ebook img

Encyclopedia of Physics Astrophysics-IV PDF

574 Pages·1959·19.181 MB·English
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview Encyclopedia of Physics Astrophysics-IV

o o m a '-1 HAN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PHYSICS EDITED BY FLUGGE S. VOLUME LIII ASTROPHYSICS STELLAR SYSTEMS IV: WITH 189 FIGURES SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN GOTTINGEN HEIDELBERG • • 1959 HANDBUCH DER PHYSIK HERAUSGEGEBEN VON FLUGGE S. BAND LIII ASTROPHYSIKIV: STERNSYSTEME MIT FIGUREN 189 SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN GOTTINGEN HEIDELBERG . 1959 ' X 69802 ' CLASS No, 12APR ?76j[^~" U- Uli4.UWftf i*^-x:-ut*«Bf«<!fei 1 s i ^ V- 2. /' AlleRechte,insbesonderedasderObersetzunginfremdeSprachen,vorbehalten. OhneausdriicklicheGenehmigungdesVerlages1stesauchnichtgestattet,dieses BuchoderTeiledarausaufphotomechanischemWege(Photokopie,Mikrokopie) zuvervielfaltigen. ©bySpringer-VerlagOHG.Berlin*Gottingen Heidelberg1959 PrintedinGermany DieWiedergabevonGebrauchsnamen,Handelsnamen,Warenbezeichnungenusw. in diesem Werk berechtigt auch ohne besondere Kennzeichnung nicht zu der Annahme, daS solche Namen im Sinn der Warenzeichen- und Markenschutz- Gesetzgebung alsfrei zubetrachten warenunddahervonjedermannbenutzt werdendurften. DruckderUniversitatsdruckereiH.StiirtzAG.,Wurzburg . Inhaltsverzeichnis. ^ KinAesmtartoincaolmyBaasnidsDoifreGcatloarcotfitchDeyGnoaemtihcesL.inBkynDhrW.Frvr»atnnkn,Kt.„E^d;m.„o„ndtis„o.-n,,..LP.-rJofe™ssoroOIf ington/Indiana (USA). (With 12Figures) I. General featuresof observed stellarmotions \ II. Kinematicalconsiderations . . 11 GalaWcittilcxD2y0nKamgiUcrsesfBClyenPCreo'fessorDr™.B°efrStth°.CLkhIoNldmbLOabDs,eArvsattroornyo,meSrtoofckthhoelRmoy(aSlweSdweend).- ' .... 21 I. Introduction II. Massmotions andvelocitydistributioninthegravitationalfield ofthe Ga- 21 ' 24 III. Velocity distributionfrom statisticsofdifferentialorbital motions ... IVV. The dispersion ofstellarvelocities as function ofthetime 7537 ' th^s*^t1516111 °f SPifaI StrUCture and Problems concerning the evolution of o*r Generalreferences. 99 *«^ RadSio-SfreSqueTncy^StSudi^eso^fGa.lac^ticTStr"uct.ure.ByDr. TanH.Oort ProfessorofAstro the oLrvatory Introduction ... ! : 100 „ 100 1.. (jeneral, surveys 2. Units . '.'.'.'.'.'.'. 10° 3- Origin ofradiation ......... .. i0i 4. Thermal emission ^ 102 5- Synchrotron radiation . . 102 6. Line emission 1(^4 987-.. DDGiiasslttarrciitbbiuucttriioootnnaotofifoinnoenufitrzroeamdlohhbyysdderrroovggaeetnni.on"sspira.l'.structure .' .' 1i:V0;c;7 Generalr1110e..feCGroeernneocrneaasl.orfardaidaitoioenmfisrsoimonthaerroeugnidont.hcel.oGsaeltaocttihceSgyalsatcetimc.'pl.an.e!. ' ' '' ' 1i2i6q 128 StaTfofCri!^jte.rSiWBty,^£5aHE£1-ErN:SADWaYVElRd HDoUGnlGa'PPr°ofbeSsesroVrato°f^AstRriocnho^my,dUnHimve/rOsinttyLo^f 129 A. Introduction B. Galactic clusters I. Appearance a.nd apparent distribution \32 II. Methods ofdistance determination ... III. Stellarcontent . ' 3 IV. Color and spectrum luminositydiagrams, evolution and ages ,*. V. Motionsofstars VI. Somewell-known.clusters 147 a) Pleiades ... 14° b) Praesepe. 149 . . 153 yj Inhaltsverzeichnis. Seite c) Coma Berenices 1''^'T d) Thedouble clusterin Perseus, h and% Persei 154 e) Messier11 ;^^5 f) Messier67 g) xCrucis, the Jewel Box 157 VII. Moving clusters VIII. Disruptionwith time 16° IX. Nebulous and veryyoung clusters l63 X. Stellarassociations 1"5 C. Globular clusters III.. ADipspteaanrcaencdeetaenrmdinaaptpiaornesnt distribution l1"67°2 174 III. Content ofglobularclusters 185 IV. Motions V. Masses and densities 1%% VI. Evolution, age and origin 19° 192 VII. Relationto elliptical galaxies VIII. Clusters associatedwith extragalactic systems 193 194 AppendixA. Catalogue ofgalactic clusters 204 AppendixB. Catalogueofglobular clusters General references DiscRraedtieo-SAosutrcreosnoomfyCaotstmhiecURnaivdeirosiWtayvoefsM.ancBhyesRteorb,erMatccHlaesnfbieulrd/yCBhersohiwrne (GRreeaadterBri™- tain). (With 15 Figures) Introduction A. Definitions and units 211 B. Techniques ofobservation C. Theradio observations 231 D. Identification General references RadPiroinFcriepaqlueRnecsyeaRracdhiaOftfiiocner,frCoommEmxotnewrenaalltGhalSacxieinetsificByanBderInndaurstdriYalMRielslesa,rcShenOiro-r ganisation, Sydney/N.S.W. (Australia). (With 22Figures) 239 Introduction 24° I. TheMagHellanic Clouds j™ bac))) TTChohmeepcaorinlistnoiennsruauodmfiarotapitdoiincaatlioannd radio data *2*4sb 25° II. Neighbouring bright galaxies III. The radio emission ofnormal galaxies 255 IV. Radio emission from clusters of galaxies 260 V. Radio galaxies 274 General references ClasRseisfeicaartcihonAsasnodciMaotrephHoalrovgayrdofCEolxlteegrenOablsGearlvaaxtioersy.,BCyamDbrr.idGgeer/aMrasdsdacehVuasuecttosul(eUuSrAs),. (With 7 Figures) Introduction I. Classification II. bMa))orQQpuuhaaolnlitotigattyaitvievemomroprhpohloolgoygy ->°U'j' 11 Inhaltsverzeichnis. VII Seite General Physical Properties of External Galaxies. By Dr. GerarddeVaucouleurs, Research Associate, Harvard College Observatory, Cambridge/Massachusetts (USA). (With 36Figures) • . 311 Introduction 311 I. Opticalproperties 311 ba)) PInhtoetgorgartaepdhilcumdiniomseintsiieosnsand colours -..31315 c) Luminosity and colour distribution 319 d) Absorption, diffraction and polarisation 333 e) Spectra and energy distribution 338 II. Mechanicalproperties 343 a) Rotation 343 b) Masses ofindividual galaxies 348 c) Massluminosityratio 360 Bibliography 366 Multiple Galaxies. ByDr.Fritz Zwicky, ProfessorofAstrophysics,CaliforniaInstitute of Technology, Pasadena/California (USA). (With 11 Figures) 373 I. Historical 373 II. Morphologyofmultiplegalaxies 374 III. Permanentmultiple galaxies 375 IV. The kinematics and dynamics of multiple galaxies. Gravitational lenses 384 V. Colliding galaxies asradio sources 385 Bibliography 38Q Clusters of Galaxies. By Dr. Fritz Zwicky, Professor ofAstrophysics, California Insti- tute of Technology, Pasadena/California (USA). (With 5 Figures) 390 I. Introduction 3o II. Well known clusters of galaxies 396 III. Structure ofindividual clusters 397 IV. Kinematics and dynamics ofclusters ofgalaxies 406 V. Counts of clusters of galaxies in depth; numbers as a function of angular size 408 VI. Distribution of clusters ofgalaxies in breadth 409 VII. Superclustering non-existent 410 VIII. The universalredshift, extragalactic distances and the methodology of the studyofclusters ofgalaxies 41 Bibliography 414 Large ScaleOrganizationoftheDistributionofGalaxies. ByDr.JerzyNeyman, Pro- fessor of Statistics, Director ofthe Statistical Laboratory, and Research Professorin the Institute for Basic Research in Science, and Dr. Elizabeth L. Scott, Associate Professor, StatisticalLaboratory, UniversityofCalifornia, Berkeley/California (USA.) (With 7 Figures) 416 I. Introduction 4^5 II. Dynamicalproblem ofinfinite massininfinite space 417 III. Theory ofsimpje clusteringof galaxies 417 IV. Theory of multiple clusteringof galaxies 443 Generalreferences 444 Disttiaen,cePraonfedssToirmaenidnHCeoasdmoolfoDgeypa:rTthmeenOtbsoefrAvsattrioonnoamlyD,atUan.iveBrysiDtry.oGfeIollrignoeisC,.UMrcbVainta,- Illinois (USA). (With 9Figures) 445 I. Observational methods of determiningthe distances ofgalaxies 447 II. Time and the age ofthe universe 485 Acknowledgments 488 General references 488 VIII Inhaltsverzeichnis Seite Newtonsche und Einsteinsche Kosmologie. Von Professor Dr.Otto H.L.Heckmann, DirektorderHamburgerSternwarte,undE.ScHttCKiNG,Hamburg-Bergedorf(Deutsch- land). (Mit 1 Figur) . 489 I. Einleitung 489 II. Newtonsche Kosmologie 491 III. Einsteinsche Kosmologie 499 AnderekosmologischeTheorien. VonProfessorDr.OttoH.L.Heckmann, Direktorder Hamburger Sternwarte, und E. SchCcking, Hamburg-Bergedorf (Deutschland) . . 520 1. Ubersicht 520 2. Kosmologie undMikrophysik 521 3. Jordansche Kosmologie 522 4. DieTheorie des stationaren Universums 525 5. Milnesche Kosmologie 530 6. MathematischerAnhang 535 Literatur 537 Sachverzeichnis (Deutsch-Englisch) 538 Subject Index (English-German) 552 f Kinematical Basis ofGalactic Dynamics. By Frank K. Edmondson. With 12Figures. ™ SSS^S^ ,«« '^* * are frennentiy t'hetZSa, 1,^2 1 cbbruyisesafiosdnuesrocvfreibypatsoiifocntkhoefidtnahteeagmoefnaeorblasleSrfv^eaatStiuoSrneSswi^„lfl ^fikr*s*t"^Jf \ ,.' TmOs°ti„0«nS„,an«fdo,lalodw'iesId" ' ^0^)^^^ (and luminosity classes). A good gene^s^ •»: «) Positio^ns,^fl Prtoy^per astnedlldareclmiontaitoionnsIiS)n.gtaTlhaecntigcaJlaccot-Iiocrdr^inna„tSrersU^„^a(ll^^e^qtuaoftoZr^iail ^ccoo-/oorrddW^i^naTtes-^arCe°n™vgen«ieanstce*n>sdio^nJcu(&sas) es((is6o.tneoa.*,rbF.lu/wiJn)is.GdhtreahTdam,apaehbnisctlto*aienslssapt^npoadosnsstiintbroilamoetnoest)g.oprmiau1nmrststte*erebpeaoacl™^LtfeMaeil"oscstuToh^reeIerndtsvtawTX^oi,ht^rlha.Lt^™K?S?„f™ta*Pd"Pa,^Tm"OeXn«^ltmbaae^tlea*enn)pdPoaVsuanaibldntluii,eaossaCnhtcs^^^ouhri^aabctvyel-ea^Ot«chbl-le«es.*n- graphy. The Earth's axis 01'8 110"' °r Pro- psoyssittieomnsthmeeamsourtleodnsatofditfhfeersenttreaponcdhsswlylld^^rTe^e„Z«^TJt+ L^ZJs^^tZHe^nC6*"'*fundamental $^^^£?%3£$«* ^ tpyhreeoapnerTmhoeZtiaovenr^aisge10f^"o/petrh£eyULerd^-aerTyde^osXt^^329f^ssta^rst^Ihett^y™T?^l' ^pea^TDgyUl^aarTh^Ve^^lcaer^SmeSetnk'tn"soP™oen' effectof ^^^ "itr6" Pr°Per "«**" °<% * ^e tmLioiotcniksoOnybsiseelbrdyva"rtreeoflreayrt*riivniseg"ntomhwoetmciootnndsTutchtueinnl"ge*^a Dohontoltr^L^^ll?Jlb^rlatS^edTIt!ym*0°mVe°erbdis-de^irPavhne0to"0bagsbersraovplahutiticoen"°sb.pSreorTpVheaer- W.H. Wright: Proc. Amer. PhiL Soc. 94, i (1950) 3 HandbuohderPhysik, Bd.LIII. . . Frank K. Edmondson: Kinematical Basis of Galactic Dynamics. Sect. 1 S bMeenmadteieinrtehceenptawstortkobmeyaFseuhrreernabdaiaclhv*e.locRiatdiieaslovneloobcjietciteisvoefptrhiescmlpoluadtsesoftnheeutmroalsthysdurccoegsesn- canbe measuredfromthe shiftofthe 21 cmline2. menSts) PoafrasltalrasxTeast 6Dimroecntt,horinttreirgvaolnso.metOrbiscerpvaartailolanxsesmuasretoebxttaeinndedovbeyrosbesveerrvailngyetahresdiinspolradceer- tSo sSIIennpSddaiirrra^eetccettStddheeeStteeprraimmriiannlaalttaiixoofnnrssooomfieptpdahreapllraoxpeecranmob4teilhmeoansdpeecutsrionsgcofpoircmuplaara(l1l.a4x),esbealroewfoitutnhdebaaybbssuooslluuittneeg staTare correlated £•«... an^d parallaxes of cepheid variables a?efound usingtheperiod-luminosity relation.. Dynamicalparallaxes of visual binary stars arefoundbyforcing agreementwith the mass-luminosityrelation . Statistical parallaxes may be found by combining proper motion and radial velocity dataTh(eSedcti.st2a)n.ce ofastarinparsecs isthereciprocaloftheparallaxmsecond,s of,arc: = — d(parsecs) 77- v'•*I tschaeler.atiForoofminFteecnshinteires'sofltaww,otshtearrsaitsiogifvoernobneymagnitude should bej/lOO=2.512 ... Hence, A-= (2.512...)m*-m* (i-2) °ringeneral LogI = const- 0.4m. (1-3) The numerical value of the constant is in principle defined by the stars of the north polar sequence8 and other secondary standards. _ ^^sll^^^* £2- - ^e value the apparent magnitude would have if the star were placed at a distance of 10parsecs. It is given by M= m + 5 + 5Logp -A (1-4) where*istheparallaxinsecondsofarc, andA istheextinctioncausedbyinterstellarmatter. by I to IV. The Harvard system13 has the following types OBAFGKM\RN\ S "IS^^ra^ffiSSS fX^L, astronom. Inst. Ketherl. 12, " 73(1WS'Adams and A. Kohlschutter: Astrophys. Journ. 40, 385 (1914). * B. Lindblad: Upsala Obs. Medd. Nr. 28 (1925). 5 A.N.Vyssotsky: Astrophys. Journ. 104, 239 (1946). 6' HH CN.Airups:SEALsLtraonndomC..EJ..M6o3,or4e5:(1T9h5e8).Masses of the Stars. Chi.cago 1940. s Trans. Int. Astronom. Un. 1, 71-75 (1922) » H.L. Johnson and W.W. Morgan: Astrophys Journ. 117, 313 (1953). 10 H.L. Johnson: Ann. d'Astrophysique 18, 292 (1955). " For details see Vol. L of this Encyclopedia. 12 A. Secchi: Astronom. Nachr. 59, 193 (1863)- 13 A.C. Maury: Harvard Ann. 28 (1897)-

See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.