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Calcification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Amazon Basin Soils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Calcium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Amendments and Ameliorants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Carbon Assessment: Spectroscopic Methods . . . 270
Ammonia: Volatilization from Agricultural Carbon Sequestration: Fish Ponds. . . . . . . . . . . 274
Soils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Carbon Sequestration: Geologic . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Amoozemeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Carbon Sequestration: Iceland . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Anaerobic Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Carbon Sequestration: Nutrient Management . . 288
Andisols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Carbon Sequestration: Sediments . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Andisols: Iceland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Carbon Sequestration: Semiarid Regions of
Animals: Ecosystem Functioning. . . . . . . . . . . . 138 India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Animals: Microbial Interactions and Carbon Sequestration: Urban Ecosystems. . . . . 307
Nutrient Cycling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Carbon Sink Capacity: Soil Profile
Antimony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Ants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Carbon: Inelastic Neutron Scattering. . . . . . . . . 319
Archaeology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Carbon: Laser-Induced Breakdown
Arid Soils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Spectroscopy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
v
vi BriefContents
Volume I (cont’d.) Crop Evapotranspiration: Measurement
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
Carbon: Physical Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Crop Management: Seasonally Frozen Soil . . . . 492
Carbonates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Crop Plants: Phosphorus Availability . . . . . . . . 494
Carbonates: Secondary and Pedogenic . . . . . . . 335 Crop Residue Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Carbonates: Water and. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Crop Root Response to Temperature:
Care of Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 Temperate Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Crop Rotation and Farming Systems:
Cerrado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Temperate Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
Chemical Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Crop Rotation and Farming Systems:
Chemisorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 Tropical Smallholder Farm Systems . . . . . . . 507
Chernozems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 Crop Rotation and Farming Systems:
Chlorine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 Tropics and Subtropics and Swelling Soils. . . 512
Classification Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 Crop Yield: Compaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
Classification Systems: Arab Traditional, Croplands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
Moroccan Case. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 Crops: Flooding Tolerance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
Classification Systems: Australian and
Cultivation: Raised-Bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Culture: Soil-less. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
Classification Systems: Brazilian. . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Cycling: Carbon and Nitrogen (C/N). . . . . . . . . 538
Classification Systems: Canadian. . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Debris Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
Classification Systems: Chinese. . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
Classification Systems: French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Degradation: Biological. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Classification Systems: Historical
Degradation: Chemical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
Developments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Degradation: Critical Limits and
Classification Systems: Indian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Irreversible Degradation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Classification Systems: Indigenous. . . . . . . . . . . 402
Degradation: Economic Incentives and
Classification Systems: Major . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 Investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
Classification Systems: Netherlands. . . . . . . . . . 412 Degradation: Farm-Level Economic
Classification Systems: Russian. . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
Classification Systems: South African . . . . . . . . 418 Degradation: Food Aid Needs in
Clay Minerals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 Low-Income Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Clay Minerals: Charge Properties. . . . . . . . . . . 426 Degradation: Food Security and Poverty. . . . . . 574
Clay Minerals: Weathering and Alteration of . . 430 Degradation: Greenhouse Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
Climate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 Degradation: Mapping by Normalized
Climate Change: Gas Fluxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) . . . . . . . 581
Degradation: Off-Farm Economic
Climate Change: Soil Carbon Sequestration . . . 442
Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
Cobalt and Iodine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
Degradation: Physical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596
Collembola. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
Degradation: Quality and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Desertification: Biological Productivity
Compaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
Decline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
Conditioning Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Desertification: Extent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616
Conservation Tillage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462 Desertification: Greenhouse Effect. . . . . . . . . . . 620
Conserved Lands: Stewardship. . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 Desertification: Humid Environment in
Consistence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 Iceland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Consolidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474 Desertification: Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628
Controlled Traffic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 Desertification: Mapping Constraints and
Copper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
Cover Crops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484 Desertification: Prevention and Restoration. . . . 642
BriefContents vii
Desertification: Productivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645 Erosion: Soil Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834
Desertification: Restoration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648 Erosion: Water Quality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838
Desertification: Reversal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654 Erosivity and Erodibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845
Desertization: Irreversible Extension of
Desert Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657 Volume II
Developing Countries: Economics of Soil
Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664
Ethics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848
Diagnostic Horizons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
Eutrophication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855
Diffusivity: Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672 Evaporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858
Digital Soil Mapping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675 Evolution: Soil Seed Bank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868
Drainage: Aeration and Trafficability . . . . . . . . 680 Fauna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871
Drainage: Anaerobiosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683 Fauna and Microflora: Macrofauna . . . . . . . . . 877
Drainage: Water Quality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689 Fertility Decline: Definitions and Assessment. . . 880
Drought: Drought Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693 Fertility: Environmentally Compatible
Drought: Precipitation, Evapotranspiration, Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884
and Soil Moisture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698 Fertility: Evaluation Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890
Earthworms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701 Fertility: Low Input and Traditional
Eco-Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706 Maintenance Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894
Ecology: Cycling of Carbon and Nitrogen. . . . . 711 Fertility: North China Plains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899
Economics of Soil Management: U.S.. . . . . . . . . 716 Fertilizers: Application Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . 903
Ecosystems: Life Attributes and Environment. . 719 Fertilizers: Leaching Losses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907
Enchytraeidae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723 Fertilizers: Mineral. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910
Entisols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728 Fertilizers: Organic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916
Environmentally Friendly Indigenous Fertilizers: Types and Formulations. . . . . . . . . . 919
Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732 Fertilizers: Urban Waste and Sludges . . . . . . . . 923
Enzymes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737 Fire and Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926
Erosion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742 Fluid Flow: Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 930
Erosion Management: Hill Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . 746 Food Crops: Zinc and Iron Biofortification. . . . 933
Erosion Tolerance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753 Food Security and Soil Water Management. . . . 939
Erosion: Aggregate Breakdown Mechanisms. . . 757 Food Security: Agricultural Productivity
Erosion: Agronomic Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762 and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 942
Erosion: Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767 Food Security: Soil Degradation, Global Scale. . 945
Erosion: Carbon Dioxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777 Food Security: Soil Degradation, Local and
Erosion: Controlling Irrigation-Induced . . . . . . 782 Eco-Regional Scale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 950
Erosion: Crop Yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786 Forest Soils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955
Erosion: Disturbed Lands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 Forest Soils: Calcium Depletion. . . . . . . . . . . . . 959
Erosion: Effects on Human Life . . . . . . . . . . . . 794 Forest Soils: Major. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963
Erosion: Fly-Ash Spheres as Time Marker . . . . 798 Forest Soils: Nutrient Cycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 966
Erosion: Global Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804 Forest Soils: Properties and Site Productivity . . 969
Erosion: On-Site and Off-Site Impacts. . . . . . . . 811 Freeze and Thaw: Diurnal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 973
Frozen Soils: Water Relations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976
Erosion: Overland Research and
Measurement Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814 Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979
Erosion: Perennial Crop Plantations . . . . . . . . . 819 Future of Soil Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982
Erosion:SedimentationControlAmendment Gas and Vapor Phase Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . 986
Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823 Gelisols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989
Erosion: Sedimentation Control Vegetative Geologic Carbon Capture and Storage . . . . . . . 992
Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827 Geology and Soil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997
Erosion: Snowmelt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831 Geomorphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000
viii BriefContents
Volume II (cont’d.) Inorganic Carbon: Composition and
Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1199
Geophysical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1004 Inorganic Carbon: Global Carbon Cycle. . . . . . 1203
Geostatistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1012 Inorganic Carbon: Global Stocks . . . . . . . . . . . 1206
GIS Integration: Remote Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . 1017 Inorganic Carbon: Land Use Impacts . . . . . . . . 1210
Global Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1020 Inorganic Carbon: Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1213
Grass Strip Hydrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1024 Insect Survival: Subzero Temperature. . . . . . . . 1217
Grasslands Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029 Integrated Nutrient Management . . . . . . . . . . . 1221
Integrated Nutrient Management:
Grazing Lands: Gaseous Emissions. . . . . . . . . . 1034
Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1227
Green Revolution: China North Eastern
International Soil Reference and
Plains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1042
Information Centre (ISRIC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1232
Greenhouse Effect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1048
International Union of Soil Sciences . . . . . . . . . 1237
Growing Media. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1053
Ion Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1241
Gulley Erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1059
Iron Oxides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1245
Gypsic Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064
Irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1250
Gypsic Soils: Gypsum Formation . . . . . . . . . . . 1068
Irrigation: Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1256
Hard-Setting Soils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1072
Irrigation: Erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1261
Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1076
Irrigation: Historical Perspective. . . . . . . . . . . . 1264
Heat and Water Movement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1079
Irrigation: Soil Salinity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1269
Heat Capacity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1083
Jhum: Cultivation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1273
Heat Flux. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1086
Jhum: Shifting Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1281
Heavy Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1089
Land Capability Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1285
History of Soil Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1093 Land Capability Classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1288
History of Soil Science: 1927-2000. . . . . . . . . . . 1098 Land Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1291
History of Soil Science: Early to Mid-20th
Land Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1294
Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1103
Land Husbandry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1297
Histosols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1107
Land Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1304
Human Culture and Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1112
Land Use: Historic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1308
Human Dimensions: Soil Sustainability . . . . . . . 1115
Land Use: Land Cover. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1313
Human Health and Soil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1118
Land Use: Planning and Geographic
Human Society and Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1123 Information System (GIS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1318
Human Society and the Planet: Soil as a
Landfill Sites: Revegetation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1322
Heritage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1127
Landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1327
Hydraulic Conductivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1133
Landscape: Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1331
Hydrologic Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1137 Landscape: Development and Erosion. . . . . . . . 1336
Hydropedology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1140 Landscape: Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1339
Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Compounds . . . . 1144 Landscape: Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1344
Hydrophobicity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1147 Landslide and Landcreep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1348
Inceptisols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1151 Law and Legal Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1352
India: Problems and Potentialities. . . . . . . . . . . 1157 Law and Legal Issues: Land as Property. . . . . . 1355
Indigenous Soil Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1164 Leaching and Illuviation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1358
Indo-Gangetic Plain: Agro-Ecological Regions. . 1168 Liming and Lime Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1362
Industrial Waste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1178 Loess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1365
Infiltration: Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1183 Loess Plateau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1370
Infiltration: Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1187 Low-Carbon Technology: Brazilian
Inorganic Carbon: Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1191 Semiarid Ecosystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1377
Inorganic Carbon: Climate and Time . . . . . . . . 1195 Lower Himalayas: Soil Management. . . . . . . . . 1382
BriefContents ix
Macroporosity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1388 Nutrients: Deficiency and Toxicity Symptoms . . 1585
Magnesium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1392 Nutrients: Diffusion, Bioavailability, and
Manganese: Brazilian Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1396 Plant Uptake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1588
Manure Management: Gaseous Emissions. . . . . 1400 Nutrients: Interactions in Soil–Plant System . . . 1594
Manure: Compost and Biosolids . . . . . . . . . . . . 1406 Nutrients: Water Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1597
Mapping Soil Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1409 Organic Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1600
Mapping Soil Carbon: Stocks in Turkey . . . . . . 1412 Organic Carbon: Assessment Methods . . . . . . . 1604
Materials and Soils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1416 Organic Carbon: Sequestration Concepts . . . . . 1609
Mediterranean Agriculture: Rainfed, Organic Carbon: Subsoil Pools . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1614
Nitrogen Use Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1421 Organic Farming: China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1618
Metal–Clay Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1426 Organic Fertilization: Heavy Metal Uptake. . . . 1621
Microbial Biomass: Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . 1429 Organisms and Soil Food Webs. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1624
Microbial Communities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1433 Organo-Mineral Relationships. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1629
Micromorphology and Soil Quality . . . . . . . . . . 1439 Oxisols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1635
Micronutrients and Human Health . . . . . . . . . . 1443 Pampas, The. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1638
Mine Soils: Measuring Geogenic Carbon. . . . . . 1449 Pantanal, The. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1643
Mine Soils: Miscanthus Platations. . . . . . . . . . . 1458 Paramos Soils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1648
Mine Soils: Open Cut Mine Rehabilitation . . . . 1462 Particle Density. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1652
Mine Soils: Reclamation and Soil Carbon Particle Packing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1654
Sequestration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1466 Particle Shape. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1659
Minerals: Amorphous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1469 Particle Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1661
Minerals: Primary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1473 Peatlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1668
Minerals: Secondary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1476 Pedological Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1674
Minerals: Solubility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1480 Pedometrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1677
Minirhizotron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1484 Pedotransfer Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1682
Mites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1488 Permafrost: Soil Temperature and Special
Modern Civilization and Soils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1491 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1687
Mulch Farming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1495 Petrocalcic Horizons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1691
Mycorrhiza of Forest Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . 1502 pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1695
Mycorrhizae: Soil Quality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1505 Phosphorus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1700
Nanofertilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1511 Phosphorus: Manure and Diet Modification . . . 1705
Natural Resources: Interaction with Soil . . . . . . 1516 Phosphorus: Plant Nutrition and
Nematodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1518 Microorganism Contribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1708
Nematodes and Soil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1523 Phosphorus: Spatial Speciation in
NexusApproach:ResourceManagementfor Agricultural Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1712
Soil Productivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1530 Phytoremediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1717
Nitrate Leaching Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1535 Plant Growth: Oxygen Diffusion Rate. . . . . . . . 1725
Nitrate Leaching Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1538 Plant Nutrients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1728
Nitrogen and its Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . 1541 Plant Nutrients: Intensity, Quantity, and
Nitrogen Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1545 Buffer Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1731
Nitrogen-15: Utilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1551 Plant Nutrients: Sufficiency and
Nitrous Oxide Emissions: Agricultural Soils. . . . 1555 Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1735
Nitrous Oxide Emissions: Paddy Soils. . . . . . . . 1559 Plastic Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1740
Nitrous Oxide Emissions: Sources, Sinks, Plinthite and Petroplinthite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1743
and Strategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1562 Podzols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1747
No Till . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1566 Polar Regions, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1753
Nutrient Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1570 Pollution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1758
Nutrient Management: Fertility and . . . . . . . . . 1576 Pollution: Industrial Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1762