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Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth Thomas Kohnen Editors Encyclopedia of Ophthalmology Encyclopedia of Ophthalmology Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth Thomas Kohnen Editors Encyclopedia of Ophthalmology With453Figuresand34Tables Editors UrsulaSchmidt-Erfurth ThomasKohnen DepartmentofOphthalmologyand DepartmentofOphthalmology Optometry GoetheUniversityofFrankfurtamMain MedicalUniversityVienna FrankfurtamMain,Germany Vienna,Austria ISBN978-3-540-68292-9 ISBN978-3-540-69000-9(eBook) ISBN978-3-540-69001-6(printandelectronicbundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69000-9 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017954881 #Springer-VerlagGmbHGermany2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeor part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway, andtransmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,or bysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthis publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernorthe authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwith regardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringer-VerlagGmbH,DE Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:HeidelbergerPlatz3,14197Berlin,Germany Preface Encompassedwithcomprehensiveandfocusedinformation,accompaniedby high-quality images,detailed tables,and graphicson all relevantophthalmic topics,theEncyclopediaofOphthalmologyisavaluableresourceforpractic- ing ophthalmologists from the various ophthalmic subspecialties. This com- prehensive source of ophthalmological expertise will also be of interest to optometrists, orthoptists, opticians, low vision specialists, researchers, resi- dents, medical students, nurse practitioners, and all other eye care profes- sionalswhodealwiththeanatomy,physiology,anddiseasesoftheeye. Thereaderwillbenefitfromtheknowledgeofleadingexpertsintherapidly changing field of ophthalmology with an easy reference, geared to provide detailed, timely,and relevant information about therapid advances that continuously influence the field of ophthalmology. Intended as a user-friendly reference, available in hardcopy and electronic format and continuously updated.Wehopethatthisencyclopediafacilitateseasyreferenceandclinical use. v Acknowledgment We would like to extend our thanks to the many authors who devoted an extensiveamountoftimeincontributingtothedevelopmentofthiscompre- hensivecoverageofcurrentstate-of-the-artknowledgeinophthalmology.We wouldalsoliketothanktheconsultantsatSpringerNaturefortheircommit- menttopublishingthisbook. vii List of Topics ExternalDiseasesandCornea Chlorpromazine,CorneaVerticillata ChocolateCyst SectionEditor:ShameemaSikder Choristomas ActinicKeratosis Chrysiasis,CornealPigmentation AcuteHemorrhagicConjunctivitis ClimaticDropletKeratopathy(Spheroidal AdenoviralKeratoconjunctivitis Degeneration) AllergicConjunctivitis Coats’WhiteRing AmnioticMembraneTransplantation CoganSyndrome Nonpharmacotherapy ComputerizedCornealTopography AmorphousCornealDystrophy,PosteriorDisease Concretions,Conjunctival AtopicDermatitis ConcussiveTrauma Blepharitis CongenitalHereditaryEndothelialDystrophy Blepharoconjunctivitis CongenitalHereditaryStromalDystrophy BlueNevus Conjunctiva BlueSclera ConjunctivalAutograft Bulla ConjunctivalDegenerations Burns ConjunctivalFlaps CalcificBandKeratopathy ConjunctivalInclusionCysts Canaliculitis ConjunctivalTumors CandidaKeratitis/OcularInfection Conjunctivitis CarcinomaInSitu,ofConjunctiva Conjunctivochalasis CarpenterSyndrome ConnectiveTissueDisorderoftheCornea CatScratchDisease ContactDermatoblepharitis Catarrhal(MarginalCorneal)Infiltrates CorneaFarinata Cellulitis,Preseptal,HaemophilusCausing CorneaPlana Chalazion CorneaVerticillata ChandlerSyndrome CornealArcus ChelationTherapy,forCalcificBandKeratopathy CornealDegenerations ChemicalInjury(Burns) CornealGuttata Chemosis CornealIntraepithelialNeoplasia Chlamydia CornealPatching ChloroquineToxicity,CorneaVerticillata CornealPigmentations ix x ListofTopics CornealTattoo EyeBankAssociationofAmerica CornealUlcers EyeBanking CorneoretinalDystrophy,Bietti’sCrystalline EyelidWeights,forExposureKeratopathy CorneoscleralLaceration Fornices Cryptophthalmos François,CentralCloudyDystrophy Cryptophthalmos-Syndactyly(Fraser)Syndrome FuchsSuperficialMarginalKeratitis CrystallineDystrophy Fuchs’DystrophyDisease CrystallineKeratopathy,Infectious FurrowDegeneration,Senile CyanoacrylateAdhesive GiantPapillary(ContactLens-Induced) Dacryoadenitis ConjunctivitisDisease Dacryoadenoma GobletCells,MucinTearSecretionby Dacryocystitis GonococcalConjunctivitis DarierDisease(KeratosisFollicularis) Graft-Versus-HostDisease:Overview DeepAnteriorLamellarKeratoplasty(DALK) Gram-NegativeBacteria DeepLamellarEndothelialKeratoplasty(DLEK) Gram-PositiveBacteria Dellen GroenouwDystrophyType1Disease Dermatitis Haemophilusinfluenzae,Conjunctivitis Descemetocele Hansen’sDisease DesquamatingSkinConditions Heerfordt’sSyndrome DisciformKeratitis,HerpesSimplexVirus Hemochromatosis Causing HereditaryHemorrhagicTelangiectasia(Osler- Distichiasis:Definition Weber-RenduDisease) DryEye:Definition HereditarySensoryNeuropathy,Neurotrophic Ectasia,Corneal Keratopathy EctodermalDysplasia HerpesZosterOphthalmicus Ectrodactyly-EctodermalDysplasial-Clefting HolmiumYAGLaser,Thermokeratoplasty (EEC)Syndrome Hordeolum Eczema,ofEyelid Horner-TrantasDots Ehlers-DanlosSyndrome,GeneLinkageof Hudson-StähliLine Disease HumanHerpesVirus EndothelialDegenerations HumanPapillomaViruses,OcularInfection EndothelialDystrophies Hurler-ScheieSyndrome EndothelialFailure Hurricane(Vortex)Keratopathy EndothelialGraftRejection HyaluronicAcid,forDryEye Ephelis(Freckle),ConjunctivalDisease Hydrops,Keratoconus EpibulbarTumor Hypercalcemia:CornealChanges Epidermis Hyperemia,Conjunctival EpidermoidCysts InterstitialKeratitis Episcleritis:Overview IronLines,Pterygium EpithelialDefects Iron,CornealDepositsof EpithelialDystrophies Iron,CornealIntraocularForeignBodyof EpithelialErosions JuvenileEpithelialDystrophy(Meesmann EpithelialInclusionCysts Dystrophy) Epitheliopathy Kayser-FleischerRing ExposureKeratitis/Keratopathy Keloids:CornealandCongenital ExposureStaining,KeratoconjunctivitisSicca Keratinocytes:Overview ExternalHordeolum(Stye) Keratinoid(Spheroidal)Degeneration ListofTopics xi Keratoconjunctivitis,Sicca:Definition MucusFishingSyndrome Keratoconjunctivitis:Overview Nd:YSGGLaser,forIntrastromal KeratoglobusBasicScience Photodisruption Keratolysis(CornealMelting),Marginal, NecrotizingKeratitis SystemicImmune-MediatedDisease NecrotizingScleritis Keratomalacia,VitaminADeficiency NeurotrophicKeratopathy KeratopathyActinic(LabradorKeratopathy/ NonnecrotizingKeratitis SpheroidalDegeneration) OcularLice Keratoprosthesis OculodentoosseousDysplasia KhodadoustLine OculoglandularSyndrome,Parinaud KrukenbergSpindles OculomandibulofacialDyscephaly(Hallermann- Lagophthalmos StreiffSyndrome) LamellarKeratoplasty Oncocytoma LatticeDystrophy Onychoosteodysplasia(Nail-PatellaSyndrome) LatticeLines OsteogenesisImperfecta,BlueSclera LigneousConjunctivitis Pachymetry(Pachometry) LimbalAutograft/Allograft(Limbal PalpebralConjunctiva Transplantation) PalpebralVernalConjunctivitis/ LimbalStemCells Keratoconjunctivitis LimbalTransplantationforChemicalInjury Pannus/Micropannus LimbalVernalConjunctivitis/ Papillae:Overview Keratoconjunctivitis Papillomas,Conjunctival LipemiaRetinalis Parasites LipidKeratopathy Pediculosis(Lice),OcularInfection Lithiasis,Conjunctival PellucidMarginalDegeneration Lymphoma:Definition Pemphigoid,Cicatricial Map-Dot-FingerprintDystrophy(Epithelial/ PenetratingInjuries AnteriorMembraneDystrophy) PeripheralCornealGuttata(Hassall-Henle Maroteaux-LamySyndrome Bodies/Warts) McCannelTechnique PeripheralKeratitis Megalocornea Phlyctenules MeibomianGlandDysfunction Photokeratoscopy Melanocytosis Photomicroscopy,Specular Melanokeratosis,Striate PhthirusPubis(Crab/PubicLouse),Ocular Melanomas,Conjunctival Infection Melanosis PigmentedLesionsoftheConjunctiva MeretojaSyndrome Pinguecula Microcornea Port-WineStain(NevusFlammeus) MicrocysticEpitheliopathy PosteriorPolymorphousCornealDystrophy Micropannus PostherpeticNeuralgia Microphthalmos(Microphthalmia),Anterior PrecornealTearFilm MolluscumContagiosum:Overview PrimaryEndothelialFailure,AfterPenetrating MoorenUlcer Keratoplasty MorquioSyndrome Pseudo-HurlerPolydystrophy MosaicDegeneration(AnteriorCrocodile Pseudoguttatae:InflammatoryDisease Shagreen) Pseudomembrane,Conjunctival Mucopolysaccharidosis Pterygium xii ListofTopics PunctateEpithelialDefects/Erosions Tay-SachsDisease(GM2GangliosidosisTypeI) PyogenicGranuloma TearBreakupTime RecurrentCornealErosion Tearing(Epiphora) Reis-BücklersDystrophy TectonicPenetratingKeratoplasty,forHerpetic Riley-DaySyndrome(FamilialDysautonomia) Keratitis Rosacea:Overview TerrienMarginalDegeneration RustRing,IronForeignBodyCausing ThermalCautery SalzmannNodularDegeneration ThermalInjury:Overview Sarcoidosis Thiel-BehnkeDystrophy Sattler’sVeil(CentralEpithelialEdema) Thygeson’sSuperficialPunctateKeratitis ScanningConfocalMicroscope TissueAdhesives,Cyanoacrylate,forAnterior SchirmerTests Segment SchnyderCrystallineDystrophySyndrome Transplantation Scleritis Transplantation,AmnioticMembrane Sclerocornea TreacherCollins-FranceschettiSyndrome Sclerokeratitis (MandibulofacialDysostosis) Scleromalacia:Overview Trichiasis SebaceousGlandCarcinoma:Overview UlcerativeKeratitisDisease SeborrheicBlepharitis UlcerativeKeratopathy,Toxic Shagreen,Crocodile Ulcers Siderosis:SignsandSymptoms VascularTumorsDiseaseoftheConjunctiva Sipple-GorlinSyndrome,EnlargedCorneal VernalConjunctivitis/Keratoconjunctivitis Nerves VogtLines,Keratoconus SpheroidalDegeneration Vortex(Hurricane)Keratopathy SquamousCellCarcinoma,oftheConjunctiva WaveFrontAnalysis SquamousDysplasiaofConjunctiva WilsonDisease Staphylococcus Xanthelasma,Dyslipoproteinemia Staphylomas,Congenital,Anterior Xanthomas StevensJohnsonSyndrome Xerophthalmia StriateKeratopathy,IntraocularSurgeryCausing Xerosis StriateMelanokeratosis StromalDegenerations StromalDystrophies FundamentalsandPrinciples StromalGraftRejection SectionEditor:BhavnaP.Sheth StromalKeratitis(Herpetic) StromalMicropuncture,forRecurrentCorneal Achromatopsia(RodMonochromatism),Gene Erosions DefectsCausing SubconjunctivalHemorrhage Anesthesia(Anesthetics),Local SubepithelialCornealDegenerations Angiography,Fluorescein SubepithelialGraftRejection AqueousHumor SuperiorLimbicKeratoconjunctivitis Axenfeld-RiegerSyndrome;Mesodermal Symblepharon Dysgenesis;Leukomas Syphilis:Overview Bergmeister’sPapilla TangierDisease,CornealChanges BestDisease TarsalConjunctiva BetaCarotene,UseandDosageof TarsalPlates/Tarsus Biomicroscopy,Ultrasound,ofAnteriorSegment Tarsorrhaphy BipolarCells