Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, Second Edition: V1-6 PDF
Preview Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, Second Edition: V1-6
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES SECOND EDITION VOLUME 1 This page intentionally left blank ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES SECOND EDITION EDITOR-IN-CHIEF GERALD R NORTH Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA EDITORS JOHN PYLE Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK FUQING ZHANG Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA VOLUME 1 Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • New York • Oxford Paris • San Diego • San Francisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 32 Jamestown Road, London NW1 7BY, UK 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA Copyright Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. unless otherwise stated. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: DEDICATION This second edition of the Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences is dedicated to the memory of James Holton who was editor-in-chief of the first edition. He was a great researcher and colleague inspiring an entire generation of atmospheric scientists. This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS List of Contributors xxvii Preface to the First Edition xxxix Preface to the Second Edition xli Editor Biographies xliii Guide to Using the Encyclopedia xlv VOLUME 1 BASIC ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE AND CONCEPTS 1 Beaufort Wind Scale 1 L Hasse Wind Chill 7 M Bluestein Standard Atmosphere 12 W W Vaughan AEROSOLS 17 AerosoleCloud Interactions and Their Radiative Forcing 17 U Lohmann Aerosol Physics and Chemistry 23 M Kalberer Climatology of Stratospheric Aerosols 32 L W Thomason and J-P Vernier Climatology of Tropospheric Aerosols 40 N Bellouin and J Haywood Dust 48 I N Sokolik Observations and Measurements 53 P H McMurry Role in Radiative Transfer 66 G A Ban-Weiss, and W D Collins vii viii Contents Role in Climate Change 76 N Bellouin Soot 86 P Chylek, S G Jennings, and R Pinnick Agricultural Meteorology and Climatology 92 E S Takle ARCTIC AND ANTARCTIC 98 Antarctic Climate 98 J Turner Arctic Climate 107 M C Serreze Arctic Haze 116 L M Russell and G E Shaw AIR SEA INTERACTIONS Freshwater Flux 122 J Schulz Momentum, Heat, and Vapor Fluxes 129 P K Taylor Sea Surface Temperature 136 W J Emery Surface Waves 144 A Benilov AVIATION METEOROLOGY 153 Aircraft Emissions 153 R R Friedl Aircraft Icing 160 M K Politovich Aviation Weather Hazards 166 A J Bedard, Jr Clear Air Turbulence 177 G P Ellrod (Retired), J A Knox, P F Lester, and L J Ehernberger (Retired) BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES 187 Sulfur Cycle 187 P Brimblecombe Bromine 194 R von Glasow and C Hughes Heavy Metals 201 T D Jickells and A R Baker Contents ix Iodine 205 L J Carpenter BOUNDARY LAYER (ATMOSPHERIC) AND AIR POLLUTION 220 Overview 220 P J Mason and D J Thomson Air Pollution Meteorology 227 X-M Hu Coherent Structures 237 F T M Nieuwstadt and J C R Hunt Complex Terrain 242 J J Finnigan Convective Boundary Layer 250 M A LeMone Microclimate 258 M W Rotach and P Calanca Modeling and Parameterization 265 A A M Holtslag Observational Techniques In Situ 274 E F Bradley Observational Techniques: Remote 284 W M Angevine and C J Senff Ocean Mixed Layer 290 L Kantha and C A Clayson Stably Stratified Boundary Layer 299 L Mahrt Surface Layer 305 G L Geernaert Urban Heat Islands 310 J C Luvall, D A Quattrochi, D L Rickman, and M G Estes, Jr Diurnal Cycle 319 A Betts CHEMISTRY OF THE ATMOSPHERE 324 Chemical Kinetics 324 R P Wayne Ion Chemistry 333 J L Fox Isotopes, Stable 348 C A M Brenninkmeijer Laboratory Kinetics 356 D J Donaldson and S N Wren
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