Encyclopedia of islands

1110 Pages·71.907 MB·English

by  Gillespie, Rosemary G(Editor);Clague, David A(Editor)

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ISLANDS

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ISLANDS
EDITED BY
ROSEMARY G. GILLESPIE
University of California, Berkeley
DAVID A. CLAGUE
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS
Berkeley Los Angeles London
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Encyclopedias of the Natural World, No. 2
University of California Press
Berkeley and Los Angeles, California
University of California Press, Ltd.
London, England
© 2009 by the Regents of the University of California
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of islands / edited by Rosemary G. Gillespie and David
A. Clague.
p. cm. — (Encyclopedias of the natural world ; 2)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-520-25649-1 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. Islands—Encyclopedias. I. Gillespie, Rosemary G., 1957-
II. Clague, D. A.
GB471.E53 2009
551.4203—dc22 2008037221
Printed in China
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of
ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R 1997) (Permanence of Paper).{infcir}
Cover photograph: Mercherchar Island, Palau, courtesy Patrick L. Colin.
Insets, from left: Lava from Piton de la Fournaise, Rèunion, © KM
KRAFFT/CRI-Nancy-Lorraine, used with permission; Greene’s dudleya
(Dudleya greenei) on Santa Cruz Island, © Kathy deWet-Oleson; male orange
dove (Chrysoenas victor), endemic to Fiji, courtesy Paddy Ryan; aerial view of
Bermuda, courtesy Bermuda Zoological Society (see also frontispiece).
CONTENTS
Contents by Subject Area / xi Atlantic Region / 63 Britain and Ireland / 116
Andreas Klügel Rosemary G. Gillespie; Mark Williamson
Contributors / xv
Atolls / 67
Guide to the Encyclopedia / xxix
Edward L. Winterer
Preface / xxxi Azores / 70 Canary Islands, Biology / 127
Paulo A. V. Borges; Isabel R. Amorim; Javier Francisco-Ortega; Arnoldo Santos-
Rosalina Gabriel; Regina Cunha; António Guerra; Juan José Bacallado
Adaptive Radiation / 1 Frias Martins; Luís Silva; Ana Costa; Canary Islands, Geology / 133
Virgílio Vieira
Rosemary G. Gillespie Kaj Hoernle; Juan-Carlos Carracedo
Anagenesis / 8 Cape Verde Islands / 143
Tod F. Stuessy Maria Cristina Duarte; Maria Manuel
Baffi n / 76 Romeiras
Antarctic Islands, Biology / 10
Lynda Dredge
Steven L. Chown; Jennifer E. Lee Caroline Islands / 148
Baja California: Offshore James R. Hein
Antarctic Islands, Geology / 17
Islands / 78
John L. Smellie Caves, as Islands / 150
Martin L. Cody
David C. Culver; Tanja Pipan
Antilles, Biology / 20
Barrier Islands / 82
Charles A. Woods; Florence E. Sergile Channel Islands (British Isles) / 154
Miles O. Hayes
Edward P. F. Rose
Antilles, Geology / 29
Barro Colorado / 88
Richard E. A. Robertson Channel Islands (California),
Egbert Giles Leigh, Jr.
Biology / 155
Ants / 35
Beaches / 91 Aaron Moody
Brian L. Fisher
Bruce Richmond
Channel Islands (California),
Archaeology / 41
Bermuda / 95 Geology / 161
Marshall I. Weisler
Anne F. Glasspool; Wolfgang Sterrer Janet Hammond Gordon
Arctic Islands, Biology / 47
Biological Control / 99 Cichlid Fish / 165
Inger Greve Alsos; Lynn Gillespie;
Mark Gillespie; Steve Wratten Ole Seehausen
Yuri M. Marusik
Bird Disease / 103 Climate Change / 169
Arctic Islands, Geology / 55
David Cameron Duffy David A. Burney
Michael J. Hambrey
Bird Radiations / 105 Climate on Islands / 171
Arctic Region / 59
Jeffrey Podos; David C. Lahti Thomas A. Schroeder
Stephen D. Gurney
Borneo / 111 Cold Seeps / 174
Ascension / 61
Swee-Peck Quek Charles K. Paull
David M. Wilkinson
v
Comoros / 177 Eruptions: Laki and Tambora / 263 Galápagos Islands, Geology / 367
D. James Harris; Sara Rocha T. Thordarson Dennis Geist; Karen Harpp
Continental Islands / 180 Ethnobotany / 271 Gigantism / 372
David M. Watson W. Arthur Whistler Pasquale Raia
Convergence / 188 Exploration and Discovery / 276 Global Warming / 376
Tadashi Fukami Scott M. Fitzpatrick David R. Lindberg
Cook Islands / 191 Extinction / 281 Granitic Islands / 380
Tegan Hoffmann Kevin J. Gaston Millard F. Coffi n
Coral / 197 Great Barrier Reef Islands,
Daphne G. Fautin; Robert W. Buddemeier Biology / 382
Farallon Islands / 287 Harold Heatwole
Cozumel / 203
Phil Capitolo
Alfredo D. Cuarón Great Barrier Reef Islands,
Faroe Islands / 291 Geology / 386
Crickets / 206
Gina E. Hannon; Simun V. Arge; Anna- Scott G. Smithers
Daniel Otte; Greg Cowper
Maria Fosaa; Ditlev L. Mahler; Bergur
Greek Islands, Biology / 388
Cyprus / 212 Olsen; Richard H. W. Bradshaw
Kostas A. Triantis; M. Mylonas
Ioannis Panayides
Fernando de Noronha / 297
Greek Islands, Geology / 392
R. V. Fodor
Michael D. Higgins
Fiji, Biology / 298
Darwin and Geologic History / 217
Paddy Ryan
James H. Natland
Fiji, Geology / 305
Deforestation / 221 Hawaiian Islands, Biology / 397
Howard Colley
Barry V. Rolett Jonathan Price
Fish Stocks/Overfi shing / 310
Dispersal / 224 Hawaiian Islands, Geology / 404
Jon Brodziak
Isabelle Olivieri David R. Sherrod
Flightlessness / 311
Dodo / 228 Honeycreepers, Hawaiian / 410
Curtis Ewing
J. P. Hume Robert C. Fleischer
Fossil Birds / 318
Drosophila / 232 Human Impacts,
Trevor H. Worthy
Patrick M. O’Grady; Karl N. Magnacca; Pre-European / 414
Richard T. LaPoint Founder Effects / 326 Patrick V. Kirch
Michael C. Whitlock
Dwarfi sm / 235 Hurricanes and Typhoons / 418
Shai Meiri; Pasquale Raia Fragmentation / 328 Thomas A. Schroeder
Luis Cayuela
Hydrology / 420
Fraser Island / 330 Christian Depraetere; Marc Morell
Earthquakes / 240 Brad Balukjian
Hydrothermal Vents / 424
Paul Okubo; David A. Clague
French Polynesia, Biology / 332 Robert C. Vrijenhoek
Easter Island / 244 Jean-Yves Meyer; Bernard Salvat
Grant McCall
French Polynesia, Geology / 338
Ecological Release / 251 Alain Bonneville Iceland / 428
Rosemary G. Gillespie Sigurdur Steinthorsson
Freshwater Habitats / 343
Endemism / 253 Alan P. Covich Inbreeding / 436
Quentin C. Cronk; Diana M. Percy Leonard Nunney
Frogs / 347
Ephemeral Islands, Biology / 258 Rafe M. Brown Indian Region / 437
Sofi e Vandendriessche; Magda Vincx; Frederick A. Frey
Steven Degraer
Indonesia, Biology / 446
Ephemeral Islands, Geology / 259 Galápagos Finches / 352 Tigga Kingston
Kazuhiko Kano Heather Farrington; Kenneth Petren
Indonesia, Geology / 454
Erosion, Coastal / 261 Galápagos Islands, Biology / 357 Robert Hall
Wayne Stephenson Terrence M. Gosliner
vi CONTENTS
Insect Radiations / 460 Landslides / 535 Marshall Islands / 610
Diana M. Percy Simon J. Day Nancy Vander Velde
Inselbergs / 466 Land Snails / 537 Mascarene Islands, Biology / 612
Stefan Porembski Brenden S. Holland Christophe Thébaud; Ben H. Warren;
Dominique Strasberg; Anthony Cheke
Introduced Species / 469 Lava and Ash / 542
Daniel Simberloff Katharine V. Cashman Mascarene Islands, Geology / 620
Robert A. Duncan
Invasion Biology / 475 Lava Tubes / 544
George Roderick; Philippe Vernon Jim Kauahikaua; Frank Howarth; Ken Hon Mediterranean Region / 622
John Wainwright
Island Arcs / 481 Lemurs and Tarsiers / 549
Richard J. Arculus Robert D. Martin Metapopulations / 629
Dag Øystein Hjermann
Island Biogeography, Line Islands / 553
Theory of / 486 Christopher Charles; Stuart Sandin Midway / 631
José María Fernández-Palacios Elizabeth Flint
Lizard Radiations / 558
Island Formation / 490 Miguel Vences Missionaries, Effects of / 633
Patrick D. Nunn Alan I. Kaplan; Vincent H. Resh
Lophelia Oases / 564
Island Rule / 492 Sandra Brooke Moa / 638
Shai Meiri Allan J. Baker
Lord Howe Island / 568
Carole S. Hickman Motu / 641
Francis J. Murphy
Japan’s Islands, Biology / 497
Lázaro M. Echenique-Diaz; Masakado
Macquarie, Biology / 573
Kawata; Jun Yokoyama
Jenny Scott New Caledonia, Biology / 643
Japan’s Islands, Geology / 500 Jérôme Murienne
Macquarie, Geology / 575
S. Maruyama; S. Yanai; Y. Isozaki; D. Hirata
Arjan Dijkstra New Caledonia, Geology / 645
Juan Fernandez Islands / 507 Timothy J. Rawling
Madagascar / 577
Simon Haberle
Steven M. Goodman Newfoundland / 649
Harold Williams
Madeira Archipelago / 582
Dora Aguin-Pombo; Miguel A. A. Pinheiro New Guinea, Biology / 652
Kick ’em Jenny / 510 de Carvalho Allen Allison
Jan Lindsay
Makatea Islands / 585 New Guinea, Geology / 659
K–ıpuka / 512 Lucien F. Montaggioni Hugh L. Davies
Amy G. Vandergast
Maldives / 586 New Zealand, Biology / 665
Komodo Dragons / 513 Paul Kench Steven A. Trewick; Mary Morgan-Richards
Tim Jessop
Mammal Radiations / 588 New Zealand, Geology / 673
Kon-Tiki / 515 Lawrence R. Heaney; Steven M. Goodman Hamish Campbell; Charles A. Landis
Robert C. Suggs
Mangrove Islands / 591 Nuclear Bomb Testing / 680
Krakatau / 517 Peter Saenger Edward L. Winterer
Robert J. Whittaker
Marianas, Biology / 593
Kurile Islands / 520 Gordon H. Rodda
Alexander Belousov; Marina Belousova;
Thomas P. Miller Marianas, Geology / 598 Oases / 686
Frank A. Trusdell Slaheddine Selmi; Thierry Boulinier
Marine Lakes / 603 Oceanic Islands / 689
Michael N Dawson; Laura E. Martin; Patrick D. Nunn
Lakes, as Islands / 526
Shelley Arnott Lori J. Bell; Sharon Patris Orchids / 696
Marine Protected Areas / 607 David L. Roberts; Richard M. Bateman
Land Crabs on Christmas
Island / 532 Alan M. Friedlander Organic Falls on the Ocean
Peter Green Floor / 700
Craig R. Smith
CONTENTS vii
Refugia / 785 Species–Area Relationship / 857
Pacifi c Region / 702 Angus Davison David A. Spiller; Thomas W. Schoener
Anthony A. P. Koppers Relaxation / 787 Spiders / 861
Palau / 715 Kenneth J. Feeley Miquel A. Arnedo
Alan R. Olsen Research Stations / 788 Spitsbergen / 865
Pantepui / 717 Neil Davies Maria Włodarska-Kowalczuk
Valentí Rull Rodents / 792 Sri Lanka / 866
Peopling the Pacifi c / 720 David Towns Colin Groves; Kelum Manamendra-
Patrick V. Kirch Rottnest Island / 796 Arachchi
Philippines, Biology / 723 Anne Brearley St. Helena / 870
Rafe M. Brown; Arvin C. Diesmos Philip Ashmole; Myrtle Ashmole
Philippines, Geology / 732 Sticklebacks / 873
Graciano Yumul, Jr.; Carla Dimalanta; Samoa, Biology / 799 Michael A. Bell
Karlo Queaño; Edanjarlo Marquez A. C. Medeiros Succession / 877
Phosphate Islands / 738 Samoa, Geology / 802 Beatrijs Bossuyt
James R. Hein James H. Natland Surf in the Tropics / 879
Pigs and Goats / 741 São Tomé, Príncipe, and Graham Symonds; Thomas C. Lippmann
Elizabeth Matisoo-Smith Annobon / 808 Surtsey / 883
Pitcairn / 744 D. James Harris Sturla Fridriksson
Naomi Kingston; Noeleen Smyth Seabirds / 811 Sustainability / 888
Plant Disease / 747 Mark J. Rauzon; Sheila Conant R. R. Thaman
Ulla Carlsson-Granér; Lars Ericson; Sea-Level Change / 815
Barbara E. Giles W. H. Berger
Plate Tectonics / 752 Seamounts, Biology / 818 Taiwan, Biology / 897
Roger C. Searle Malcolm Clark Man-Miao Yang; Kuang-Ying Huang
Pocket Basins and Deep-Sea Seamounts, Geology / 821 Taiwan, Geology / 902
Speciation / 755 Paul Wessel Yue-Gau Chen
Bruce H. Robison; William M. Hamner
Sexual Selection / 825 Tasmania / 904
Polynesian Voyaging / 758 Kenneth Y. Kaneshiro; Richard T. LaPoint Alastair M. M. Richardson
Atholl Anderson
Seychelles / 829 Tatoosh / 909
Popular Culture, Islands in / 761 Justin Gerlach Egbert Giles Leigh, Jr.; Robert T. Paine
Vincent H. Resh; Jonathan P. Resh
Shipwrecks / 833 Taxon Cycle / 912
Population Genetics, Island James Hayward Mandy L. Heddle
Models in / 766
Silverswords / 835 Tides / 914
Jeffrey D. Lozier
Bruce G. Baldwin Marlene Noble
Prisons and Penal
Sky Islands / 839 Tierra del Fuego / 917
Settlements / 767
John E. McCormack; Huateng Huang; Matthew J. James; John M. Woram
Ephraim Cohen
L. Lacey Knowles
Tonga / 918
Snakes / 843 Donald R. Drake
Gordon H. Rodda
Radiation Zone / 772 Tortoises / 921
Kostas A. Triantis; Robert J. Whittaker Socotra Archipelago / 846 Charles R. Crumly
Kay Van Damme
Rafting / 775 Trinidad and Tobago / 926
Christophe Abegg Solomon Islands, Biology / 851 Christopher K. Starr
Orlo C. Steele
Reef Ecology and Tristan da Cunha and Gough
Conservation / 779 Solomon Islands, Geology / 854 Island / 929
Robert H. Richmond; Willy Kostka; Hugh L. Davies Peter G. Ryan
Noah Idechong
viii CONTENTS
Tsunamis / 933 Volcanic Islands / 950 Whale Falls / 973
Emile A. Okal John M. Sinton Amy Baco
Voyage of the Beagle / 954 Whales and Whaling / 975
Jere H. Lipps Joe Roman
Vancouver / 937 Wizard Island / 979
Martin L. Cody David W. Ramsey
Vanuatu / 939 Wallace, Alfred Russel / 962
Jérôme Munzinger Elin Claridge
Vegetation / 941 Wallace’s Line and Other Zanzibar / 982
Dieter Mueller-Dombois Biogeographic Boundaries / 967 N. D. Burgess; R. A. D. Burgess
Jeremy D. Holloway
Vicariance / 947
Michael Heads Warming Island / 971 Glossary / 987
Kurt M. Cuffey
Index / 1019
CONTENTS ix