Emerging technologies : socio-behavioral life cycle approaches PDF
Preview Emerging technologies : socio-behavioral life cycle approaches
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20130408 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-981-4411-01-1 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reason- able efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www. copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organiza- tion that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com The editors would like to dedicate this book to all who work together to develop and manage sustainable socio-technical-natural systems that improve global quality of life. TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk Contents Preface Introduct io n xii1i 1. Using Nanotechnology to Filter Water: A Hypothetical Case Study 5 Michael E. Gorman, Nora F. Savage, and Anita Street 2. Nanotechnology for Human Health 11 Michael E. Gorman, Nora F. Savage, and Anita Street 3. Assessing Emerging Technology Systems: Why LCA Fails 17 Braden R. Allenby Introduction 17 Background: LCA Methods and Complex Systems 19 Technology Systems: The Railroad Example 23 Levels of Technology Systems 31 4. CTeocnhcnluosloiogny Mandates and Socio-Behavioral Life Cycle 37 Assessment 41 Gary E. Marchant Introduction 41 Technology Mandates as a Regulatory Tool 43 Example 1: California’s Electric Vehicle Mandate 44 Example 2: Digital TV Mandate 55 Example 3: CFL Bulb Mandate 61 5. CIsosuneclsu isni oLnife Cycle Risk Assessment: The Way Ahead 6787 Gurumurthy Ramachandran Introduction 77 Traditional Risk Assessment 80 viii Contents Challenges and Opportunities Presented by Novel Technologies 82 Legal Limitations 82 Toxicity 84 Conservatism in toxicitiyn tveistrtoing: The costs 84 Limitations of current methods in nanoparticle risk assessment 86 “Omics” and systems biology 87 Exposure Assessment 89 The choice of an appropriate exposure metric 89 Expert and professional judgment in exposure assessment 91 Heuristics and biases in judgment 99 Extreme uncertainty in risk assessment models 103 “Fat tail” distributions 104 Risk management using control bands 106 Robust versus optimal decision- making for risk management 107 6. COorgnacnluizsaitoinosn al Capability Life Cycles for Responsible 109 Innovation 117 Paul Ellwood, Krsto Pandza, and Erik Fisher Introduction 117 Emerging Technologies and Responsible Innovation 119 Organizational Capabilities for Innovation 123 Evolution of an Organizational Capability for Responsible Innovation 127 Process Theories of Change within Organizations 130 7. FSoincaial lRise Cmoamrmkso dis and Life Cycle Analysis: 134 A Critical Examination of Uncertainty 139 David M. Berube Models 141 Analysis with Uncertainty 141 Contents ix Analysis without Societal Dimensions 148 Economy 150 Privacy 150 Justice 151 Defense 151 Dehumanization 151 Analysis with Methodological Creativity 152 8. CWohnoc lLuesti othne “Social Scientists” into the Lab? 115665 Eleonore Pauwels Introduction: Moving Away from 20th Century LCA 165 State of the Art: Crossing the Line “In and Out” the Laboratory 168 Trading Zone, Interactional Expertise, and Cross-Field Collaborations 168 Epistemic Cultures and Negative Knowledge 169 Case Study: Probing the Concept of Trading Zone within Synthetic Biology 171 A Glance at Our Biotechnical Futures 172 Engineering Life or Engineering for Better Life? 175 The “Two Cultures” Gap Revisited with Synthetic Biology 177 Experimental Trading Zone around a Biological Chassis 180 Setting the scene of this trading zone 180 Boundary object 180 Moral imagination 182 Interactional expertise 184 Critical evaluation of the functioning of this trading zone 186 9. CWohnactl uAsrieo nth e Factors Affecting Anthropogenic 191 Phosphorous Loss? A Case Study of Chaohu Watershed in Central China 199 Zengwei Yuan, Huijun Wu, and Jun Bi Introduction 199 Methodologies 201
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