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Emerging Trends in Energy Storage Systems and Industrial Applications Thispageintentionallyleftblank Emerging Trends in Energy Storage Systems and Industrial Applications Edited by Prabhansu Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology Surat, Gujarat, India Nayan Kumar Department of Electrical Engineering, Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2023ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans, electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageand retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseek permission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandour arrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyright LicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyright bythePublisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein). MATLABs isatrademarkofTheMathWorks,Inc.andisusedwithpermission.The MathWorksdoesnotwarranttheaccuracyofthetextorexercisesinthisbook.Thisbook’s useordiscussionofMATLABs softwareorrelatedproductsdoesnotconstitute endorsementorsponsorshipbyTheMathWorksofaparticularpedagogicalapproachor particularuseoftheMATLABs software. Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchand experiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices, ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgein evaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribed herein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafety andthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,or editors,assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatter ofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods, products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. ISBN:978-0-323-90521-3 ForInformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:CharlotteCockle AcquisitionsEditor:EdwardPayne EditorialProjectManager:ZsereenaRoseMampusti ProductionProjectManager:NirmalaArumugam CoverDesigner:MatthewLimbert TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India Contents Listofcontributors xvii Preface xxiii 1 Artificialintelligenceandmachinelearningapplicationsinenergy storagesystem:technologyoverview andperspectives 1 NayanKumarandPrabhansu 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Classificationofenergystoragesystems 2 1.2.1 Mechanicalenergystoragesystems 2 1.2.2 Pumpedhydrostoragesystems 3 1.2.3 Compressedairenergystoragesystems 4 1.2.4 Liquidairenergystoragesystems 5 1.2.5 Flywheelenergystoragesystems 6 1.2.6 Thermalenergystoragesystems 8 1.2.7 Electrostaticandmagneticenergystoragesystems 8 1.2.8 Chemicalenergystoragesystems 10 1.2.9 Batteryenergystoragesystems 13 1.3 Hybridenergystoragesystem 14 1.4 Artificialintelligence-basedenergystoragesystems 15 1.5 Energystoragesystemcontrolstrategy 16 1.6 Machinelearning-basedenergystoragesystem 16 1.7 Energystoragepoliciesandstandards 17 1.8 Barriersandpotentialsolutions 19 1.9 Environmentalimpactsofenergystoragesystems 19 1.10 Conclusions 20 References 21 2 Designofpowerelectronicdevicesinthedomainofenergystorage 27 AnkireddyNarendra,VenkataramanaNaikNandAnupKumarPanda Nomenclature 27 Index 28 Highlightsofthechapter 29 2.1 Introduction 30 2.2 Classificationandimportanceofpowerelectronicdevicesin energystorage 30 2.2.1 Classificationofenergystorage 31 2.2.2 Necessityofenergystorage 35 vi Contents 2.2.3 Roleofpowerelectronicdeviceinenergystorage 36 2.3 Powerelectronicdevices 37 2.3.1 Historyofsemiconductordevicedevelopment 37 2.3.2 Variouspowerelectronicdevices 38 2.3.3 Specificationsofpowerelectronicdevice 40 2.3.4 Parametersassociated withpowerelectronicdevice 42 2.3.5 Variousapplicationsofpowerelectronicdevice 42 2.4 Powerelectronicconvertercircuits 42 2.4.1 Basicconvertertopology 43 2.4.2 Convertersinwindenergygenerations 43 2.4.3 Convertersinsolarpowergeneration 51 2.4.4 Convertersusedinfuelcells 56 2.4.5 Powerelectronicconvertersintidalpowergeneration 58 2.5 Powerconditioningsystemforenergystorage 60 2.5.1 Batterymanagement systemusingpowerelectronicdevice 60 2.6 Conclusions 62 References 62 3 Investigationofcushiongas/workinggasratiosofunderground saltcavernsforhydrogenstorage 67 SayginSan,HaticeKarakilcik,MehmetKarakilcik, MustafaErdenandAyhanAtiz Highlights 67 Nomenclature 67 Greeksymbols 68 Subscripts 68 Index 68 3.1 Introduction 69 3.2 Materialsandmethods 70 3.3 Resultsanddiscussion 73 3.4 Conclusions 77 References 78 4 Energystorageincapacitorbanks 79 SatyaranjanJena,PradeepKumarSahuandMadanMohanSahu Highlightsofthechapter 80 Nomenclature 80 Index 80 4.1 Introduction 82 4.2 Energystoragecapacitor 86 4.2.1 Conventionalcapacitor 87 4.2.2 Electrochemicalcapacitors 87 4.2.3 Comparisonofsupercapacitorandotherstoragedevices 90 Contents vii 4.3 Capacitormodel 90 4.3.1 Capacitorparameters 90 4.3.2 Shotlifeofcapacitor 91 4.3.3 Testmethods 93 4.3.4 Switch/triggeringpulsegenerator 94 4.3.5 Transmissionsystem 95 4.3.6 Powerfeed 96 4.4 Topologyofcapacitorbankcircuit 97 4.4.1 Equivalentcircuitofanenergystoragecapacitorbank 97 4.5 Charginganddischargingoperation 99 4.5.1 Constantvoltagecharging 99 4.5.2 Constantcurrentcharging 100 4.5.3 Constantpowercharging 101 4.5.4 Resonantcharging 102 4.6 Applicationofcapacitorbankstoragesystem 103 4.6.1 Powerqualityimprovement 104 4.6.2 Powerfactorimprovement 104 4.6.3 voltagestabilizer 106 4.6.4 Hybridelectricvehicle 106 4.6.5 Uninterruptedpowersupply 107 4.6.6 Renewableenergyapplication 108 4.6.7 Portablepowersupply 108 4.6.8 Adjustablespeeddrive 109 4.7 Conclusion 109 References 109 5 Energymanagementsystemsforbatteryelectricvehicles 113 MethaIslameka,BentangAriefBudiman,FirmanBagjaJuangsaand MuhammadAziz Highlights 113 Nomenclature 114 5.1 Introduction 115 5.2 Propulsionsysteminbatteryelectricvehicles 117 5.2.1 Drivingcycles 119 5.2.2 Freebodydiagramofavehicle 125 5.2.3 Keydrivetraincomponentsforbatteryelectricvehicle 128 5.2.4 Configurationsforthepropulsionsystem 134 5.3 Strategiesforenergymanagement systemsinelectricvehicle 136 5.3.1 Regenerativebraking 137 5.3.2 Rangeextender 141 5.3.3 Chargingsystem 142 5.4 Conclusion 146 Acknowledgment 146 References 147 viii Contents 6 ElectrochemicalenergystoragepartI:development,basic principleandconventionalsystems 151 UditaBhattacharjee,ShuvajitGhosh,MadhushriBharand SurendraKumarMartha Highlights 151 Nomenclature 152 6.1 Generalintroduction 153 6.2 History 155 6.3 Thermodynamicsandbasicprinciple 155 6.4 Batteries 159 6.4.1 Primarybatteries 160 6.4.2 Secondarybatteries 164 6.5 Electrochemicalcapacitors 174 6.5.1 Electricdouble-layercapacitors 175 6.5.2 Pseudo-capacitors 175 6.6 Fuelcells 176 6.7 Conclusions 184 Acknowledgments 184 References 184 7 Thermalenergystoragesystems 189 AliSohani,MohammadHassanShahverdian,SiamakHoseinzadehand MamdouhElHajAssad Highlights 189 Nomenclature 189 7.1 Introductionandtheworkingprinciple 190 7.1.1 Sensiblethermalstoragesystems 192 7.1.2 Latentthermalenergystoragesystems 195 7.1.3 Chemicalreactionthermal(thermochemical) storagesystems 206 7.2 Differentemployedtechnologiesforthermalenergystorage 208 7.3 Conclusion 217 References 217 8 Hybridenergystoragedevices:Li-ionandNa-ioncapacitors 223 ManojGoswami,SatendraKumar,HafsaSiddiqui,ViplovChauhan, NetrapalSingh,N.Sathish,MohammadAshiqandSurenderKumar Highlights 223 Novelty 224 Nomenclatures 224 8.1 Introduction 225 8.2 Electrochemicalenergystoragedevices 226 8.3 Electrochemicalcapacitors 228 8.3.1 Electricdouble-layercapacitors 228 8.3.2 Pseudocapacitors 230 Contents ix 8.4 Hybridenergystoragedevice:motivation 231 8.4.1 Hybridlithium-ioncapacitors 233 8.4.2 Electrodeforlithium-ioncapacitors 233 8.5 HybridNa-ioncapacitor 242 8.5.1 Electrochemicaltechnique 244 8.5.2 Chemicalreaction 244 8.5.3 ElectrodematerialsforNa-ioncapacitor 245 8.6 Challengesandfutureperspective 252 References 252 9 Electrochemicalenergystoragesystems 259 MarmDixit,NitinMuralidharan,AnandParejiya,RachidEssehli, IliasBelharouakandRuhulAmin Nomenclatureandabbreviation 259 Highlight 260 9.1 Introductiontoelectrochemicalenergystorage 261 9.2 Electrochemicalenergystoragetechnologies 262 9.2.1 Supercapacitors 263 9.2.2 Batteries 263 9.3 Primarybatteries 264 9.4 Supercapacitor 267 9.5 Lithium-ionbatteries 270 9.5.1 Lithium-ionbatteryanode 271 9.5.2 Lithium-ionbatterycathode 272 9.5.3 Lithium-ionbatteryelectrolyte 272 9.6 Redoxflowbatteries 273 9.6.1 Redoxflowbatterycellchemistries 274 9.7 Emergingtechnologies 275 9.7.1 Sodium-ionbatteries 275 9.7.2 Solid-statebatteries 276 9.7.3 Multivalentcationsystems 277 9.8 Outlookandconclusions 278 Acknowledgments 279 Reference 279 10 Energyharvestingandstorageforstand-alonemicrosystems 283 R.H.Gounella,Y.A.O.Assagra,L.M.Gonc¸alvesandJ.P.Carmo 10.1 Introduction 283 10.2 Energyharvestingsystems 284 10.2.1 Thermoelectric 284 10.2.2 Solar 294 10.2.3 Piezoelectric 297 10.2.4 Electronicsandstorage 298 10.3 Conclusions 301 References 302