Encyclopedia of Social Problems (Two Volume Set) PDF
Preview Encyclopedia of Social Problems (Two Volume Set)
1&2 Encyclopedia of SOCIAL PROBLEMS Editorial Board Editor Vincent N. Parrillo William Paterson University Associate Editors Margaret L. Andersen Claire M. Renzetti University of Delaware University of Dayton Joel Best Mary Romero University of Delaware Arizona State University William Kornblum Graduate Center, City University of New York Encyclopedia of SOCIAL PROBLEMS 1 2 & Vincent N. Parrillo William Paterson University Editor Copyright © 2008 by SAGE Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information: SAGE Publications, Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: [email protected] SAGE Publications Ltd. 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y1SP United Kingdom SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd. B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044 India SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd. 33 Pekin Street #02-01 Far East Square Singapore 048763 Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of social problems/Vincent N. Parrillo, editor. p. cm. “ASAGE Reference Publication.” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4129-4165-5 (cloth) 1. Social problems—Encyclopedias. I. Parrillo, Vincent N. HN28.E55 2008 361.103—dc22 2008001214 This book is printed on acid-free paper. 08 09 10 11 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Publisher: Rolf A. Janke Acquisitions Editor: Benjamin Penner Developmental Editor: Yvette Pollastrini Reference Systems Manager: Leticia Gutierrez Production Editor: Tracy Buyan Copy Editors: Colleen Brennan, Pam Suwinsky Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. Proofreaders: Andrea Martin, Scott Oney Indexer: Sheila Bodell Cover Designer: Michelle Kenny Marketing Manager: Amberlyn Erzinger Contents Volume 1 List of Entries vii Reader’s Guide xiii About the Editor xxi About the Associate Editors xxiii Contributors xxv Introduction xli Entries A–I 1–508 Index I-1–I-49 Volume 2 List of Entries vii Entries J–Z 509–1046 Index I-1–I-49 List of Entries Ability Grouping Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Chicano Movement Abortion Disorder Child Abduction Abuse, Child Automation Child Abuse. SeeAbuse, Child Abuse, Child Sexual Child Care Safety Abuse, Elderly Baby Boomers Child Neglect Abuse, Intimate Partner Backlash Child Sexual Abuse. SeeAbuse, Abuse, Sibling Bail and Judicial Treatment Child Sexual Academic Standards Bankruptcy, Business Chronic Diseases Accidents, Automobile Bankruptcy, Personal Citizen Militias Accommodation. See Pluralism Basic Skills Testing Citizenship Acculturation Bereavement, Effect by Race Civil Rights Acid Rain Bilingual Education Claims Making Activity Theory Binge Drinking Class Addiction Bioethics Class Consciousness Adoption Biracial Club Drugs Adoption, Gay and Lesbian Birth Rate Cocaine and Crack Adoption, Transracial Bisexuality Codependency Affirmative Action Black Codes Cohabitation Affirmative Defense Black Nationalism Collateral Damage Afrocentricity Black Power Movement Collective Consciousness Ageism Blaming the Victim Colonialism Aid to Families with Dependent Body Image Communitarianism Children Boomerang Generation Community Alcoholism Boot Camps Community Corrections Alienation Bootstrap Theory Community Crime Control American Dream Bracero Program Community Service Americanization Brown v. Board of Education Comparable Worth Anomie Budget Deficits, U.S. Computer Crime Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 Bullying Conflict Perspective Anti-Globalization Movement Bureaucracy Conflict Resolution Anti-Semitism Burglary Conglomerates Apartheid Burnout Conservative Approaches Arms Control Conspicuous Consumption Arson Capital Flight Contingent Work Assault Capital Punishment Contraception Assimilation Carjacking Corporate Crime Asylum Charter Schools Corporate State vii viii———Encyclopedia of Social Problems Corruption Discrimination, Institutional Environmental Racism Countermovements Disengagement Theory Epidemics, Management of Crime Divorce Equal Protection Crime, Drug Abuse. Domestic Partnerships Erosion See Drug Abuse, Crime Domestic Violence Ethnic Cleansing Crime, Fear of Downsizing Ethnic Group Crime Rates Drug Abuse Ethnicity Crime Waves Drug Abuse, Crime Ethnocentrism Cults Drug Abuse, Prescription Ethnomethodology Cultural Capital Narcotics Eugenics Cultural Criminology Drug Abuse, Sports Euthanasia Cultural Diffusion Drug Subculture Evaluation Research Cultural Imperialism Drunk Driving Extinction Cultural Lag Dual-Income Families Extramarital Sex Cultural Relativism Cultural Values Eating Disorders Faith-Based Social Initiatives Culture of Dependency Economic Development False Consciousness Culture of Poverty Economic Restructuring Family Culture Shock Ecosystem Family, Blended Culture Wars Edge Cities Family, Dysfunctional Current Account Deficit Education, Academic Family, Extended Cyberspace Performance Family, Nuclear Education, Inner-City Schools Family Leave Act Debt Service Education, Policy and Politics Family Reunification Decriminalization Education, School Privatization Famine Deforestation Education, Silencing Fathers’Rights Movement Deindustrialization Education, Special Needs Felony Deinstitutionalization Children Female Genital Cutting Dementia Educational Equity Feminism Demilitarization Elderly Socioeconomic Status Feminist Theory Democracy Eminent Domain Feminization of Poverty Demographic Transition Theory English as a Second Language Fertility Dependency Ratio English-Only Movement Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Deportation Entrapment Fetal Narcotic Syndrome Depression. See Mental Environment, Eco-Warriors Flextime Depression Environment, Focus Groups Deregulation Hazardous Waste Food Insecurity and Hunger Desertification Environment, Pollution Foster Care Deterrence Programs Environment, Runoff and Foster Children, Aging Out Deviance Eutrophication Fundamentalism Differential Association Environment, Sewage Disposal Digital Divide Environmental Crime Gambling Dillingham Flaw Environmental Degradation Gangs Disability and Disabled Environmental Hazards Gangsta Rap Disasters Environmental Justice Gateway Drugs Discrimination Environmental Movement Gender Bias List of Entries———ix Gender Gap Identity Politics Labor Force Participation Rate Gender Identity Identity Theft Labor Market and Socialization Illegitimate Opportunity Labor Movement Genetically Altered Foods Structures Labor Racketeering Genetic Engineering Illiteracy, Adult in Developed Labor Sectors Genetic Theories Nations Labor Unions Genocide Illiteracy, Adult in Developing Latent Functions Gentrification Nations Learning Disorders Gerrymandering Immigrants, Undocumented. Life Chances Gini Coefficient See Undocumented Immigrants Life Course Glass Ceiling Immigration Life Expectancy Global Economy Immigration, United States Literacy, Adult Globalization Imperialism Literacy, Economic Global Warming Incarceration, Societal Living Wage Grade Inflation Implications Lynching Greenhouse Effect. See Global Incest Warming Income Disparity Magnet Schools Groupthink Index of Dissimilarity Malnutrition. See Food Insecurity Gun Control Inequality and Hunger Infant Mortality Managed Care Harm Reduction Drug Policy Inflation Manifest Functions Hate Crimes Inner City Marginality Hate Groups Inner-Ring Suburb Marijuana Hate Speech Innocence Project Mass Media Health Care, Access Institutional Ethnography Mass Murder Health Care, Costs Intergenerational Mobility Mass Transit Health Care, Ideological Barriers Interlocking Directorates Means-Tested Programs to Change Intermarriage Media Health Care, Insurance Internal Colonialism Mediation Hegemony Invasion-Succession Medicaid Heroin IQ Testing Medical-Industrial Complex Hidden Curriculum Islam and Modernity Medicalization Hierarchy of Needs Medical Malpractice HIV/AIDS, Reaching High-Risk Jim Crow Medicare Populations Job Satisfaction Megacities Holocaust Judicial Discretion Megalopolis Homelessness Justice Megamergers Homelessness, Youth Juvenile Delinquency Melting Pot Homophobia Juvenile Institutionalization, Mental Depression Homosexuality Effects of Mental Health Hospices Juvenile Justice System Methadone Hostile Environment Middleman Minority Housing Labeling Theory Migration, Global Human Rights Labor, Child Militarism Human Trafficking Labor, Division of Military-Industrial Complex Hypersegregation Labor, Migrant Minimum Competency Test x———Encyclopedia of Social Problems Minority Group Patriarchy Probation Miscegenation PATRIOTAct Prohibition Misdemeanor Peacekeeping Propaganda Missing Children Pedophilia Property Crime Mixed Economy Pensions and Social Security Prostitution Modernization Theory Personal Responsibility and Work Prostitution, Child Mommy Track Opportunity Reconciliation Act Psychoactive Drugs, Misuse of Monopolies Personhood, Evolving Notions of Psychopath Moral Entrepreneurs Pink-Collar Occupations Psychoses Mortality Rate Piracy, Intellectual Property Public Opinion Multiculturalism Plagiarism Public–Private Dichotomy Multinational Corporations Plea Bargaining Multiracial Identity Plessy v. Ferguson Queer Theory Murder Pluralism Police Race National Crime Victimization Police Stress Race-Blind Policies Survey Policing, Community Racial Formation Theory Nation Building Policing, Strategic Racial Profiling Native Americans, Cultural Political Action Committees Racism Degradation Political Fragmentation Rape Native Americans, Politics and Christianity Rape, Acquaintance or Date Reservation Life Pollution, Credit Trading. Rape, Marital Nativism See Environment, Pollution Rape, Statutory Nature–Nurture Debate Population, Graying of Rational Choice Theory Neighborhood Watch Population Growth Reasonable Suspicion Neo-Malthusians Pornography Recidivism Neuroses Pornography, Child Redistricting, Congressional NIMBYism Pornography and the Internet Districts No Child Left Behind Act Postindustrialism Redistricting, School Districts Nonrenewable Resources Postmodernism Redlining Norms Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Refugees Nuclear Proliferation Poverty Rehabilitation Nursing Home Care Poverty, Children Worldwide Relative Deprivation Power Religion, Civil Obesity Power Elite Religion and Conflict Obscenity Prejudice Religion and Politics Occupational Safety and Health Premarital Sex Religious Extremism Oligarchy Prestige Religious Holidays as Social Oligopoly Prison Problems One-Drop Rule Prison, Convict Criminology Religious Prejudice Oppositional Culture Theory Prisons, Gangs Reparations Organized Crime Prisons, Overcrowding Repatriation Outsourcing Prisons, Pregnancy and Parenting Resettlement Ozone Prisons, Privatization Resource Mobilization Prisons, Riots Restorative Justice Pandemics Prisons, Violence Retirement Parole Privacy Riots
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