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Encyclopedia of Database Systems PDF

3818 Pages·2009·89.486 MB·English
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Encyclopedia of Database Systems Ling Liu, M. Tamer O¨zsu (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Database Systems With3,067Entries With871Authors With1,176Figuresand101Tables With6,900Cross-references With10,696Bibliographicreferences LINGLIU Professor CollegeofComputing GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology 266FerstDrive Atlanta,GA30332-0765 USA M.TAMERO¨ZSU ProfessorandDirector,UniversityResearchChair DatabaseResearchGroup DavidR.CheritonSchoolofComputerScience UniversityofWaterloo 200UniversityAvenueWest Waterloo,ON CanadaN2L3G1 LibraryofCongressControlNumber: 2009931217 ISBN:978-0-387-35544-3 Thispublicationisavailablealsoas: ElectronicpublicationunderISBN:978-0-387-39940-9and PrintandelectronicbundleunderISBN:978-0-387-49616-0 (cid:1)SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2009(USA) Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewrittenpermissionofthe publisher(SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC.,233SpringStreet,NewYork,NY10013,USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsin connectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Useinconnectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronic adaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden. Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyarenotidentifiedassuch, isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubjecttoproprietaryrights. springer.com Printedonacidfreepaper SPIN:11752127 2109SPi–543210 Toourfamilies Preface Weareinaninformationerawheregeneratingandstoringlargeamountsofdataarecommonplace.Agrowing numberoforganizationsroutinelyhandleterabytesandexabytesofdata,andindividualdigitaldatacollections easily reach multiple gigabytes.Alongwith theincreasesinvolume,themodalityof digitizeddata that requires efficientmanagementandtheaccessmodestothesedatahavebecomemorevaried.Itisincreasinglycommonfor businessandpersonaldatacollectionstoincludeimages,video,voice,andunstructuredtext;theretrievalofthese datacomprisesvariousforms,includingstructuredqueries,keywordsearch,andvisualaccess.Datahavebecome ahighlyvaluedassetforgovernments,industriesandindividuals,andthemanagementofthesedatacollections remainsacriticaltechnicalchallenge. Databasetechnologyhasmaturedoverthepastfourdecadesandisnowquiteubiquitousinmanyapplications thatdealwithmoretraditionalbusinessdata.Thechallengesofexpandingdatamanagementtoincludeotherdata modalitieswhilemaintainingthefundamentaltenetsofdatabasemanagement(dataindependence,dataintegrity, data consistency, etc.) are issues that the community continues to work on. The lines between database management and other fields such as information retrieval, multimedia retrieval, and data visualization are increasinglyblurred. Thismulti-volumeEncyclopediaofDatabaseSystemsprovideseasyaccesstoimportantconceptsonallaspects of database systems, including areas of current interest and research results of historical significance. It is a comprehensivecollectionofover1,250in-depthentries(3,067includingsynonyms)thatpresentcoverageofthe importantconcepts,issues,emergingtechnologyandfuturetrendsinthefieldofdatabasetechnologies,systems, andapplications.ThecontentoftheEncyclopediawasdeterminedthroughwideconsultations.Wewereassisted byanAdvisoryBoardincomingupwiththeoverallstructureandcontent.Eachoftheseareaswereputunderthe controlofAreaEditors(70intotal)whofurtherdevelopedthecontentforeacharea,solicitingexpertsinthefield as contributors to write the entries, and performed the necessary technical editing. Some of them even wrote entriesthemselves.Nearly1,000authorswereinvolvedinwritingentries. The intended audience for the Encyclopedia is technically broad and diverse. It includes anyone concerned with database system technology and its applications. Specifically, the Encyclopedia can serve as a valuable and authoritativereferenceforstudents,researchersandpractitionerswhoneedaquickandauthoritativereferenceto the subject of databases, data management, and database systems. We anticipate that many people will benefit fromthisreferencework,includingdatabasespecialists,softwaredevelopers,scientistsandengineerswhoneedto deal with (structured, semi-structured or unstructured) large datasets. In addition, database and data mining researchersandscholarsinthemanyareasthatapplydatabasetechnologies,suchasartificialintelligence,software engineering,roboticsandcomputervision,machinelearning,financeandmarketingareexpectedtobenefitfrom theEncyclopedia. We would like to thank the members of the Advisory Board, the Editorial Board, and the individual contributors for their help in creating this Encyclopedia. The success of the Encyclopedia could not have been achievedwithouttheexpertiseandtheeffortofthemanycontributors.OursincerethanksalsogotoSpringer’s editors and staff, including Jennifer Carlson, Susan Lagerstrom-Fife, Oona Schmid, and Susan Bednarczyk for theirsupportthroughouttheproject. Finally,wewouldverymuchliketohearfromreadersforanysuggestionsregardingtheEncyclopedia’scontent. Withaprojectofthissizeandscope,itisquitepossiblethatwemayhavemissedsomeconcepts.Itisalsopossible thatsomeentriesmaybenefitfromrevisionsandclarifications.Wearecommittedtoissuingperiodicupdatesand welookforwardtothefeedbackfromthecommunitytoimprovetheEncyclopedia. LingLiu M.TamerO¨zsu Editors-in-Chief Ling Liu is a Professor in the School of Computer Science, College of Computing, at Georgia Institute of Technology.Dr.LiudirectstheresearchprogramsinDistributedDataIntensiveSystemsLab(DiSL),examining various aspects of data intensive systems, ranging from database and Internet data management, data storage, network computing, and mobile and wireless computing, with the focus on performance, availability, security, privacy,andenergyefficiencyinbuildingverylargedatabaseanddatamanagementsystemsandservices.Shehas publishedover200internationaljournalandconferencearticlesintheareasofdatabases,dataengineering,and distributedcomputingsystems.SheisarecipientofthebestpaperawardofICDCS2003,thebestpaperawardof WWW2004,the2005PatGoldbergMemorialBestPaperAward,andthebestdataengineering paperawardof Int.Conf.onSoftwareEngineeringandDataEngineering(2008).Dr.LiuservedontheeditorialboardofIEEE TransactionsonKnowledgeandDataEngineeringandInternationalJournalofVeryLargeDatabasesfrom2004to 2008 and is currently serving on the editorial boardof several international journals, including Distributed and Parallel Databases Journal, IEEE Transactions on Service Computing (TSC), International Journal of Peer-to-Peer NetworkingandApplications(Springer),andWirelessNetwork(Springer).Dr.Liu’scurrentresearchisprimarily sponsoredbyNSF,IBM,andIntel. B x Editors-in-Chief M.TamerO¨zsuisaProfessorofComputerScienceandDirectoroftheDavidR.CheritonSchoolofComputer ScienceattheUniversityofWaterloo.HeholdsaPh.D.(1983)andanMS(1981)inComputerandInformation SciencefromTheOhioStateUniversity(1983)andaB.S.(1974)andM.S.(1978)inIndustrialEngineeringfrom theMiddleEastTechnicalUniversity,Turkey(1974). Dr.O¨zsu’scurrentresearchfocusesonthreeareas:(a)Internet-scaledatadistributionthatemphasizesstreamdata management,peer-to-peerdatabases,andWebdatamanagement;(b)multimediadatamanagement,concentrat- ing on similarity-based retrieval of time series and trajectory data; and (c) the integration of database and information retrieval technologies, focusing on XML query processing and optimization. Hisprevious research focused on distributed databases, interoperable information systems, object database systems and image data- bases.Heistheco-authorofthebookPrinciplesofDistributedDatabaseSystems(PrenticeHall),whichisnowin itssecondedition(thirdeditiontopublishin2009). Hecurrentlyholdsa University ResearchChair and has held aFacultyResearchFellowship atthe Universityof Waterloo(2000-2003),andaMcCallaResearchProfessorship(1993-1994)attheUniversityofAlbertawherehe wasfacultymemberbetween1984and2000. HeisafellowoftheAssociationforComputingMachinery(ACM), aseniormemberofInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers(IEEE),andamemberofSigmaXi.Hewas awardedtheACMSIGMODContributionsAwardin2006.Heisalsothe2008recipientofOhioStateUniversity CollegeofEngineeringDistinguishedAlumnusAward. HehasheldvisitingpositionsatGTELaboratories(USA),INRIARocquencourt(France),GMD-IPSI(Germany), University of Jyva¨skyla¨ (Finland), Technical University of Darmstadt (Germany), University of Udine (Italy), UniversityofMilano(Italy),ETHZu¨rich(Switzerland),andNationalUniversityofSingapore(Singapore). Dr. O¨zsu serves on the editorial boards of ACM Computing Surveys, Distributed and ParallelDatabases Journal, World Wide Web Journal, Information Technology and Management, and Springer Book Series on Advanced Information & Knowledge Processing. Previously he was the Coordinating Editor-in-Chief of The VLDB Journal (1997-2005) and was on the Editorial Board of Encyclopedia of Database Technology and Applications (Idea Group). He has served as the Program Chair of VLDB (2004), WISE (2001), IDEAS (2003), and CIKM (1996) conferences and the General Chair of CAiSE (2002), as well as serving on the Program Committees of many conferencesincludingSIGMOD,VLDB,andICDE.HeisalsoamemberofAssociationforComputingMachin- ery’s(ACM)PublicationsBoardandisitsVice-ChairforNewPublications. Dr.O¨zsuwastheChairofACMSpecialInterestGrouponManagementofData(SIGMOD;2001-2005)andapast trustee of the VLDB Endowment (1996-2002). He was a member and chair of the Computer and Information ScienceGrantSelectionCommitteeoftheNaturalSciencesandEngineeringResearchCouncilofCanadaduring 1991-94,andservedontheManagementCommitteeoftheCanadianGenomeAnalysisandTechnologyProgram during 1992-93. He was Acting Chair of the Department of Computing Science at the University of Alberta during1994-95,andagain,forabriefperiod,in2000. Advisory Board SergeAbiteboul JiaweiHan INRIA-FutursINRIA,Saclay UniversityofIlliniosatUrbana-Champaign Orsay,Cedex Urbana,IL France USA GustavoAlonso TheoHa¨rder ETHZu¨rich UniversityofKaiserslautern Zu¨rich Kaiserslautern Switzerland Germany PeterM.G.Apers JosephM.Hellerstein UniversityofTwente UniversityofCalifornia-Berkeley Enschede Berkeley,CA TheNetherlands USA RicardoBaeza-Yates RameshJain Yahoo!Research UniversityofCalifornia-Irvine Barcelona Irvine,CA Spain USA CatrielBeeri MatthiasJarke HebrewUniversityofJerusalem RWTH-Aachen Jerusalem Aachen Israel Germany ElisaBertino JaiMenon PurdueUniversity IBMSystemsandTechnologyGroup WestLafayette,IN SanJose,CA USA USA StefanoCeri JohnMylopoulos PolitecnicodiMilano UniversityofToronto Milan Toronto,ON Italy Canada AsumanDogac BengChinOoi MiddleEastTechnicalUniversity NationalUniversityofSingapore Ankara Singapore Turkey Singapore AlonHalevy ErhardRahm Google,Inc. UniversityofLeipzig MountainView,CA Leipzig USA Germany

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