Encyclopedia of Physics Astrophysics-IV

574 Pages·1959·19.181 MB·English

by  Flügge S. (ed.)

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m
a
'-1
HAN
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PHYSICS
EDITED BY
FLUGGE
S.
VOLUME
LIII
ASTROPHYSICS STELLAR SYSTEMS
IV:
WITH 189 FIGURES
SPRINGER-VERLAG
BERLIN GOTTINGEN HEIDELBERG
• •
1959
HANDBUCH
DER
PHYSIK
HERAUSGEGEBEN VON
FLUGGE
S.
BAND
LIII
ASTROPHYSIKIV: STERNSYSTEME
MIT FIGUREN
189
SPRINGER-VERLAG
BERLIN GOTTINGEN HEIDELBERG
.
1959
'
X
69802
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CLASS No,
12APR ?76j[^~" U-
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AlleRechte,insbesonderedasderObersetzunginfremdeSprachen,vorbehalten.
OhneausdriicklicheGenehmigungdesVerlages1stesauchnichtgestattet,dieses
BuchoderTeiledarausaufphotomechanischemWege(Photokopie,Mikrokopie)
zuvervielfaltigen.
©bySpringer-VerlagOHG.Berlin*Gottingen Heidelberg1959
PrintedinGermany
DieWiedergabevonGebrauchsnamen,Handelsnamen,Warenbezeichnungenusw.
in diesem Werk berechtigt auch ohne besondere Kennzeichnung nicht zu der
Annahme, daS solche Namen im Sinn der Warenzeichen- und Markenschutz-
Gesetzgebung alsfrei zubetrachten warenunddahervonjedermannbenutzt
werdendurften.
DruckderUniversitatsdruckereiH.StiirtzAG.,Wurzburg
.
Inhaltsverzeichnis.
^
KinAesmtartoincaolmyBaasnidsDoifreGcatloarcotfitchDeyGnoaemtihcesL.inBkynDhrW.Frvr»atnnkn,Kt.„E^d;m.„o„ndtis„o.-n,,..LP.-rJofe™ssoroOIf
ington/Indiana (USA). (With 12Figures)
I. General featuresof observed stellarmotions \
II. Kinematicalconsiderations
. . 11
GalaWcittilcxD2y0nKamgiUcrsesfBClyenPCreo'fessorDr™.B°efrStth°.CLkhIoNldmbLOabDs,eArvsattroornyo,meSrtoofckthhoelRmoy(aSlweSdweend).-
' .... 21
I. Introduction
II. Massmotions andvelocitydistributioninthegravitationalfield ofthe Ga- 21
' 24
III. Velocity distributionfrom statisticsofdifferentialorbital motions ...
IVV. The dispersion ofstellarvelocities as function ofthetime 7537
' th^s*^t1516111 °f SPifaI StrUCture and Problems concerning the evolution of
o*r
Generalreferences.
99
*«^
RadSio-SfreSqueTncy^StSudi^eso^fGa.lac^ticTStr"uct.ure.ByDr. TanH.Oort ProfessorofAstro
the oLrvatory
Introduction ... ! : 100
„ 100
1.. (jeneral, surveys
2. Units . '.'.'.'.'.'.'. 10°
3- Origin ofradiation ......... .. i0i
4. Thermal emission ^ 102
5- Synchrotron radiation . . 102
6. Line emission 1(^4
987-.. DDGiiasslttarrciitbbiuucttriioootnnaotofifoinnoenufitrzroeamdlohhbyysdderrroovggaeetnni.on"sspira.l'.structure .' .' 1i:V0;c;7
Generalr1110e..feCGroeernneocrneaasl.orfardaidaitoioenmfisrsoimonthaerroeugnidont.hcel.oGsaeltaocttihceSgyalsatcetimc.'pl.an.e!. ' ' '' ' 1i2i6q
128
StaTfofCri!^jte.rSiWBty,^£5aHE£1-ErN:SADWaYVElRd HDoUGnlGa'PPr°ofbeSsesroVrato°f^AstRriocnho^my,dUnHimve/rOsinttyLo^f
129
A. Introduction
B. Galactic clusters
I. Appearance a.nd apparent distribution \32
II. Methods ofdistance determination ...
III. Stellarcontent . ' 3
IV. Color and spectrum luminositydiagrams, evolution and ages ,*.
V. Motionsofstars
VI. Somewell-known.clusters 147
a) Pleiades ... 14°
b) Praesepe. 149
. . 153
yj Inhaltsverzeichnis.
Seite
c) Coma Berenices 1''^'T
d) Thedouble clusterin Perseus, h and% Persei 154
e) Messier11 ;^^5
f) Messier67
g) xCrucis, the Jewel Box 157
VII. Moving clusters
VIII. Disruptionwith time 16°
IX. Nebulous and veryyoung clusters l63
X. Stellarassociations 1"5
C. Globular clusters
III.. ADipspteaanrcaencdeetaenrmdinaaptpiaornesnt distribution l1"67°2
174
III. Content ofglobularclusters
185
IV. Motions
V. Masses and densities 1%%
VI. Evolution, age and origin 19°
192
VII. Relationto elliptical galaxies
VIII. Clusters associatedwith extragalactic systems 193
194
AppendixA. Catalogue ofgalactic clusters
204
AppendixB. Catalogueofglobular clusters
General references
DiscRraedtieo-SAosutrcreosnoomfyCaotstmhiecURnaivdeirosiWtayvoefsM.ancBhyesRteorb,erMatccHlaesnfbieulrd/yCBhersohiwrne (GRreeaadterBri™-
tain). (With 15 Figures)
Introduction
A. Definitions and units
211
B. Techniques ofobservation
C. Theradio observations
231
D. Identification
General references
RadPiroinFcriepaqlueRnecsyeaRracdhiaOftfiiocner,frCoommEmxotnewrenaalltGhalSacxieinetsificByanBderInndaurstdriYalMRielslesa,rcShenOiro-r
ganisation, Sydney/N.S.W. (Australia). (With 22Figures) 239
Introduction
24°
I. TheMagHellanic Clouds j™
bac))) TTChohmeepcaorinlistnoiennsruauodmfiarotapitdoiincaatlioannd radio data *2*4sb
25°
II. Neighbouring bright galaxies
III. The radio emission ofnormal galaxies 255
IV. Radio emission from clusters of galaxies 260
V. Radio galaxies
274
General references
ClasRseisfeicaartcihonAsasnodciMaotrephHoalrovgayrdofCEolxlteegrenOablsGearlvaaxtioersy.,BCyamDbrr.idGgeer/aMrasdsdacehVuasuecttosul(eUuSrAs),.
(With 7 Figures)
Introduction
I. Classification
II. bMa))orQQpuuhaaolnlitotigattyaitvievemomroprhpohloolgoygy ->°U'j'
11
Inhaltsverzeichnis. VII
Seite
General Physical Properties of External Galaxies. By Dr. GerarddeVaucouleurs,
Research Associate, Harvard College Observatory, Cambridge/Massachusetts (USA).
(With 36Figures) • . 311
Introduction 311
I. Opticalproperties 311
ba)) PInhtoetgorgartaepdhilcumdiniomseintsiieosnsand colours -..31315
c) Luminosity and colour distribution 319
d) Absorption, diffraction and polarisation 333
e) Spectra and energy distribution 338
II. Mechanicalproperties 343
a) Rotation 343
b) Masses ofindividual galaxies 348
c) Massluminosityratio 360
Bibliography
366
Multiple Galaxies. ByDr.Fritz Zwicky, ProfessorofAstrophysics,CaliforniaInstitute
of Technology, Pasadena/California (USA). (With 11 Figures) 373
I. Historical 373
II. Morphologyofmultiplegalaxies 374
III. Permanentmultiple galaxies 375
IV. The kinematics and dynamics of multiple galaxies. Gravitational lenses 384
V. Colliding galaxies asradio sources 385
Bibliography
38Q
Clusters of Galaxies. By Dr. Fritz Zwicky, Professor ofAstrophysics, California Insti-
tute of Technology, Pasadena/California (USA). (With 5 Figures) 390
I. Introduction 3o
II. Well known clusters of galaxies 396
III. Structure ofindividual clusters 397
IV. Kinematics and dynamics ofclusters ofgalaxies 406
V. Counts of clusters of galaxies in depth; numbers as a function of angular
size 408
VI. Distribution of clusters ofgalaxies in breadth 409
VII. Superclustering non-existent 410
VIII. The universalredshift, extragalactic distances and the methodology of the
studyofclusters ofgalaxies 41
Bibliography
414
Large ScaleOrganizationoftheDistributionofGalaxies. ByDr.JerzyNeyman, Pro-
fessor of Statistics, Director ofthe Statistical Laboratory, and Research Professorin
the Institute for Basic Research in Science, and Dr. Elizabeth L. Scott, Associate
Professor, StatisticalLaboratory, UniversityofCalifornia, Berkeley/California (USA.)
(With 7 Figures) 416
I. Introduction 4^5
II. Dynamicalproblem ofinfinite massininfinite space 417
III. Theory ofsimpje clusteringof galaxies 417
IV. Theory of multiple clusteringof galaxies 443
Generalreferences
444
Disttiaen,cePraonfedssToirmaenidnHCeoasdmoolfoDgeypa:rTthmeenOtbsoefrAvsattrioonnoamlyD,atUan.iveBrysiDtry.oGfeIollrignoeisC,.UMrcbVainta,-
Illinois (USA). (With 9Figures) 445
I. Observational methods of determiningthe distances ofgalaxies 447
II. Time and the age ofthe universe 485
Acknowledgments
488
General references
488
VIII Inhaltsverzeichnis
Seite
Newtonsche und Einsteinsche Kosmologie. Von Professor Dr.Otto H.L.Heckmann,
DirektorderHamburgerSternwarte,undE.ScHttCKiNG,Hamburg-Bergedorf(Deutsch-
land). (Mit 1 Figur) . 489
I. Einleitung 489
II. Newtonsche Kosmologie 491
III. Einsteinsche Kosmologie 499
AnderekosmologischeTheorien. VonProfessorDr.OttoH.L.Heckmann, Direktorder
Hamburger Sternwarte, und E. SchCcking, Hamburg-Bergedorf (Deutschland) . . 520
1. Ubersicht 520
2. Kosmologie undMikrophysik 521
3. Jordansche Kosmologie 522
4. DieTheorie des stationaren Universums 525
5. Milnesche Kosmologie 530
6. MathematischerAnhang 535
Literatur 537
Sachverzeichnis (Deutsch-Englisch) 538
Subject Index (English-German) 552
f
Kinematical Basis ofGalactic Dynamics.
By
Frank K. Edmondson.
With 12Figures.
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are frennentiy t'hetZSa, 1,^2 1
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graphy. The Earth's axis 01'8 110"' °r Pro-
psoyssittieomnsthmeeamsourtleodnsatofditfhfeersenttreaponcdhsswlylld^^rTe^e„Z«^TJt+ L^ZJs^^tZHe^nC6*"'*fundamental
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effectof ^^^ "itr6" Pr°Per "«**" °<% * ^e
tmLioiotcniksoOnybsiseelbrdyva"rtreeoflreayrt*riivniseg"ntomhwoetmciootnndsTutchtueinnl"ge*^a Dohontoltr^L^^ll?Jlb^rlatS^edTIt!ym*0°mVe°erbdis-de^irPavhne0to"0bagsbersraovplahutiticoen"°sb.pSreorTpVheaer-
W.H. Wright: Proc. Amer. PhiL Soc. 94, i (1950) 3
HandbuohderPhysik, Bd.LIII.
. .
Frank K. Edmondson: Kinematical Basis of Galactic Dynamics. Sect. 1
S
bMeenmadteieinrtehceenptawstortkobmeyaFseuhrreernabdaiaclhv*e.locRiatdiieaslovneloobcjietciteisvoefptrhiescmlpoluadtsesoftnheeutmroalsthysdurccoegsesn-
canbe measuredfromthe shiftofthe 21 cmline2.
menSts) PoafrasltalrasxTeast 6Dimroecntt,horinttreirgvaolnso.metOrbiscerpvaartailolanxsesmuasretoebxttaeinndedovbeyrosbesveerrvailngyetahresdiinspolradceer-
tSo sSIIennpSddaiirrra^eetccettStddheeeStteeprraimmriiannlaalttaiixoofnnrssooomfieptpdahreapllraoxpeecranmob4teilhmeoansdpeecutsrionsgcofpoircmuplaara(l1l.a4x),esbealroewfoitutnhdebaaybbssuooslluuittneeg
staTare correlated £•«... an^d parallaxes of cepheid variables
a?efound usingtheperiod-luminosity relation.. Dynamicalparallaxes of visual binary stars
arefoundbyforcing agreementwith the mass-luminosityrelation .
Statistical parallaxes may be found by combining proper motion and radial velocity
dataTh(eSedcti.st2a)n.ce ofastarinparsecs isthereciprocaloftheparallaxmsecond,s of,arc:
= —
d(parsecs) 77- v'•*I
tschaeler.atiForoofminFteecnshinteires'sofltaww,otshtearrsaitsiogifvoernobneymagnitude should bej/lOO=2.512 ... Hence,
A-= (2.512...)m*-m* (i-2)
°ringeneral LogI = const- 0.4m. (1-3)
The numerical value of the constant is in principle defined by the stars of the north polar
sequence8 and other secondary standards.
_
^^sll^^^*
£2- - ^e value the apparent magnitude would
have if the star were placed at a distance of 10parsecs. It is given by
M= m + 5 + 5Logp -A (1-4)
where*istheparallaxinsecondsofarc, andA istheextinctioncausedbyinterstellarmatter.
by I to IV. The Harvard system13 has the following types
OBAFGKM\RN\ S
"IS^^ra^ffiSSS fX^L,
astronom. Inst. Ketherl. 12,
"
73(1WS'Adams and A. Kohlschutter: Astrophys. Journ. 40, 385 (1914).
* B. Lindblad: Upsala Obs. Medd. Nr. 28 (1925).
5 A.N.Vyssotsky: Astrophys. Journ. 104, 239 (1946).
6' HH CN.Airups:SEALsLtraonndomC..EJ..M6o3,or4e5:(1T9h5e8).Masses of the Stars. Chi.cago 1940.
s Trans. Int. Astronom. Un. 1, 71-75 (1922)
» H.L. Johnson and W.W. Morgan: Astrophys Journ. 117, 313 (1953).
10 H.L. Johnson: Ann. d'Astrophysique 18, 292 (1955).
" For details see Vol. L of this Encyclopedia.
12 A. Secchi: Astronom. Nachr. 59, 193 (1863)-
13 A.C. Maury: Harvard Ann. 28 (1897)-