Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology

14471 Pages·2017·262.15 MB·English

by  Mehdi Khosrow-Pour

Encyclopedia of Information Science and
Technology, Fourth Edition
Mehdi Khosrow-Pour, D.B.A.
Information Resources Management Association, USA
Published in the United States of America by IGI Global (an imprint of IGI
Global) 701 E. Chocolate Avenue Hershey PA 17033 Tel: [phone] Fax:
717-533-8661 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.igi-
global.com/reference
Copyright © 2018 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. No part of this publication
may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the
publisher.
Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only.
Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of
ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Khosrow-Pour, Mehdi, 1951-editor.
Title: Encyclopedia of information science and technology / Mehdi
Khosrow-Pour, editor.
Description: Fourth edition. | Hershey, PA : Information Science Reference,
[2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017000834| ISBN 9781522522553 (set : hardcover) | ISBN
9781522522560 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Information science--Encyclopedias. | Information
technology--Encyclopedias.
Classification: LCC Z1006 .E566 2018 | DDC 020.3--dc23 LC record available
at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017000834
British Cataloguing in Publication Data
A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British
Library.
All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material. The
views expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the
publisher.
Dedication
This book is dedicated to the memory of my late father for the love and care that
he always displayed for his family, and for teaching me the importance of
humanitarianism. Also, to my wife, Olga, and our son, Darius, for filling my life
with so much love, joy, and happiness.
Editorial Advisory Board
Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko, University of Tampere, Finland S. Annie Becker,
Florida Institute of Technology, USA
Shirley M. Fedorovich, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, USA Wen-Chen
Hu, University of North Dakota, USA
Jerzy Kisielnicki, Warsaw University, Poland
In Lee, Western Illinois University, USA
James A. Rodger, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, USA Ari Sigal, Catawba
Valley Community College, USA
Lawrence A. Tomei, Robert Morris University, USA
John Wang, Montclair State University, USA
Liudong Xing, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, USA Jordi Vallverdú,
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain Editorial Review Board
Mifrah Ahmad, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia Bashar Shahir
Ahmed, University Abdelmalek Essaadi, Morocco Daniel Alemneh, University
of North Texas, USA
Salam Omar Ali, Brighton College, UAE
Paul Ankomah, North Carolina A&T University, USA
Andrea Atzeni, Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Danilo Avola, Sapienza University, Italy
Ihuoma Babatope, Delta State Univeristy Abraka/ Delta State College of
Physical Education, Mosogar, Nigeria Mihaela Badea, Petroleum-Gas
University of Ploiesti, Romania Surajit Bag, Tega Industries South Africa Pty
Ltd, South Africa Kannan Balasubramanian, Mepco Schlenk Engineering
College, India Neeta Baporikar, Namibia University of Science and Technology,
Nigeria Nomathamsanqa (Thami) Batyashe, Cape Peninsula University of
Technology, South Africa Clementina Bruno, University of Piemonte Orientale,
Italy Claudia Cappelli, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil Calin Ciufudean, Stefan cel Mare University, Romania
Ángela Coello, University of Vigo, Spain
Eduardo Contreras, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Mexico Caroline
Crawford, University of Houston-Clear Lake, United States Phil Crosby, Curtin
University, Australia
Nicoletta Dessì, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy Nic Dunham, Unitec
Institute of Technology, New Zealand
Christophe Duret, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada
Alexander Fridman, Russian Academy of Sciences, IIMM KSC RAS, Russia
Dražena Gašpar, University of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina Ciara Heavin,
University College Cork, Ireland
Masoud Hemmatpour, Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Adamkolo Mohammed Ibrahim, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria Shigeru Ikuta,
Otsuma Women's University, Japan
Giuseppe Iurato, University of Palermo, Italy
George Jamil, Informações em Rede, Brazil
Jurgen Janssens, TETRADE Consulting, Belgium
Michael Josefowicz, Nemetics Institute Kolkata, USA
Prateek Kalia, I.K Gujral Punjab Technical University, India Yefim Katz,
Chestnut Hill College, USA
Nadim Akhtar Khan, University of Kashmir, India
Maria Koleva, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria
Raghuraman Koteeswaran, SASTRA University, India
Priya Krishnamoorthy, SASTRA University, India
Sefer Kurnaz, Istanbul Esenyurt University, Turkey
Trent Larson, North Carolina A&T University, USA,
Elvira Locuratolo, ISTI, Italy
Ronald Lofaro, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, USA Geetha Mariappan,
Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, India M.K. Marichelvam,
Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, India Gilberto Marzano, Rezekne
University of Applied Sciences, Latvia Lincy Mathews, M S Ramaiah Institute of
Technology, India Karim Mezghani, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic
University (IMSIU), Tunisia Emilia Mikolajewska, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium
Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
Dariusz Mikolajewski, Kazimierz Wielki University, Poland Vardan Mkrttchian,
HHH University, Australia
Jessina Muthee, Kenyatta University, Kenya
Antonio Osorio, University of Minho, Portugal
Leo Paschoal, Federal University of Cruz Alta, Brazil
Prantosh Paul, Raiganj University, India
Danilo Piaggesi, FRAmericas, International Knowledge Economy Program
(IKEP), USA Diana Presada, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, Romania
Mohd Rahman, Aligarh Muslim University, India
N. Raghavendra Rao, FINAIT Consultancy Services, India
José Rascão, Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, Portugal
Filipa Ribeiro, University of Porto, Portugal
Gerasimos Rigatos, Industrial Systems Institute, Greece
John Robinson, Bishop Heber College, India
Juan Rodriguez, UNICEN CONICET, Argentina
Isabel Romero, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain
Roya Rouzbehani, University of Tehran, Iran
John C. Sandvig, Western Washington University, USA
Francesca Sgobbi, University of Brescia, Italy
Huma Shah, Coventry University, UK
Dolly Sharma, PEC University of Technology, India
Teay Shawyun, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
Zeljko Stojanov, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
Apostolos Syropoulos, Greek Molecular Computing Group, Greece Safiye
Turgay, Sakarya University, Turkey
Immanuel Umukoro, Lagos Business School, Pan Atlantic University, Nigeria
Tugba Ucma Uysal, Mugla Sitki Koçman University, Turkey
JT Velikovsky, University of Newcastle, Australia
Laura Vettraino, Learning Community, Italy
Revathi Viswanathan, B.S. Abdur Rahman University, India Ye Wang, Zhejiang
Gongshang University, China
Tingshao Zhu, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China