Emerging Technologies and Applications for a Smart and Sustainable World

240 Pages·2022·10.519 MB·English

by  Akhil Jabbar Meerja, Mamun Bin Ibne Reaz, Ana Maria Madureira

Emerging Technologies and
Applications for a Smart and
Sustainable World
Edited by
Akhil Jabbar Meerja
Vardhaman College of Engineering,
India
Mamun Bin Ibne Reaz
Universiti Kebangsaan,
Malaysia
&
Ana Maria Madureira
Departamento de Engenharia Informática,
ISEP/IPP, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431,
Porto, Portugal
Emerging Technologies and Applications for a Smart and Sustainable World
Editors: Akhil Jabbar Meerja, Mamun Bin Ibne Reaz & Ana Maria Madureira
ISBN (Online): 978-981-5036-24-4
ISBN (Print): 978-981-5036-25-1
ISBN (Paperback): 978-981-5036-26-8
© 2022, Bentham Books imprint.
Published by Bentham Science Publishers Pte. Ltd. Singapore. All Rights Reserved.
First published in 2022.
BSP-EB-PRO-9789815036244-TP-225-TC-09-PD-20220912
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BSP-EB-PRO-9789815036244-TP-225-TC-09-PD-20220912
CONTENTS
FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................................... i
PREFACE ................................................................................................................................................ ii
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS .................................................................................................................. iv
CHAPTER 1 IOT-BASED SMART ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN BUILDINGS OF SMART
CITIES ...................................................................................................................................................... 1
K. Manimala
OVERVIEW .................................................................................................................................... 1
STATE OF THE ART .................................................................................................................... 4
Lighting & HVAC Control ..................................................................................................... 4
Luxury Load Control .............................................................................................................. 5
Detection of Occupants ........................................................................................................... 5
Big Data Analytics .................................................................................................................. 5
IOT SENSORS ................................................................................................................................ 6
DATA PRE-PROCESSING ........................................................................................................... 8
FEATURES ..................................................................................................................................... 9
IOT PROCESSORS ....................................................................................................................... 9
Raspberry Pi 4 ......................................................................................................................... 9
IOT 2020 Industrial Gateway ................................................................................................. 9
IOT 2040 Industrial Gateway ................................................................................................. 10
AM335X BASED Beaglebone wireless GATEWAY ............................................................ 10
AM5729 BASED Beaglebone AI IOT GATEWAY .............................................................. 10
MACHINE LEARNING ................................................................................................................ 10
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS ........................................................................................ 12
ANNs used as ML in Smart Building ..................................................................................... 12
Performance Measure ............................................................................................................. 13
EDGE AND FOG COMPUTING TECHNIQUES USED IN SMART BUILDINGS .............. 14
TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE CONNECTIVITY OF DEVICES ............................................. 15
INFERENCE FROM EXISTING SB LITERATURE ................................................................ 17
Extensive Deployment of Sensors .......................................................................................... 17
Communication Problems ....................................................................................................... 17
Processing Location ................................................................................................................ 17
Application of IOT Data for Other Purposes .......................................................................... 18
Quantitative Analysis of the Benefits of SB ........................................................................... 18
RESEARCH GAP ........................................................................................................................... 18
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 19
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 19
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 19
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 19
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 19
CHAPTER 2 RF ENERGY-BASED SMART HARVESTING SYSTEMS .................................... 23
Rajdevinder K. Sidhu, Jagpal S. Ubhi and Alpana Agarwal
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 23
Sources of RF Energy ............................................................................................................. 24
RECTENNA UNIT ......................................................................................................................... 25
RF Receiver Antenna .............................................................................................................. 26
Rectifier Unit .......................................................................................................................... 28
MATCHING CIRCUITS ............................................................................................................... 33
STORAGE ....................................................................................................................................... 35
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 36
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 36
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 36
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 36
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 36
CHAPTER 3 A SURVEY ON SECURITY ASPECTS OF INTERNET OF VEHICLES ............. 41
L. Jai Vinita and V. VetriSelvi
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 41
COMPARATIVE INVESTIGATION ON IOV AND VANETS ................................................ 45
THE SECURITY ASPECTS OF THE INTERNET OF VEHICLES ....................................... 47
Security Requirements on the Internet of Vehicles ................................................................ 47
Security Risks for the Internet of Vehicles ............................................................................. 49
SECURITY ATTACKS FOR THE INTERNET OF VEHICLES ............................................ 53
Lightweight Cryptographic Security Solutions for the Internet of Vehicles Concerning
Attacks .................................................................................................................................... 58
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 63
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 63
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 63
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 63
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 63
CHAPTER 4 SMART TECHNOLOGIES: TECHNOLOGIES TRANSFORMING CITIES
FROM VISION TO REALITY .............................................................................................................. 68
M.A. Jabbar and Udit Chawla
SMART CITIES: WHAT MAKES THEM SMART? ................................................................ 68
Introduction to Smart Cities .................................................................................................... 68
Smart City Challenges ............................................................................................................ 71
HOW TO SAFEGUARD SMART CITIES? ............................................................................... 72
INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) AND SMART CITIES ............................................................ 76
IoT Challenges ........................................................................................................................ 78
INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM (IDS) FOR IOT ............................................................. 79
CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS (CPS) AND SMART CITIES ................................................ 80
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 83
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 83
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 83
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. 83
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 83
CHAPTER 5 BLOCKCHAIN: THE VIBRANT TECHNOLOGY FOR THE MANAGEMENT
OF A SMART CITIES ............................................................................................................................ 86
S. Selvi
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 86
BASICS OF BLOCKCHAIN ......................................................................................................... 89
Characteristics of Blockchain ................................................................................................. 89
Transparency ................................................................................................................. 90
Immutability (Tamper-proof) ........................................................................................ 90
Decentralization ............................................................................................................ 90
High Processing Capacity ............................................................................................. 90
High Speed of Processing ............................................................................................. 90
Trust .............................................................................................................................. 90
Auditability (Provenance) ............................................................................................. 91
Why Blockchain? .................................................................................................................... 91
Core Components of Blockchain ............................................................................................ 93
Public Blockchain Architecture .................................................................................... 93
Private Blockchain Architecture ................................................................................... 93
Consortium Blockchain Architecture ............................................................................ 94
Terminology of the Blockchain Architecture ................................................................ 94
Suitability of Using Blockchain Technology .......................................................................... 96
SCENARIO OF BLOCKCHAIN INITIATIVES ........................................................................ 96
Management of Smart Cities using Blockchain ...................................................................... 99
Better Payment Solutions ........................................................................................................ 99
Smart Administration .................................................................................................... 99
Better Logistics Management ........................................................................................ 99
Maintaining Secrecy in Health Records ....................................................................... 100
Supports Eco-friendly Processes ................................................................................... 100
Energy Trading Solutions ............................................................................................. 100
Better Identity Management .......................................................................................... 100
BLOCKCHAIN: POTENTIAL USE CASES IN DEVELOPING SMART CITIES ............... 100
Land, Property and House Management ................................................................................. 100
Blockchain-Based Land Registration Process ........................................................................ 101
IOT Devices Security Management ........................................................................................ 101
Blockchain for Civil Registration System .............................................................................. 102
Smart Payments ............................................................................................................. 102
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 102
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 103
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 103
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 103
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 103
CHAPTER 6 MULTI LINGUAL SMART VIRTUAL PERSONAL ASSISTANCE: A STEP
TOWARDS IMPROVING LIFE OF SPECIALLY ABLE SOCIETY .............................................. 105
Megha Kamble, Prashant Kumar Shrivastava, Pratish Shrivastava, Rahul Nain and
Nayan Vishwakarma
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 106
RELATED WORK ......................................................................................................................... 109
PROPOSED METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................. 111
Primary Modules ..................................................................................................................... 112
• Text Classification ..................................................................................................... 112
• Voice Input ................................................................................................................. 112
Secondary Modules ....................................................................................................... 113
RESULTS AND DEMONSTRATIONS ....................................................................................... 114
Common Queries .................................................................................................................... 114
Web Browser Functions .......................................................................................................... 117
DISCUSSION AND FUTURE SCOPE ................................................................................. 123
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 124
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 125
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 125
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 125
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 125
CHAPTER 7 FARM DOCTOR: SMART APP USING DEEP LEARNING MULTI CLASS
MODEL FOR CROP DISEASE ............................................................................................................ 127
Abhishek Jain, Megha Jain and Megha Kamble
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 127
SMART WORLD/SMART AGRICULTURE ............................................................................. 128
Common Rice Plant Diseases ................................................................................................. 129
Rice Blast ...................................................................................................................... 129
Rice Leaves .................................................................................................................... 129
Rice Collars ................................................................................................................... 129
Rice Necks ..................................................................................................................... 129
False Smut ..................................................................................................................... 130
Rice Bacterial Blight ..................................................................................................... 130
APPLICATION OF DEEP LEARNING IN SMART AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD ......... 130
RELATED WORK ......................................................................................................................... 132
PROPOSED METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................. 135
Steps: Sequential Representation of CNN Model ................................................................... 135
USER-FRIENDLY GUI ................................................................................................................. 137
WORKING OF APP ...................................................................................................................... 137
GRAPHICAL VIEW SCREENSHOTS ....................................................................................... 138
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ................................................................................................... 140
IMAGE DATA SET ....................................................................................................................... 141
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CNN MODEL ..................................................................... 142
GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................. 144
CLASS PREDICTION: HEALTHY ............................................................................................. 145
CLASS PREDICTION: BACTERIAL BLIGHT (CLASS 0) .................................................... 145
CLASS PREDICTION: FALSE SMUT (CLASS 1) .................................................................... 148
CONCLUDING REMARKS ......................................................................................................... 148
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 149
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 149
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 149
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 149
CHAPTER 8 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT ................................ 151
C. Subha, Priya A.K., Kalaimani R. and Sivakumar V.
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 152
Definition of Smart City ......................................................................................................... 152
Environmental Monitoring ...................................................................................................... 152
Objectives of Environmental Monitoring ............................................................................... 153
Sampling and Monitoring Methods ........................................................................................ 153
Sampling can be Done in any of the Below Methods .................................................... 153
Types of Monitoring ............................................................................................................... 154
INTERNET OF THINGS .............................................................................................................. 154
Architectural Challenges in IoT .............................................................................................. 155
Perception Layer ........................................................................................................... 155
Application Layer .......................................................................................................... 155
Network Layer ............................................................................................................... 156
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING ................................ 156
Spatial Techniques Involved in Waste Management .............................................................. 157
Advantages of RS and GI Sin Waste Management ................................................................ 157
Limitations of RS and GI Sin Waste Management ................................................................. 157
Optimal Site Selection for Land Fills and Dump Site ............................................................ 157
Allocation of Waste Bins ........................................................................................................ 158
Truck Routing and Management ............................................................................................ 159
Smart Waste Bins .................................................................................................................... 160
Components of Smart Bins ............................................................................................ 160
Architecture for MSW Systems .............................................................................................. 160
Steps in IoT Based Waste Management and IoT Protocols .................................................... 161
Protocols for Application Layer: .................................................................................. 161
Protocols for Services ................................................................................................... 162
Protocols for Infrastructure .......................................................................................... 162
Protocols for perception Layer ..................................................................................... 162
AIR QUALITY MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT .......................................................... 162
Types of Pollutants ................................................................................................................. 162
Primary Pollutants ........................................................................................................ 163
Secondary Pollutants .................................................................................................... 163
Gaseous Pollutants ........................................................................................................ 163
Particulate Pollutants ................................................................................................... 163
Air Quality Monitoring ........................................................................................................... 163
Indoor Air Quality Monitoring System ................................................................................... 164
Smart Air ................................................................................................................................. 164
Laser Dust Sensor ......................................................................................................... 165
Carbon Monoxide Sensor .............................................................................................. 165
Carbon Dioxide Sensor ................................................................................................. 165
Temperature Sensor with Humidity Measurement ........................................................ 165
Volatile Organic Compound Sensor ............................................................................. 166
LEDStrip ....................................................................................................................... 166
Web Server .............................................................................................................................. 166
IOT Based Outdoor Air Quality Monitoring .......................................................................... 167
WATER QUALITY MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT .................................................. 168
Advantages of IoT in water Quality Monitoring .................................................................... 168
Equipments for Water Quality Monitoring and Management ................................................ 169
Applications of Water Quality Assessment ............................................................................ 170
CHALLENGES AND ISSUES IN SMART ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ........................................................................................................ 170
CASE STUDIES .............................................................................................................................. 171
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 172
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 172
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 173
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. 173
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 173
CHAPTER 9 EVALUATION OF THE APPLICATION POTENTIAL OF METAMATERIAL-
BASED ANTENNAS FOR INTELLIGENT STREET LIGHTING SYSTEMS .............................. 175
Julia Wack, Kim Ho Yeap, Zi Xin Oh and Humaira Nisar
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 176
METAMATERIALS ...................................................................................................................... 177
Metamaterial Antennas ........................................................................................................... 180
Application Areas of Metamaterial Antennas ......................................................................... 184
Smart Cities Concepts ............................................................................................................. 189
Streetlight Based Technologies for the Realization of Smart Cities ....................................... 192
LoRa and LoRaWAN Networks ............................................................................................. 195
ANALYSIS OF METAMATERIAL ANTENNAS ...................................................................... 197
Performance of a Conventional Tri-band Antenna ................................................................. 197
Performance of a Metamaterial-based Antenna ...................................................................... 201