Encyclopedia of Biometrics

1626 Pages·2015·61.25 MB·english

by  Stan Z. Li

Stan Z. Li
Anil K. Jain
Editors
Encyclopedia
of Biometrics
Second Edition
1 3
Reference
Encyclopedia of Biometrics

Stan Z. Li • Anil K. Jain
Editors
Encyclopedia
of Biometrics
Second Edition
With823Figuresand102Tables
Editors
StanZ.Li AnilK.Jain
CenterforBiometricsandSecurity DepartmentofComputerScience
Research&NationalLaboratory andEngineering
ofPatternRecognition MichiganStateUniversity
InstituteofAutomation EastLansing,MI,USA
ChineseAcademyofSciences
Beijing,China
ISBN978-1-4899-7487-7 ISBN978-1-4899-7488-4 (eBook)
ISBN978-1-4899-7489-1(printandelectronicbundle)
DOI10.1007/978-1-4899-7488-4
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015936276
SpringerNewYorkHeidelbergDordrechtLondon
©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaNewYork2009,2015
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Preface to the Second Edition
The Encyclopedia of Biometrics provides a comprehensive reference to
concepts, definitions, technologies, challenges, and trends in the field of
biometrics.The volumecoversall importantaspects in biometricsresearch,
development,and applications, includingsensors and devices, methods and
algorithms, sample quality, system design and implementation, databases,
performancetesting,security,antispoofing,andstandards.
The second edition consists of over 250 in-depth articles contributed by
about300leadingbiometricexpertsaroundtheworld.Majorupdatesinthe
firstedition,publishedin2009,areasfollows:
1. Additionofanewsectiononbiometricspoofingattacksandantispoofing
methods
2. Updateofthebiometricstandardssection
3. Entries on new biometric modalities, such as EEG biometrics, pointer-
basedrecognition,andperiocularrecognition
4. Addition of entries on newly encountered problems, such as effect of
plasticsurgeryonfacerecognition,remote(atadistance)facerecognition,
andmixingfingerprintsforsecurity
5. New algorithms for age estimation, gender classification, and score nor-
malization
The focus of the Encyclopedia is on up-to-date, yet comprehensive,
informationinaneasy-to-useformatthatisaccessibletoresearchersandsci-
entists,students,systemdesigners,engineers,practitioners,andpolicymakers
working in the broad field of biometrics. It is available as a print edition
as well as a fully searchable e-version with extensive cross-referencing
and updates as new trends and terms arise in the rapidly growing field of
biometrics.
KeyFeaturesataGlance
• Servesas a single pointof entry for in-depthand currentinformationon
biometrics
• Covers major biometric modalities of face, fingerprint, iris, vein, voice,
and hand as well as other modalities of interest in both biometrics and
forensics(ear,gait,skin,tooth,odor,skull,DNA)
• FollowsanA–Zformatthatallowsintuitiveandeasy-to-useaccess
• Consistsofcross-referencedentries
v
vi PrefacetotheSecondEdition
• Hasadistinguishededitorialboardfromacrossthescientificandengineer-
ingdisciplinesrelatedtobiometrics
• Providesabalancedcoverageofresearchanddevelopmentinbiometrics
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to a number of individuals who have assisted us in the
productionofthe secondeditionoftheEncyclopediaofBiometrics. Firstof
all,ourdeepgratitudetoShengcaiLiaoandZhenLeifortheirproofreading
and ensuring that all the authors provided their contributions on time. Our
stellar teamofareaeditorshasdoneexcellentworkinwriting,inviting,and
reviewingcontributionsfromtheexpertsintheirrespectivetopics.Oursincere
thankstoAndyAdler,JosephCampbell,RaffaeleCappelli,ChristopheCham-
pod, Stephen Elliott, Julian Fierrez, Christophe Fondeur, Carmen García-
Mateo,JosefKittler,HaleKim,AjayKumar,DavideMaltoni,AleixMartinez,
Mark Nixon, Geppy Parziale, Fernando Podio, Salil Prabhakar, Arun Ross,
Marios Savvides, Yoichi Seto, Colin Soutar, Wei-Yun Yau, Pong C. Yuen,
David Zhang, Sébastien Marcel, and John Daugman. This book would not
havebeenpossiblewithoutthesupportofthenumerousauthorswhoprovided
their contributions. Special thanks are due to the Springer staff for their
advice, support, and, most importantly, patience. Neha Thapa and Sunaina
Dadhwal deserve special mention for gently shepherding us throughoutthe
bookpreparationandproductionprocess.
9thMarch2015 StanZ.Li
Beijing,China
AnilK.Jain
MI,USA
Preface to the First Edition
The Encyclopedia of Biometrics provides a comprehensive reference to
concepts,technologies,issues,andtrendsinthefieldofbiometrics.Thevol-
ume coversall importantaspects—research,development,and applications,
including biometric sensors and devices, methods and algorithms, sample
quality, system design and implementation, databases, performancetesting,
informationsecurity,andstandardization.Leadingexpertsaroundtheworld
contributed to this collection of over 200 in-depth essays accompanied by
morethan600definitionalentries.
The focus of the encyclopedia is on immediate, yet comprehensive,
information in an easy-to-use format that is accessible to researchers and
scientists,systemdesigners,engineers,programmers,students,practitioners,
andgovernmentagentsworkinginthebroadfieldofbiometrics.Itisavailable
as a printedition as wellas a fullysearchableversionwith extensivecross-
referencingandupdatesasnewtrendsandtermsarise.
KeyFeaturesataGlance
• Servesasanimmediatepointofentryintothefieldforin-depthresearch
• Coversbiometricsoftheface,fingerprint,iris,vein,voice,hand,ear,gait,
skin,tongue,tooth,odor,skull,andDNA
• FollowsanA–Zformatthatallowsintuitiveandeasy-to-useaccess
• Consistsofcross-referencedentries
• Hasaninternationallyrenownededitorialboardfromacrossthescientific
andengineeringdisciplinesandgeographies
• Providesbalancedcoverage
Acknowledgments
I am grateful to all the people who have played a part in the productionof
this encyclopedia. First of all, my deep gratitude to Anil K. Jain, Editorial
Advisor, for sharing his knowledge, expertise, and important advice and
suggestionsfor this encyclopedia.Our stellar team of area editorshas done
excellent work in writing, inviting, and reviewing contributions from many
leaders of the field. My sincere thanks to Andy Adler, Joseph Campbell,
Raffaele Cappelli, Christophe Champod, Stephen Elliott, Julian Fierrez,
vii
viii PrefacetotheFirstEdition
Jean-Christophe Fondeur, Carmen García-Mateo, Josef Kittler, Hale Kim,
AjayKumar,DavideMaltoni,AleixMartinez,MarkNixon,GeppyParziale,
FernandoPodio,SalilPrabhakar,ArunRoss, MariosSavvides,YoichiSeto,
ColinSoutar,Wei-YunYau,PongC.Yuen,andDavidZhang.Iwouldliketo
thanktheseareaeditorsfortheirhelpincreatingthisbookandthenumerous
authors for their individual contributions. Special thanks are due to people
atSpringerfortheirenthusiasm,advice,andsupport.JenniferEvans,Susan
Lagerstrom-Fife,MichaelaBilic,TinaShelton,andAnilChandyhaveplayed
keyrolesatdifferenttimesinthedevelopmentofthisbook.
Beijing,China StanZ.Li
About the Editors
Stan Z. Li Center for Biometricsand SecurityResearch, NationalLabora-
tory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of
Sciences,Beijing,China.
An IEEE Fellow, Stan Z. Li received his B.Eng. from Hunan University,
China,M.Eng.fromNationalUniversityofDefenseTechnology,China,and
Ph.D.degreefromSurreyUniversity,UK.He iscurrentlyaprofessoratthe
NationalLaboratoryofPatternRecognitionandthedirectoroftheCenterfor
BiometricsandSecurityResearch(CBSR),InstituteofAutomation(CASIA),
and the director of the Center for Visual Internet of Things Research
(VIOT), Chinese Academy of Sciences. He worked at Microsoft Research
Asia as a researcher from 2000 to 2004. Prior to that, he was an associate
professoratNanyangTechnologicalUniversity,Singapore.Hewaselevated
to forhiscontributionsto thefieldsof facerecognition,patternrecognition,
andcomputervision.
His research interest includes pattern recognition and machine learning,
image and vision processing, face recognition, and video analytics. He
haspublishedover300papersininternationaljournalsandconferencesand
authoredandeditedeightbooks,amongwhichMarkovRandomFieldModels
in ImageAnalysis(Springer,1stedition1995,2ndedition2001,3rdedition
2009)hasbeencitedmorethan2000times(byGoogleScholar).Otherworks
include Handbook of Face Recognition (Springer, 1st edition 2005, 2nd
edition2011)andEncyclopediaofBiometrics(SpringerReferenceWork,1st
edition 2010, 2nd edition 2014). He served as an associate editor of IEEE
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